Fall Protection

XXXX

§1917.119(f)(5)

§1926.502(d)(17)

§1926.502(d)(3)

§1910.21(d)(4)

§1915.72(a)(2)

§1926.502(e)(7)

§1915.160(c)(1)

§1926.451(e)(1)§1926.451(e)(4)(iii)

As required by the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration

w w w . m a n c o m m . c o m

August 9, 2010 (Federal Register Volume 75, No. 152)In the August 9, 2010 edition of the Federal Register, OSHA revised the Cranes and Derricks Standard and relatedsections of the Construction Standard to update and specify industry work practices necessary to protect employeesduring the use of cranes and derricks in construction. This final standard also addressed advances in the designs ofcranes and derricks, related hazards, and the qualifications of employees needed to operate them safely. Under thisfinal rule, employers must determine whether the ground is sufficient to support the anticipated weight of hoistingequipment and associated loads. The employer is then required to assess hazards within the work zone that wouldaffect the safe operation of hoisting equipment, such as those of power lines and objects or personnel that would bewithin the work zone or swing radius of the hoisting equipment. Finally, the employer is required to ensure that theequipment is in safe operating condition via required inspections and that employees in the work zone are trained torecognize hazards associated with the use of the equipment and any related duties that they are assigned to perform.

This final rule became effective on November 8th, and affects the following sections:

December 16, 2010 - OSHA Directive STD 03-11-002This Instruction cancels OSHA Instruction STD 03-00-001, the Agency's interim enforcement policy on fall protectionfor specified residential construction activities, and replaces it with new compliance guidance. Under the new policy,employers engaged in residential construction must comply with 1926.501(b)(13).Under 1926.501(b)(13), workers engaged in residential construction six (6) feet or more above lower levels must beprotected by conventional fall protection (i.e., guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems) orother fall protection measures allowed elsewhere in 1926.501(b). However, if an employer can demonstrate that suchfall protection is infeasible or presents a greater hazard, it may implement a fall protection plan meeting the require-ments of 1926.502(k). The fall protection plan's alternative measures must utilize safe work practices that eliminate orreduce the possibility of a fall. The plan must be written and be site-specific. A written plan developed for repetitive usefor a particular style/model home will be considered site-specific with respect to a particular site only if it fullyaddresses all issues related to fall protection at that site.For purposes of determining the applicability of section 1926.501(b)(13), the term "residential construction" is inter-preted as covering construction work that satisfies the following two elements: (1) the end-use of the structure beingbuilt must be as a home, i.e., a dwelling; and (2) the structure being built must be constructed using traditional woodframe construction materials and methods. The limited use of structural steel in a predominantly wood-framed home,such as a steel I-beam to help support wood framing, does not disqualify a structure from being considered residentialconstruction.

§1926.450 Scope, application, anddefinitions applicable to this subpart.

§1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.

§1926.500 Scope, application, anddefinitions applicable to this subpart.

§1926.1050 Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.

§1926.550 [Redesignated as § 1926.1501] Appendix Ato Part 1926

Designations for General Industry Standards Incorporated into Body of Construction Standards

Recent changes in regulations:

DisclaimerAlthough the author and publisher of this book have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of theinformation contained herein, the author and publisher assume no liability with respect to loss or damage caused by or alleged to be caused by reliance on any information contained herein and disclaim any and all warranties, expressedor implied.

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Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards§1910.21 Definitions - Walking-Working

Surfaces 1§1910.22 General requirements-

Walking-Working Surfaces 3§1910.23 Guarding floor and wall openings

and holes 4§1910.24 Fixed industrial stairs 5§1910.25 Portable wood ladders 6§1910.26 Portable metal ladders 7§1910.27 Fixed ladders 8§1910.28 Safety requirements for scaffolding 11§1910.29 Manually propelled mobile ladder

stands and scaffolds (towers) 17§1910.30 Other working surfaces 18§1910.66 Powered platforms for building

maintenance 19§1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevating and

rotating work platforms 35§1910.68 Manlifts 36

Selected 1915 Shipyard Employment Standards§1915.71 Scaffolds or staging. 39§1915.72 Ladders. 41§1915.73 Guarding of deck openings

and edges. 41§1915.74 Access to vessels. 42§1915.75 Access to and guarding of dry

docks and marine railways. 42§1915.76 Access to cargo spaces and

confined spaces. 43§1915.77 Working surfaces. 43§1915.159 Personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). 43§1915.160 Positioning device systems. 44Appendix B General Testing Conditions 47

Selected 1917 Marine Terminal Standards§1917.12 Slippery conditions. 47§1917.95 Other protective measures. 47§1917.96 Payment for protective equipment. 47§1917.111 Maintenance and load limits. 47§1917.112 Guarding of edges. 47§1917.113 Clearance heights. 48§1917.114 Cargo doors. 48§1917.115 Platforms and skids. 48§1917.116 Elevators and escalators. 48§1917.117 Manlifts. 48§1917.118 Fixed ladders. 49§1917.119 Portable ladders 50§1917.120 Fixed stairways. 50§1917.121 Spiral stairways. 51§1917.122 Employee exits. 51§1917.123 Illumination. 51§1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridge plates). 51§1917.125 Guarding temporary hazards. 52§1917.126 River banks. 52§1917.127 Sanitation. 52§1917.128 Signs and marking. 52

Selected 1918 Longshoring Standards§1918.21 General requirements -

Longshoring Standards. 53§1918.22 Gangways. 53§1918.23 Jacob's ladders. 53§1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders. 53§1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (See

also §1918.86). 54 §1918.26 Access to barges and river towboats. 54§1918.31 Hatch coverings. 54§1918.32 Stowed cargo and temporary

landing surfaces. 54§1918.33 Deck loads. 54§1918.34 Other decks. 54

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i

§1918.35 Open hatches. 54§1918.36 Weather deck rails. 54§1918.37 Barges. 55§1918.66 Cranes and derricks other

than vessel's gear. 55§1918.85 Containerized cargo operations. 56§1918.91 Housekeeping. 58§1918.105 Other protective measures. 58§1918.106 Payment for protective equipment. 58

Selected 1926 Construction Standards§1926.104 Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards 59§1926.105 Safety nets 59§1926.106 Working over or near water 59§1926.107 Definitions applicable to this subpart 59§1926.150 Fire protection 59§1926.151 Fire prevention 60§1926.152 Flammable and combustible liquids 61§1926.153 Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) 70§1926.154 Temporary heating devices 71§1926.155 Definitions applicable to this subpart 72§1926.450 Scope, application and definitions

applicable to this subpart 72§1926.451 General requirements - Scaffolds 74§1926.452 Additional requirements applicable

to specific types of scaffolds 79§1926.453 Aerial lifts 83§1926.454 Training requirements 83Appendix A Scaffold Specifications

(Non-mandatory) 84Appendix B Criteria for Determining the

Feasibility of Providing Safe Access and Fall Protection for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers (Non-mandatory) 87

Appendix C List of National Consensus Standards (Non-mandatory) 87

Appendix D List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers (Non-mandatory) 88

Appendix E Drawings and Illustrations (Non-mandatory) 88

§1926.500 Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart 90

§1926.501 Duty to have fall protection 91§1926.502 Fall protection systems criteria

and practices 93§1926.503 Training requirements 96Appendix A Determining Roof Widths 97Appendix B Guardrail Systems 98Appendix C Personal Fall Arrest Systems 99Appendix D Positioning Device Systems 101Appendix E Sample Fall Protection Plan 101

§1926.552 Material hoists, personnel hoists, and elevators 109

§1926.651 Specific excavation requirements 110§1926.750 Scope 111§1926.751 Definitions 112§1926.752 Site layout, site-specific erection

plan and construction sequence 113§1926.753 Hoisting and rigging 113§1926.754 Structural steel assembly 114§1926.755 Column anchorage 115§1926.756 Beams and columns 115§1926.757 Open web steel joists 115§1926.758 Systems-engineered metal buildings 117§1926.759 Falling object protection 117§1926.760 Fall protection 117§1926.761 Training 118Appendix A Guidelines for Establishing the

Components of a Site-specific Erection Plan 118

Appendix B [Reserved] 118Appendix C Illustrations of bridging terminus points 118Appendix D Illustration of the use of control

lines to demarcate controlled decking zones (CDZs) 120

Appendix E Training 120Appendix F Perimeter Columns 120Appendix G §1926.502 (b)-(e) Fall Protection

Systems Criteria and Practices 120Appendix H Double Connections: Illustration

of a Clipped End Connection and a Staggered Connection 123

§1926.1050 Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart 123

§1926.1051 General requirements 124§1926.1052 Stairways 124§1926.1053 Ladders 124

[Reserved] 126§1926.1060 Training requirements 127Appendix A Ladders 127§1926.1423 Fall protection 127§1926.1431 Hoisting personnel 128§1926.1501 Cranes and derricks 131

AddendumThe Top Cited Standards Related to Fall Protections 135The Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 136It’s The Law! Mandatory Posting 137States with Approved Plans 138

Letters of Interpretation 139

Index 145

ii TOC

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards §1910.21 (c)

1910

Selected 1910 General

Industry Standards

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards§1910.21

Definitions - Walking-Working Surfaces(a) As used in §1910.23, unless the context requires otherwise, floor and

wall opening, railing and toe board terms shall have the meaningsascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(a)]

(1) Floor hole. An opening measuring less than 12 inches but more than1 inch in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard,through which materials but not persons may fall; such as a belt hole,pipe opening, or slot opening. [§1910.21(a)(1)]

(2) Floor opening. An opening measuring 12 inches or more in its leastdimension, in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard through whichpersons may fall; such as a hatchway, stair or ladder opening, pit, orlarge manhole. Floor openings occupied by elevators, dumb waiters,conveyors, machinery, or containers are excluded from this subpart. [§1910.21(a)(2)]

(3) Handrail. A single bar or pipe supported on brackets from a wall orpartition, as on a stairway or ramp, to furnish persons with a hand-hold in case of tripping. [§1910.21(a)(3)]

(4) Platform. A working space for persons, elevated above the sur-rounding floor or ground; such as a balcony or platform for the opera-tion of machinery and equipment. [§1910.21(a)(4)]

(5) Runway. A passageway for persons, elevated above the surround-ing floor or ground level, such as a footwalk along shafting or a walk-way between buildings. [§1910.21(a)(5)]

(6) Standard railing. A vertical barrier erected along exposed edges ofa floor opening, wall opening, ramp, platform, or runway to preventfalls of persons. [§1910.21(a)(6)]

(7) Standard strength and construction. Any construction of railings,covers, or other guards that meets the requirements of §1910.23. [§1910.21(a)(7)]

(8) Stair railing. A vertical barrier erected along exposed sides of a stair-way to prevent falls of persons. [§1910.21(a)(8)]

(9) Toeboard. A vertical barrier at floor level erected along exposededges of a floor opening, wall opening, platform, runway, or ramp toprevent falls of materials. [§1910.21(a)(9)]

(10) Wall hole. An opening less than 30 inches but more than 1 inchhigh, of unrestricted width, in any wall or partition; such as a ventila-tion hole or drainage scupper. [§1910.21(a)(10)]

(11) Wall opening. An opening at least 30 inches high and 18 incheswide, in any wall or partition, through which persons may fall; suchas a yard-arm doorway or chute opening. [§1910.21(a)(11)]

(b) As used in §1910.24, unless the context requires otherwise, fixedindustrial stair terms shall have the meaning ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(b)]

(1) Handrail. A single bar or pipe supported on brackets from a wall orpartition to provide a continuous handhold for persons using a stair. [§1910.21(b)(1)]

(2) Nose, nosing. That portion of a tread projecting beyond the face ofthe riser immediately below. [§1910.21(b)(2)]

(3) Open riser. The air space between the treads of stairways withoutupright members (risers). [§1910.21(b)(3)]

(4) Platform. An extended step or landing breaking a continuous run ofstairs. [§1910.21(b)(4)]

(5) Railing. A vertical barrier erected along exposed sides of stairwaysand platforms to prevent falls of persons. The top member of railingusually serves as a handrail. [§1910.21(b)(5)]

(6) Rise. The vertical distance from the top of a tread to the top of thenext higher tread. [§1910.21(b)(6)]

(7) Riser. The upright member of a step situated at the back of a lowertread and near the leading edge of the next higher tread. [§1910.21(b)(7)]

(8) Stairs, stairway. A series of steps leading from one level or floor toanother, or leading to platforms, pits, boiler rooms, crossovers, oraround machinery, tanks, and other equipment that are used more orless continuously or routinely by employees, or only occasionally byspecific individuals. A series of steps and landings having three ormore risers constitutes stairs or stairway. [§1910.21(b)(8)]

(9) Tread. The horizontal member of a step. [§1910.21(b)(9)](10) Tread run. The horizontal distance from the leading edge of a

tread to the leading edge of an adjacent tread. [§1910.21(b)(10)](11) Tread width. The horizontal distance from front to back of tread

including nosing when used. [§1910.21(b)(11)](c) As used in §1910.25, unless the context requires otherwise, portable

wood ladders terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this para-graph. [§1910.21(c)]

(1) Ladders. A ladder is an appliance usually consisting of two side railsjoined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called steps, rungs, orcleats, on which a person may step in ascending or descending. [§1910.21(c)(1)]

(2) Stepladder. A stepladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, nonad-justable in length, having flat steps and a hinged back. Its size is des-ignated by the overall length of the ladder measured along the frontedge of the side rails. [§1910.21(c)(2)]

(3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a non-self-supporting portable lad-der, nonadjustable in length, consisting of but one section. Its size isdesignated by the overall length of the side rail. [§1910.21(c)(3)]

(4) Extension ladder. An extension ladder is a non-self-supporting por-table ladder adjustable in length. It consists of two or more sectionstraveling in guides or brackets so arranged as to permit length adjust-ment. Its size is designated by the sum of the lengths of the sectionsmeasured along the side rails. [§1910.21(c)(4)]

(5) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder is a non-self-supporting portableladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two or more sections ofladder so constructed that the sections may be combined to functionas a single ladder. Its size is designated by the overall length of theassembled sections. [§1910.21(c)(5)]

(6) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder,nonadjustable in length, consisting of two sections hinged at the topto form equal angles with the base. The size is designated by thelength of the side rails measured along the front edge. [§1910.21(c)(6)]

(7) Extension trestle ladder. An extension trestle ladder is a self-sup-porting portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestleladder base and a vertically adjustable single ladder, with suitablemeans for locking the ladders together. The size is designated by thelength of the trestle ladder base. [§1910.21(c)(7)]

(8) Special-purpose ladder. A special-purpose ladder is a portable lad-der which represents either a modification or a combination of designor construction features in one of the general-purpose types of lad-ders previously defined, in order to adapt the ladder to special or spe-cific uses. [§1910.21(c)(8)]

(9) Trolley ladder. A trolley ladder is a semifixed ladder, nonadjustable inlength, supported by attachments to an overhead track, the plane ofthe ladder being at right angles to the plane of motion. [§1910.21(c)(9)]

(10) Side-rolling ladder. A side-rolling ladder is a semifixed ladder,nonadjustable in length, supported by attachments to a guide rail,which is generally fastened to shelving, the plane of the ladderbeing also its plane of motion. [§1910.21(c)(10)]

(11) Wood characteristics. Wood characteristics are distinguishingfeatures which by their extent and number determine the quality ofa piece of wood. [§1910.21(c)(11)]

(12) Wood irregularities. Wood irregularities are natural characteristicsin or on wood that may lower its durability, strength, or utility.

[§1910.21(c)(12)](13) Cross grain. Cross grain (slope of grain) is a deviation of the fiber

direction from a line parallel to the sides of the piece. [§1910.21(c)(13)]

(14) Knot. A knot is a branch or limb, imbedded in the tree and cutthrough in the process of lumber manufacture, classified accordingto size, quality, and occurrence. The size of the knot is determinedas the average diameter on the surface of the piece. [§1910.21(c)(14)]

(15) Pitch and bark pockets. A pitch pocket is an opening extendingparallel to the annual growth rings containing, or that has con-tained, pitch, either solid or liquid. A bark pocket is an openingbetween annual growth rings that contains bark. [§1910.21(c)(15)]

(16) Shake. A shake is a separation along the grain, most of whichoccurs between the rings of annual growth. [§1910.21(c)(16)]

(17) Check. A check is a lengthwise separation of the wood, most ofwhich occurs across the rings of annual growth. [§1910.21(c)(17)]

(18) Wane. Wane is bark, or the lack of wood from any cause, on thecorner of a piece. [§1910.21(c)(18)]

(19) Decay. Decay is disintegration of wood substance due to action ofwood-destroying fungi. It is also known as dote and rot.

[§1910.21(c)(19)](20) Compression failure. A compression failure is a deformation

(buckling) of the fibers due to excessive compression along thegrain. [§1910.21(c)(20)]

(21) Compression wood. Compression wood is an aberrant (abnor-mal) and highly variable type of wood structure occurring in soft-wood species. The wood commonly has density somewhat higherthan does normal wood, but somewhat lower stiffness and tensilestrength for its weight in addition to high longitudinal shrinkage.

[§1910.21(c)(21)](22) Low density. Low-density wood is that which is exceptionally light

in weight and usually deficient in strength properties for the spe-cies. [§1910.21(c)(22)]

1Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of “29 CFR 1910 General Industry Standards”. The complete regulation is also available in RegLogic®.

§1910.21 Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

(d) As used in §1910.26, unless the context requires otherwise, portablemetal ladder terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(d)]

(1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance usually consisting of two side railsjoined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called steps, rungs, orcleats, on which a person may step in ascending or descending. [§1910.21(d)(1)]

(2) Step ladder. A step ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, non-adjustable in length, having flat steps and a hinged back. Its size isdesignated by the overall length of the ladder measured along thefront edge of the side rails. [§1910.21(d)(2)]

(3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a non-self-supporting portable lad-der, nonadjustable in length, consisting of but one section. Its size isdesignated by the overall length of the side rail. [§1910.21(d)(3)]

(4) Extension ladder. An extension ladder is a non-self-supporting por-table ladder adjustable in length. It consists of two or more sectionstraveling in guides or brackets so arranged as to permit length adjust-ment. Its size is designated by the sum of the lengths of the sectionsmeasured along the side rails. [§1910.21(d)(4)]

(5) Platform ladder. A self-supporting ladder of fixed size with a plat-form provided at the working level. The size is determined by the dis-tance along the front rail from the platform to the base of the ladder. [§1910.21(d)(5)]

(6) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder is a non-self-supporting porta-ble ladder, non-adjustable in length, consisting of two or more sec-tions so constructed that the sections may be combined to functionas a single ladder. Its size is designated by the overall length of theassembled sections. [§1910.21(d)(6)]

(7) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder,non-adjustable in length, consisting of two sections, hinged at the topto form equal angles with the base. The size is designated by thelength of the side rails measured along the front edge. [§1910.21(d)(7)]

(8) Extension trestle ladder. An extension trestle ladder is a self-sup-porting portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestleladder base and a vertically adjustable single ladder, with suitablemeans for locking the ladders together. The size is designated by thelength of the trestle ladder base. [§1910.21(d)(8)]

(9) Special-purpose ladder. A special-purpose ladder is a portable lad-der which represents either a modification or a combination of designor construction features in one of the general-purpose types of lad-ders previously defined, in order to adapt the ladder to special or spe-cific uses. [§1910.21(d)(9)]

(e) As used in §1910.27, unless the context requires otherwise, fixed lad-der terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(e)]

(1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance usually consisting of two side railsjoined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called steps, rungs, orcleats, on which a person may step in ascending or descending. [§1910.21(e)(1)]

(2) Fixed ladder. A fixed ladder is a ladder permanently attached to astructure, building, or equipment. [§1910.21(e)(2)]

(3) Individual-rung ladder. An individual-rung ladder is a fixed laddereach rung of which is individually attached to a structure, building, orequipment. [§1910.21(e)(3)]

(4) Rail ladder. A rail ladder is a fixed ladder consisting of side railsjoined at regular intervals by rungs or cleats and fastened in fulllength or in sections to a building, structure, or equipment. [§1910.21(e)(4)]

(5) Railings. A railing is any one or a combination of those railings con-structed in accordance with §1910.23. A standard railing is a verticalbarrier erected along exposed edges of floor openings, wall open-ings, ramps, platforms, and runways to prevent falls of persons. [§1910.21(e)(5)]

(6) Pitch. Pitch is the included angle between the horizontal and the lad-der, measured on the opposite side of the ladder from the climbingside. [§1910.21(e)(6)]

(7) Fastenings. A fastening is a device to attach a ladder to a structure,building, or equipment. [§1910.21(e)(7)]

(8) Rungs. Rungs are ladder cross-pieces of circular or oval cross-sec-tion on which a person may step in ascending or descending. [§1910.21(e)(8)]

(9) Cleats. Cleats are ladder cross-pieces of rectangular cross-sectionplaced on edge on which a person may step in ascending ordescending. [§1910.21(e)(9)]

(10) Steps. Steps are the flat cross-pieces of a ladder on which a per-son may step in ascending or descending. [§1910.21(e)(10)]

(11) Cage. A cage is a guard that may be referred to as a cage or bas-ket guard which is an enclosure that is fastened to the side rails ofthe fixed ladder or to the structure to encircle the climbing space ofthe ladder for the safety of the person who must climb the ladder.

[§1910.21(e)(11)]

(12) Well. A well is a permanent complete enclosure around a fixed lad-der, which is attached to the walls of the well. Proper clearances fora well will give the person who must climb the ladder the same pro-tection as a cage. [§1910.21(e)(12)]

(13) Ladder safety device. A ladder safety device is any device, otherthan a cage or well, designed to eliminate or reduce the possibilityof accidental falls and which may incorporate such features as lifebelts, friction brakes, and sliding attachments. [§1910.21(e)(13)]

(14) Grab bars. Grab bars are individual handholds placed adjacent toor as an extension above ladders for the purpose of providingaccess beyond the limits of the ladder. [§1910.21(e)(14)]

(15) Through ladder. A through ladder is one from which a man gettingoff at the top must step through the ladder in order to reach thelanding. [§1910.21(e)(15)]

(16) Side-step ladder. A side-step ladder is one from which a man get-ting off at the top must step sideways from the ladder in order toreach the landing. [§1910.21(e)(16)]

(f) As used in §1910.28, unless the context requires otherwise, scaffold-ing terms shall have the meaning ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(f)]

(1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platformrests and which may be supported by ledgers. [§1910.21(f)(1)]

(2) Boatswain's chair. A seat supported by slings attached to a sus-pended rope, designed to accommodate one workman in a sittingposition. [§1910.21(f)(2)]

(3) Brace. A tie that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position withrespect to another member. [§1910.21(f)(3)]

(4) Bricklayers' square scaffold. A scaffold composed of framed woodsquares which support a platform limited to light and medium duty. [§1910.21(f)(4)]

(5) Carpenters' bracket scaffold. A scaffold consisting of wood ormetal brackets supporting a platform. [§1910.21(f)(5)]

(6) Coupler. A device for locking together the component parts of a tubu-lar metal scaffold. The material used for the couplers shall be of astructural type, such as a drop-forged steel, malleable iron, or struc-tural grade aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is prohibited. [§1910.21(f)(6)]

(7) Crawling board or chicken ladder. A plank with cleats spaced andsecured at equal intervals, for use by a worker on roofs, not designedto carry any material. [§1910.21(f)(7)]

(8) Double pole or independent pole scaffold. A scaffold supportedfrom the base by a double row of uprights, independent of supportfrom the walls and constructed of uprights, ledgers, horizontal plat-form bearers, and diagonal bracing. [§1910.21(f)(8)]

(9) Float or ship scaffold. A scaffold hung from overhead supports bymeans of ropes and consisting of a substantial platform having diag-onal bracing underneath, resting upon and securely fastened to twoparallel plank bearers at right angles to the span. [§1910.21(f)(9)]

(10) Guardrail. A rail secured to uprights and erected along theexposed sides and ends of platforms. [§1910.21(f)(10)]

(11) Heavy duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carrya working load not to exceed 75 pounds per square foot.

[§1910.21(f)(11)](12) Horse scaffold. A scaffold for light or medium duty, composed of

horses supporting a work platform. [§1910.21(f)(12)](13) Interior hung scaffold. A scaffold suspended from the ceiling or

roof structure. [§1910.21(f)(13)](14) Ladder jack scaffold. A light duty scaffold supported by brackets

attached to ladders. [§1910.21(f)(14)](15) Ledger (stringer). A horizontal scaffold member which extends

from post to post and which supports the putlogs or bearer forminga tie between the posts. [§1910.21(f)(15)]

(16) Light duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carrya working load not to exceed 25 pounds per square foot.

[§1910.21(f)(16)](17) Manually propelled mobile scaffold. A portable rolling scaffold

supported by casters. [§1910.21(f)(17)](18) Masons' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffold. A scaf-

fold having a continuous platform supported by bearers suspendedby wire rope from overhead supports, so arranged and operatedas to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to desired work-ing positions. [§1910.21(f)(18)]

(19) Maximum intended load. The total of all loads including the work-ing load, the weight of the scaffold, and such other loads as may bereasonably anticipated. [§1910.21(f)(19)]

(20) Medium duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed tocarry a working load not to exceed 50 pounds per square foot.

[§1910.21(f)(20)]

2

General requirements- Walking-Working Surfaces §1910.22 (d)

1910


Industry Standards

(21) Mid-rail. A rail approximately midway between the guardrail andplatform, used when required, and secured to the uprights erectedalong the exposed sides and ends of platforms. [§1910.21(f)(21)]

(22) Needle beam scaffold. A light duty scaffold consisting of needlebeams supporting a platform. [§1910.21(f)(22)]

(23) Outrigger scaffold. A scaffold supported by outriggers or thrust-outs projecting beyond the wall or face of the building or structure,the inboard ends of which are secured inside of such a building orstructure. [§1910.21(f)(23)]

(24) Putlog. A scaffold member upon which the platform rests. [§1910.21(f)(24)]

(25) Roofing bracket. A bracket used in sloped roof construction, hav-ing provisions for fastening to the roof or supported by ropes fas-tened over the ridge and secured to some suitable object.

[§1910.21(f)(25)](26) Runner. The lengthwise horizontal bracing or bearing members or

both. [§1910.21(f)(26)](27) Scaffold. Any temporary elevated platform and its supporting

structure used for supporting workmen or materials or both. [§1910.21(f)(27)]

(28) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffold. A manually orpower-operated unit designed for light duty use, supported by asingle wire rope from an overhead support so arranged and oper-ated as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to desiredworking positions. [§1910.21(f)(28)]

(29) Single pole scaffold. Platforms resting on putlogs or crossbeams,the outside ends of which are supported on ledgers secured to asingle row of posts or uprights and the inner ends of which are sup-ported on or in a wall. [§1910.21(f)(29)]

(30) Stone setters' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffold. A swinging-type scaffold having a platform supported by hangerssuspended at four points so as to permit the raising or lowering ofthe platform to the desired working position by the use of hoistingmachines. [§1910.21(f)(30)]

(31) Toeboard. A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a plat-form, to guard against the falling of material. [§1910.21(f)(31)]

(32) Tube and coupler scaffold. An assembly consisting of tubingwhich serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties, and runners, a basesupporting the posts, and special couplers which serve to connectthe uprights and to join the various members. [§1910.21(f)(32)]

(33) Tubular welded frame scaffold. A sectional, panel, or framemetal scaffold substantially built up of prefabricated welded sec-tions which consist of posts and horizontal bearer with intermediatemembers. Panels or frames shall be braced with diagonal or crossbraces. [§1910.21(f)(33)]

(34) Two-point suspension scaffold (swinging scaffold). A scaffold,the platform of which is supported by hangers (stirrups) at twopoints, suspended from overhead supports so as to permit the rais-ing or lowering of the platform to the desired working position bytackle or hoisting machines. [§1910.21(f)(34)]

(35) Window jack scaffold. A scaffold, the platform of which is sup-ported by a bracket or jack which projects through a window open-ing. [§1910.21(f)(35)]

(36) Working load. Load imposed by men, materials, and equipment. [§1910.21(f)(36)]

(g) As used in §1910.29, unless the context requires otherwise, manuallypropelled mobile ladder stand and scaffold (tower) terms shall have themeaning ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(g)]

(1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platformrests and which may be supported by ledgers. [§1910.21(g)(1)]

(2) Brace. A tie that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position withrespect to another member. [§1910.21(g)(2)]

(3) Climbing ladder. A separate ladder with equally spaced rungs usu-ally attached to the scaffold structure for climbing and descending. [§1910.21(g)(3)]

(4) Coupler. A device for locking together the components of a tubularmetal scaffold which shall be designed and used to safely supportthe maximum intended loads. [§1910.21(g)(4)]

(5) Design working load. The maximum intended load, being the totalof all loads including the weight of the men, materials, equipment,and platform. [§1910.21(g)(5)]

(6) Equivalent. Alternative design or features, which will provide anequal degree or factor of safety. [§1910.21(g)(6)]

(7) Guardrail. A barrier secured to uprights and erected along theexposed sides and ends of platforms to prevent falls of persons. [§1910.21(g)(7)]

(8) Handrail. A rail connected to a ladder stand running parallel to theslope and/or top step. [§1910.21(g)(8)]

(9) Ladder stand. A mobile fixed size self-supporting ladder consistingof a wide flat tread ladder in the form of stairs. The assembly mayinclude handrails. [§1910.21(g)(9)]

(10) Ledger (stringer). A horizontal scaffold member which extendsfrom post to post and which supports the bearer forming a tiebetween the posts. [§1910.21(g)(10)]

(11) Mobile scaffold (tower). A light, medium, or heavy duty scaffoldmounted on casters or wheels. [§1910.21(g)(11)]

(12) Mobile. “Manually propelled.” [§1910.21(g)(12)](13) Mobile work platform. Generally a fixed work level one frame

high on casters or wheels, with bracing diagonally from platform tovertical frame. [§1910.21(g)(13)]

(14) Runner. The lengthwise horizontal bracing and/or bearing mem-bers. [§1910.21(g)(14)]

(15) Scaffold. Any temporary elevated platform and its necessary verti-cal, diagonal, and horizontal members used for supporting work-men and materials. (Also known as a scaffold tower.)

[§1910.21(g)(15)](16) Toeboard. A barrier at platform level erected along the exposed

sides and ends of a scaffold platform to prevent falls of materials. [§1910.21(g)(16)]

(17) Tube and coupler scaffold. An assembly consisting of tubingwhich serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties, and runners, a basesupporting the posts, and uprights, and serves to join the variousmembers, usually used in fixed locations. [§1910.21(g)(17)]

(18) Tubular welded frame scaffold. A sectional, panel, or frame metalscaffold substantially built up of prefabricated welded sections,which consist of posts and bearers with intermediate connectingmembers and braced with diagonal or cross braces. [§1910.21(g)(18)]

(19) Tubular welded sectional folding scaffold. A sectional, foldingmetal scaffold either of ladder frame or inside stairway design, sub-stantially built of prefabricated welded sections, which consist ofend frames, platform frame, inside inclined stairway frame andbraces, or hinged connected diagonal and horizontal braces, capa-ble of being folded into a flat package when the scaffold is not inuse. [§1910.21(g)(19)]

(20) Work level. The elevated platform, used for supporting workmenand their materials, comprising the necessary vertical, horizontal,and diagonal braces, guardrails, and ladder for access to the workplatform. [§1910.21(g)(20)]

§1910.22General requirements- Walking-Working Surfaces

This section applies to all permanent places of employment, except wheredomestic, mining, or agricultural work only is performed. Measures for thecontrol of toxic materials are considered to be outside the scope of this sec-tion. [§1910.22](a) Housekeeping. [§1910.22(a)]

(1) All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and servicerooms shall be kept clean and orderly and in a sanitary condition. [§1910.22(a)(1)]

(2) The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and, sofar as possible, a dry condition. Where wet processes are used,drainage shall be maintained, and false floors, platforms, mats, orother dry standing places should be provided where practicable. [§1910.22(a)(2)]

(3) To facilitate cleaning, every floor, working place, and passagewayshall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, holes, or looseboards. [§1910.22(a)(3)]

(b) Aisles and passageways. [§1910.22(b)](1) Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe

clearances shall be allowed for aisles, at loading docks, throughdoorways and wherever turns or passage must be made. Aisles andpassageways shall be kept clear and in good repairs, with noobstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard. [§1910.22(b)(1)]

(2) Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked. [§1910.22(b)(2)]

(c) Covers and guardrails. Covers and/or guardrails shall be provided toprotect personnel from the hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches,etc. [§1910.22(c)]

(d) Floor loading protection. [§1910.22(d)](1) In every building or other structure, or part thereof, used for mercan-

tile, business, industrial, or storage purposes, the loads approved bythe building official shall be marked on plates of approved designwhich shall be supplied and securely affixed by the owner of thebuilding, or his duly authorized agent, in a conspicuous place in eachspace to which they relate. Such plates shall not be removed or



defaced but, if lost, removed, or defaced, shall be replaced by theowner or his agent. [§1910.22(d)(1)]

(2) It shall be unlawful to place, or cause, or permit to be placed, on anyfloor or roof of a building or other structure a load greater than that forwhich such floor or roof is approved by the building official. [§1910.22(d)(2)]

§1910.23Guarding floor and wall openings and holes

(a) Protection for floor openings. [§1910.23(a)](1) Every stairway floor opening shall be guarded by a standard railing

constructed in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section. The rail-ing shall be provided on all exposed sides (except at entrance tostairway). For infrequently used stairways where traffic across theopening prevents the use of fixed standard railing (as when located inaisle spaces, etc.), the guard shall consist of a hinged floor openingcover of standard strength and construction and removable standardrailings on all exposed sides (except at entrance to stairway). [§1910.23(a)(1)]

(2) Every ladderway floor opening or platform shall be guarded by astandard railing with standard toeboard on all exposed sides (exceptat entrance to opening), with the passage through the railing eitherprovided with a swinging gate or so offset that a person cannot walkdirectly into the opening. [§1910.23(a)(2)]

(3) Every hatchway and chute floor opening shall be guarded by one ofthe following: [§1910.23(a)(3)]

(i) Hinged floor opening cover of standard strength and constructionequipped with standard railings or permanently attached theretoso as to leave only one exposed side. When the opening is not inuse, the cover shall be closed or the exposed side shall beguarded at both top and intermediate positions by removable stan-dard railings. [§1910.23(a)(3)(i)]

(ii) A removable railing with toeboard on not more than two sides ofthe opening and fixed standard railings with toeboards on all otherexposed sides. The removable railings shall be kept in placewhen the opening is not in use.Where operating conditions necessitate the feeding of materialinto any hatchway or chute opening, protection shall be providedto prevent a person from falling through the opening. [§1910.23(a)(3)(ii)]

(4) Every skylight floor opening and hole shall be guarded by a stan-dard skylight screen or a fixed standard railing on all exposed sides. [§1910.23(a)(4)]

(5) Every pit and trapdoor floor opening, infrequently used, shall beguarded by a floor opening cover of standard strength and construc-tion. While the cover is not in place, the pit or trap opening shall beconstantly attended by someone or shall be protected on all exposedsides by removable standard railings. [§1910.23(a)(5)]

(6) Every manhole floor opening shall be guarded by a standard man-hole cover which need not be hinged in place. While the cover is notin place, the manhole opening shall be constantly attended by some-one or shall be protected by removable standard railings. [§1910.23(a)(6)]

(7) Every temporary floor opening shall have standard railings, or shallbe constantly attended by someone. [§1910.23(a)(7)]

(8) Every floor hole into which persons can accidentally walk shall beguarded by either: [§1910.23(a)(8)]

(i) A standard railing with standard toeboard on all exposed sides,or [§1910.23(a)(8)(i)]

(ii) A floor hole cover of standard strength and construction. Whilethe cover is not in place, the floor hole shall be constantly attendedby someone or shall be protected by a removable standard rail-ing. [§1910.23(a)(8)(ii)]

(9) Every floor hole into which persons cannot accidentally walk (onaccount of fixed machinery, equipment, or walls) shall be protectedby a cover that leaves no openings more than 1 inch wide. The covershall be securely held in place to prevent tools or materials from fall-ing through. [§1910.23(a)(9)]

(10) Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway, a platform shallbe provided, and the swing of the door shall not reduce the effec-tive width to less than 20 inches. [§1910.23(a)(10)]

(b) Protection for wall openings and holes. [§1910.23(b)](1) Every wall opening from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet

shall be guarded by one of the following: [§1910.23(b)(1)](i) Rail, roller, picket fence, half door, or equivalent barrier. Where

there is exposure below to falling materials, a removable toe boardor the equivalent shall also be provided. When the opening is notin use for handling materials, the guard shall be kept in positionregardless of a door on the opening. In addition, a grab handleshall be provided on each side of the opening with its center

approximately 4 feet above floor level and of standard strengthand mounting. [§1910.23(b)(1)(i)]

(ii) Extension platform onto which materials can be hoisted for han-dling, and which shall have side rails or equivalent guards of stan-dard specifications. [§1910.23(b)(1)(ii)]

(2) Every chute wall opening from which there is a drop of more than 4feet shall be guarded by one or more of the barriers specified in para-graph (b)(1) of this section or as required by the conditions. [§1910.23(b)(2)]

(3) Every window wall opening at a stairway landing, floor, platform, orbalcony, from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet, and wherethe bottom of the opening is less than 3 feet above the platform orlanding, shall be guarded by standard slats, standard grill work (asspecified in paragraph (e)(11) of this section), or standard railing. Where the window opening is below the landing, or platform, a stan-dard toe board shall be provided. [§1910.23(b)(3)]

(4) Every temporary wall opening shall have adequate guards but theseneed not be of standard construction. [§1910.23(b)(4)]

(5) Where there is a hazard of materials falling through a wall hole, andthe lower edge of the near side of the hole is less than 4 inchesabove the floor, and the far side of the hole more than 5 feet abovethe next lower level, the hole shall be protected by a standard toe-board, or an enclosing screen either of solid construction, or as spec-ified in paragraph (e)(11) of this section. [§1910.23(b)(5)]

(c) Protection of open-sided floors, platforms, and runways. [§1910.23(c)]

(1) Every open-sided floor or platform 4 feet or more above adjacentfloor or ground level shall be guarded by a standard railing (or theequivalent as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section) on all opensides except where there is entrance to a ramp, stairway, or fixed lad-der. The railing shall be provided with a toeboard wherever, beneaththe open sides, [§1910.23(c)(1)]

(i) Persons can pass, [§1910.23(c)(1)(i)](ii) There is moving machinery, or [§1910.23(c)(1)(ii)](iii) There is equipment with which falling materials could create a

hazard. [§1910.23(c)(1)(iii)](2) Every runway shall be guarded by a standard railing (or the equiva-

lent as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section) on all open sides4 feet or more above floor or ground level. Wherever tools, machineparts, or materials are likely to be used on the runway, a toeboardshall also be provided on each exposed side. Runways used exclusively for special purposes (such as oiling, shaft-ing, or filling tank cars) may have the railing on one side omittedwhere operating conditions necessitate such omission, providing thefalling hazard is minimized by using a runway of not less than 18inches wide. Where persons entering upon runways become therebyexposed to machinery, electrical equipment, or other danger not afalling hazard, additional guarding than is here specified may beessential for protection. [§1910.23(c)(2)]

(3) Regardless of height, open-sided floors, walkways, platforms, or run-ways above or adjacent to dangerous equipment, pickling or galva-nizing tanks, degreasing units, and similar hazards shall be guardedwith a standard railing and toe board. [§1910.23(c)(3)]

(d) Stairway railings and guards. [§1910.23(d)](1) Every flight of stairs having four or more risers shall be equipped

with standard stair railings or standard handrails as specified in para-graphs (d)(1)(i) through (v) of this section, the width of the stair to bemeasured clear of all obstructions except handrails: [§1910.23(d)(1)]

(i) On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sidesenclosed, at least one handrail, preferably on the right sidedescending. [§1910.23(d)(1)(i)]

(ii) On stairways less than 44 inches wide having one side open, atleast one stair railing on open side. [§1910.23(d)(1)(ii)]

(iii) On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides open,one stair railing on each side. [§1910.23(d)(1)(iii)]

(iv) On stairways more than 44 inches wide but less than 88 incheswide, one handrail on each enclosed side and one stair railing oneach open side. [§1910.23(d)(1)(iv)]

(v) On stairways 88 or more inches wide, one handrail on eachenclosed side, one stair railing on each open side, and one inter-mediate stair railing located approximately midway of the width. [§1910.23(d)(1)(v)]

(2) Winding stairs shall be equipped with a handrail offset to preventwalking on all portions of the treads having width less than 6 inches. [§1910.23(d)(2)]

(e) Railing, toe boards, and cover specifications. [§1910.23(e)](1) A standard railing shall consist of top rail, intermediate rail, and

posts, and shall have a vertical height of 42 inches nominal fromupper surface of top rail to floor, platform, runway, or ramp level. Thetop rail shall be smooth-surfaced throughout the length of the railing.The intermediate rail shall be approximately halfway between the top

4

Fixed industrial stairs §1910.24 (e)

1910


Industry Standards

rail and the floor, platform, runway, or ramp. The ends of the railsshall not overhang the terminal posts except where such overhangdoes not constitute a projection hazard. [§1910.23(e)(1)]

(2) A stair railing shall be of construction similar to a standard railing butthe vertical height shall be not more than 34 inches nor less than 30inches from upper surface of top rail to surface of tread in line withface of riser at forward edge of tread. [§1910.23(e)(2)]

(3) [Reserved] [§1910.23(e)(3)](i) For wood railings, the posts shall be of at least 2-inch by 4-inch

stock spaced not to exceed 6 feet; the top and intermediate railsshall be of at least 2-inch by 4-inch stock. If top rail is made of tworight-angle pieces of 1-inch by 4-inch stock, posts may be spacedon 8-foot centers, with 2-inch by 4-inch intermediate rail. [§1910.23(e)(3)(i)]

(ii) For pipe railings, posts and top and intermediate railings shall beat least 1 1/2 inches nominal diameter with posts spaced not morethan 8 feet on centers. [§1910.23(e)(3)(ii)]

(iii) For structural steel railings, posts and top and intermediate railsshall be of 2-inch by 2-inch by 3/8-inch angles or other metalshapes of equivalent bending strength with posts spaced notmore than 8 feet on centers. [§1910.23(e)(3)(iii)]

(iv) The anchoring of posts and framing of members for railings of alltypes shall be of such construction that the completed structureshall be capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 poundsapplied in any direction at any point on the top rail.

[§1910.23(e)(3)(iv)](v) Other types, sizes, and arrangements of railing construction are

acceptable provided they meet the following conditions: [§1910.23(e)(3)(v)]

[a] A smooth-surfaced top rail at a height above floor, platform,runway, or ramp level of 42 inches nominal; [§1910.23(e)(3)(v)[a]]

[b] A strength to withstand at least the minimum requirement of200 pounds top rail pressure; [§1910.23(e)(3)(v)[b]]

[c] Protection between top rail and floor, platform, runway, ramp,or stair treads, equivalent at least to that afforded by a stan-dard intermediate rail; [§1910.23(e)(3)(v)[c]]

(4) A standard toeboard shall be 4 inches nominal in vertical height fromits top edge to the level of the floor, platform, runway, or ramp. It shallbe securely fastened in place and with not more than 1/4-inch clear-ance above floor level. It may be made of any substantial materialeither solid or with openings not over 1 inch in greatest dimension. Where material is piled to such height that a standard toeboard doesnot provide protection, paneling from floor to intermediate rail, or totop rail shall be provided. [§1910.23(e)(4)]

(5)(i) A handrail shall consist of a lengthwise member mounted directlyon a wall or partition by means of brackets attached to the lowerside of the handrail so as to offer no obstruction to a smooth sur-face along the top and both sides of the handrail. The handrailshall be of rounded or other section that will furnish an adequatehandhold for anyone grasping it to avoid falling. The ends of thehandrail should be turned in to the supporting wall or otherwisearranged so as not to constitute a projection hazard. [§1910.23(e)(5)(i)]

(ii) The height of handrails shall be not more than 34 inches nor lessthan 30 inches from upper surface of handrail to surface of tread inline with face of riser or to surface of ramp. [§1910.23(e)(5)(ii)]

(iii) The size of handrails shall be: When of hardwood, at least 2inches in diameter; when of metal pipe, at least 1 1/2 inches indiameter. The length of brackets shall be such as will give aclearance between handrail and wall or any projection thereon ofat least 3 inches. The spacing of brackets shall not exceed 8feet. [§1910.23(e)(5)(iii)]

(iv) The mounting of handrails shall be such that the completed struc-ture is capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 poundsapplied in any direction at any point on the rail. [§1910.23(e)(5)(iv)]

(6) All handrails and railings shall be provided with a clearance of notless than 3 inches between the handrail or railing and any otherobject. [§1910.23(e)(6)]

(7) Floor opening covers may be of any material that meets the follow-ing strength requirements: [§1910.23(e)(7)]

(i) Trench or conduit covers and their supports, when located inplant roadways, shall be designed to carry a truck rear-axle load ofat least 20,000 pounds. [§1910.23(e)(7)(i)]

(ii) Manhole covers and their supports, when located in plant road-ways, shall comply with local standard highway requirements ifany; otherwise, they shall be designed to carry a truck rear-axleload of at least 20,000 pounds. [§1910.23(e)(7)(ii)]

(iii) The construction of floor opening covers may be of any materialthat meets the strength requirements. Covers projecting notmore than 1 inch above the floor level may be used providing alledges are chamfered to an angle with the horizontal of not over

30 degrees. All hinges, handles, bolts, or other parts shall setflush with the floor or cover surface. [§1910.23(e)(7)(iii)]

(8) Skylight screens shall be of such construction and mounting thatthey are capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 poundsapplied perpendicularly at any one area on the screen. They shallalso be of such construction and mounting that under ordinary loadsor impacts, they will not deflect downward sufficiently to break theglass below them. The construction shall be of grillwork with open-ings not more than 4 inches long or of slatwork with openings notmore than 2 inches wide with length unrestricted. [§1910.23(e)(8)]

(9) Wall opening barriers (rails, rollers, picket fences, and half doors)shall be of such construction and mounting that, when in place at theopening, the barrier is capable of withstanding a load of at least 200pounds applied in any direction (except upward) at any point on thetop rail or corresponding member. [§1910.23(e)(9)]

(10) Wall opening grab handles shall be not less than 12 inches inlength and shall be so mounted as to give 3 inches clearance fromthe side framing of the wall opening. The size, material, andanchoring of the grab handle shall be such that the completedstructure is capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 poundsapplied in any direction at any point of the handle. [§1910.23(e)(10)]

(11) Wall opening screens shall be of such construction and mountingthat they are capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 poundsapplied horizontally at any point on the near side of the screen.They may be of solid construction, of grillwork with openings notmore than 8 inches long, or of slatwork with openings not morethan 4 inches wide with length unrestricted. [§1910.23(e)(11)]

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, 1984]

§1910.24Fixed industrial stairs

(a) Application of requirements. This section contains specifications forthe safe design and construction of fixed general industrial stairs. Thisclassification includes interior and exterior stairs around machinery,tanks, and other equipment, and stairs leading to or from floors, plat-forms, or pits. This section does not apply to stairs used for fire exit pur-poses, to construction operations to private residences, or to articulatedstairs, such as may be installed on floating roof tanks or on dock facili-ties, the angle of which changes with the rise and fall of the base sup-port. [§1910.24(a)]

(b) Where fixed stairs are required. Fixed stairs shall be provided foraccess from one structure level to another where operations necessitateregular travel between levels, and for access to operating platforms atany equipment which requires attention routinely during operations.Fixed stairs shall also be provided where access to elevations is daily orat each shift for such purposes as gauging, inspection, regular mainte-nance, etc., where such work may expose employees to acids, caus-tics, gases, or other harmful substances, or for which purposes thecarrying of tools or equipment by hand is normally required. (It is not theintent of this section to preclude the use of fixed ladders for access toelevated tanks, towers, and similar structures, overhead travelingcranes, etc., where the use of fixed ladders is common practice.) Spiralstairways shall not be permitted except for special limited usage andsecondary access situations where it is not practical to provide a con-ventional stairway. Winding stairways may be installed on tanks andsimilar round structures where the diameter of the structure is not lessthan five (5) feet. [§1910.24(b)]

(c) Stair strength. Fixed stairways shall be designed and constructed tocarry a load of five times the normal live load anticipated but never ofless strength than to carry safely a moving concentrated load of 1,000pounds. [§1910.24(c)]

(d) Stair width. Fixed stairways shall have a minimum width of 22 inches. [§1910.24(d)]

(e) Angle of stairway rise. Fixed stairs shall be installed at angles to thehorizontal of between 30° and 50°. Any uniform combination of rise/tread dimensions may be used that will result in a stairway at an angleto the horizontal within the permissible range. Table D-1 gives rise/treaddimensions which will produce a stairway within the permissible range,stating the angle to the horizontal produced by each combination. How-ever, the rise/tread combinations are not limited to those given in TableD-1. [§1910.24(e)]

Table D-1 (continued)Angle to horizontal Rise (in inches) Tread run (in inches)

30° 35' 6 1/2 11

32° 08' 6 3/4 10 3/4

33° 41' 7 10 1/2

35° 16' 7 1/4 10 1/4

36° 52' 7 1/2 10

38° 29' 7 3/4 9 3/4

40° 08' 8 9 1/2



(f) Stair treads. All treads shall be reasonably slip-resistant and the nos-ings shall be of nonslip finish. Welded bar grating treads without nosingsare acceptable providing the leading edge can be readily identified bypersonnel descending the stairway and provided the tread is serrated oris of definite nonslip design. Rise height and tread width shall be uniformthroughout any flight of stairs including any foundation structure used asone or more treads of the stairs. [§1910.24(f)]

(g) Stairway platforms. Stairway platforms shall be no less than the widthof a stairway and a minimum of 30 inches in length measured in thedirection of travel. [§1910.24(g)]

(h) Railings and handrails. Standard railings shall be provided on theopen sides of all exposed stairways and stair platforms. Handrails shallbe provided on at least one side of closed stairways preferably on theright side descending. Stair railings and handrails shall be installed inaccordance with the provisions of §1910.23. [§1910.24(h)]

(i) Vertical clearance. Vertical clearance above any stair tread to an over-head obstruction shall be at least 7 feet measured from the leadingedge of the tread. [§1910.24(i)]


§1910.25Portable wood ladders

(a) Application of requirements. This section is intended to prescriberules and establish minimum requirements for the construction, care,and use of the common types of portable wood ladders, in order toinsure safety under normal conditions of usage. Other types of specialladders, fruitpicker's ladders, combination step and extension ladders,stockroom step ladders, aisle-way step ladders, shelf ladders, andlibrary ladders are not specifically covered by this section. [§1910.25(a)]

(b) Materials. [§1910.25(b)](1) Requirements applicable to all wood parts. [§1910.25(b)(1)]

(i) All wood parts shall be free from sharp edges and splinters;sound and free from accepted visual inspection from shake, wane,compression failures, decay, or other irregularities. Low densitywood shall not be used. [§1910.25(b)(1)(i)]

(ii) [Reserved] [§1910.25(b)(1)(ii)](2) [Reserved] [§1910.25(b)(2)]

(c) Construction requirements. [§1910.25(c)](1) [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(1)](2) Portable stepladders. Stepladders longer than 20 feet shall not be

supplied. Stepladders as hereinafter specified shall be of threetypes: [§1910.25(c)(2)]Type I — Industrial stepladder, 3 to 20 feet for heavy duty, such asutilities, contractors, and industrial use. Type II — Commercial stepladder, 3 to 12 feet for medium duty, suchas painters, offices, and light industrial use. Type III — Household stepladder, 3 to 6 feet for light duty, such aslight household use.

(i) General requirements. [§1910.25(c)(2)(i)][a] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(2)(i)[a]][b] A uniform step spacing shall be employed which shall be not

more than 12 inches. Steps shall be parallel and level whenthe ladder is in position for use. [§1910.25(c)(2)(i)[b]]

[c] The minimum width between side rails at the top, inside toinside, shall be not less than 11 1/2 inches. From top to bot-tom, the side rails shall spread at least 1 inch for each foot oflength of stepladder. [§1910.25(c)(2)(i)[c]]

[d]-[e] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(2)(i)[d]-[e]][f] A metal spreader or locking device of sufficient size and

strength to securely hold the front and back sections in openpositions shall be a component of each stepladder. Thespreader shall have all sharp points covered or removed toprotect the user. For Type III ladder, the pail shelf and spreadermay be combined in one unit (the so-called shelf-lock ladder). [§1910.25(c)(2)(i)[f]]

(3) Portable rung ladders. [§1910.25(c)(3)](i) [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(3)(i)](ii) Single ladder. [§1910.25(c)(3)(ii)]

[a] Single ladders longer than 30 feet shall not be supplied. [§1910.25(c)(3)(ii)[a]]

[b] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(3)(ii)[b]](iii) Two-section ladder. [§1910.25(c)(3)(iii)]

[a] Two-section extension ladders longer than 60 feet shall notbe supplied. All ladders of this type shall consist of two sec-tions, one to fit within the side rails of the other, and arrangedin such a manner that the upper section can be raised andlowered. [§1910.25(c)(3)(iii)[a]]

[b] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(3)(iii)[b]](iv) Sectional ladder. [§1910.25(c)(3)(iv)]

[a] Assembled combinations of sectional ladders longer thanlengths specified in this subdivision shall not be used. [§1910.25(c)(3)(iv)[a]]

[b] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(3)(iv)[b]](v) Trestle and extension trestle ladder. [§1910.25(c)(3)(v)]

[a] Trestle ladders, or extension sections or base sections ofextension trestle ladders longer than 20 feet shall not be sup-plied. [§1910.25(c)(3)(v)[a]]

[b] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(3)(v)[b]](4) Special-purpose ladders. [§1910.25(c)(4)]

(i) [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(4)(i)](ii) Painter's stepladder. [§1910.25(c)(4)(ii)]

[a] Painter's stepladders longer than 12 feet shall not be sup-plied. [§1910.25(c)(4)(ii)[a]]

[b] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(4)(ii)[b]](iii) Mason's ladder. A mason's ladder is a special type of single lad-

der intended for use in heavy construction work. [§1910.25(c)(4)(iii)][a] Mason's ladders longer than 40 feet shall not be supplied.

[§1910.25(c)(4)(iii)[a]][b] [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(4)(iii)[b]]

(5) Trolley and side-rolling ladders. [§1910.25(c)(5)](i) Length. Trolley ladders and side-rolling ladders longer than 20

feet should not be supplied. [§1910.25(c)(5)(i)](ii) [Reserved] [§1910.25(c)(5)(ii)]

(d) Care and use of ladders. [§1910.25(d)](1) Care. To insure safety and serviceability the following precautions

on the care of ladders shall be observed: [§1910.25(d)(1)](i) Ladders shall be maintained in good condition at all times, the

joint between the steps and side rails shall be tight, all hardwareand fittings securely attached, and the movable parts shall operatefreely without binding or undue play. [§1910.25(d)(1)(i)]

(ii) Metal bearings of locks, wheels, pulleys, etc., shall be frequentlylubricated. [§1910.25(d)(1)(ii)]

(iii) Frayed or badly worn rope shall be replaced. [§1910.25(d)(1)(iii)](iv) Safety feet and other auxiliary equipment shall be kept in good

condition to insure proper performance. [§1910.25(d)(1)(iv)](v)-(ix) [Reserved] [§1910.25(d)(1)(v)-(ix)](x) Ladders shall be inspected frequently and those which have

developed defects shall be withdrawn from service for repair ordestruction and tagged or marked as “Dangerous, Do Not Use.” [§1910.25(d)(1)(x)]

(xi) Rungs should be kept free of grease and oil. [§1910.25(d)(1)(xi)](2) Use. The following safety precautions shall be observed in connec-

tion with the use of ladders: [§1910.25(d)(2)](i) Portable rung and cleat ladders shall, where possible, be used at

such a pitch that the horizontal distance from the top support to thefoot of the ladder is one-quarter of the working length of the ladder(the length along the ladder between the foot and the top support).The ladder shall be so placed as to prevent slipping, or it shall belashed, or held in position. Ladders shall not be used in a horizon-tal position as platforms, runways, or scaffolds; [§1910.25(d)(2)(i)]

(ii) Ladders for which dimensions are specified should not be usedby more than one man at a time nor with ladder jacks and scaffoldplanks where use by more than one man is anticipated. In suchcases, specially designed ladders with larger dimensions of theparts should be procured; [§1910.25(d)(2)(ii)]

(iii) Portable ladders shall be so placed that the side rails have asecure footing. The top rest for portable rung and cleat laddersshall be reasonably rigid and shall have ample strength to sup-port the applied load; [§1910.25(d)(2)(iii)]

(iv) Ladders shall not be placed in front of doors opening toward theladder unless the door is blocked upon, locked, or guarded;

[§1910.25(d)(2)(iv)](v) Ladders shall not be placed on boxes, barrels, or other unstable

bases to obtain additional height; [§1910.25(d)(2)(v)](vi)-(vii) [Reserved] [§1910.25(d)(2)(vi)-(vii)]

41° 44' 8 1/4 9 1/4

43° 22' 8 1/2 9

45° 00' 8 3/4 8 3/4

46° 38' 9 8 1/2

48° 16' 9 1/4 8 1/4

49° 54' 9 1/2 8

Table D-1 (continued)Angle to horizontal Rise (in inches) Tread run (in inches)

6

Portable metal ladders §1910.26 (c)

1910


Industry Standards

(viii) Ladders with broken or missing steps, rungs, or cleats, brokenside rails, or other faulty equipment shall not be used; impro-vised repairs shall not be made; [§1910.25(d)(2)(viii)]

(ix) Short ladders shall not be spliced together to provide long sec-tions; [§1910.25(d)(2)(ix)]

(x) Ladders made by fastening cleats across a single rail shall not beused; [§1910.25(d)(2)(x)]

(xi) Ladders shall not be used as guys, braces, or skids, or for otherthan their intended purposes; [§1910.25(d)(2)(xi)]

(xii) Tops of the ordinary types of stepladders shall not be used as steps; [§1910.25(d)(2)(xii)]

(xiii) On two-section extension ladders the minimum overlap for thetwo sections in use shall be as follows: [§1910.25(d)(2)(xiii)]

(xiv) Portable rung ladders with reinforced rails (see paragraphs(c)(3)(ii)(c) and (iii)(d) this section) shall be used only with themetal reinforcement on the under side; [§1910.25(d)(2)(xiv)]

(xv) No ladder should be used to gain access to a roof unless the top of the ladder shall extend at least 3 feet above the point of sup-port, at eave, gutter, or roofline; [§1910.25(d)(2)(xv)]

(xvi) [Reserved] [§1910.25(d)(2)(xvi)](xvii) Middle and top sections of sectional or window cleaner's lad-

ders should not be used for bottom section unless the userequips them with safety shoes; [§1910.25(d)(2)(xvii)]

(xviii) [Reserved] [§1910.25(d)(2)(xviii)](xix) The user should equip all portable rung ladders with nonslip

bases when there is a hazard of slipping. Nonslip bases are notintended as a substitute for care in safely placing, lashing, orholding a ladder that is being used upon oily, metal, concrete, orslippery surfaces; [§1910.25(d)(2)(xix)]

(xx) The bracing on the back legs of step ladders is designed solely for increasing stability and not for climbing. [§1910.25(d)(2)(xx)]


§1910.26Portable metal ladders

(a) Requirements. [§1910.26(a)](1) General. Specific design and construction requirements are not part

of this section because of the wide variety of metals and design pos-sibilities. However, the design shall be such as to produce a ladderwithout structural defects or accident hazards such as sharp edges,burrs, etc. The metal selected shall be of sufficient strength to meetthe test requirements, and shall be protected against corrosionunless inherently corrosion-resistant. [§1910.26(a)(1)]

(i)-(ii) [Reserved] [§1910.26(a)(1)(i)-(ii)](iii) The spacing of rungs or steps shall be on 12-inch centers.

[§1910.26(a)(1)(iii)](iv) [Reserved] [§1910.26(a)(1)(iv)](v) Rungs and steps shall be corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated

with skid-resistant material, or otherwise treated to minimize thepossibility of slipping. [§1910.26(a)(1)(v)]

(2) General specifications — straight and extension ladders. [§1910.26(a)(2)]

(i) The minimum width between side rails of a straight ladder or anysection of an extension ladder shall be 12 inches. [§1910.26(a)(2)(i)]

(ii) The length of single ladders or individual sections of ladders shallnot exceed 30 feet. Two-section ladders shall not exceed 48 feetin length and over two-section ladders shall not exceed 60 feet inlength. [§1910.26(a)(2)(ii)]

(iii) Based on the nominal length of the ladder, each section of a mul-tisection ladder shall overlap the adjacent section by at least thenumber of feet stated in the following: [§1910.26(a)(2)(iii)]

(iv) Extension ladders shall be equipped with positive stops whichwill insure the overlap specified in the table above.

[§1910.26(a)(2)(iv)]

(3) General specifications — step ladders. [§1910.26(a)(3)](i)-(ii) [Reserved] [§1910.26(a)(3)(i)-(ii)](iii) The length of a stepladder is measured by the length of the front

rail. To be classified as a standard length ladder, the measuredlength shall be within plus or minus one-half inch of the specifiedlength. Stepladders shall not exceed 20 feet in length.

[§1910.26(a)(3)(iii)](iv)-(vi) [Reserved] [§1910.26(a)(3)(iv)-(vi)](vii) The bottoms of the four rails are to be supplied with insulating

nonslip material for the safety of the user. [§1910.26(a)(3)(vii)](viii) A metal spreader or locking device of sufficient size and

strength to securely hold the front and back sections in theopen position shall be a component of each stepladder. Thespreader shall have all sharp points or edges covered orremoved to protect the user. [§1910.26(a)(3)(viii)]

(4) General specifications — trestles and extension trestle ladders. [§1910.26(a)(4)]

(i) Trestle ladders or extension sections or base sections of exten-sion trestle ladders shall be not more than 20 feet in length. [§1910.26(a)(4)(i)]

(ii) [Reserved] [§1910.26(a)(4)(ii)](5) General specifications — platform ladders. [§1910.26(a)(5)]

(i) The length of a platform ladder shall not exceed 20 feet. Thelength of a platform ladder shall be measured along the front railfrom the floor to the platform. [§1910.26(a)(5)(i)]

(ii) [Reserved] [§1910.26(a)(5)(ii)](b) [Reserved] [§1910.26(b)](c) Care and maintenance of ladders. [§1910.26(c)]

(1) General. To get maximum serviceability, safety, and to eliminateunnecessary damage of equipment, good safe practices in the useand care of ladder equipment must be employed by the users. The following rules and regulations are essential to the life of theequipment and the safety of the user. [§1910.26(c)(1)]

(2) Care of ladders. [§1910.26(c)(2)](i)-(iii) [Reserved] [§1910.26(c)(2)(i)-(iii)](iv) Ladders must be maintained in good usable condition at all

times. [§1910.26(c)(2)(iv)](v) [Reserved] [§1910.26(c)(2)(v)](vi) If a ladder is involved in any of the following, immediate inspec-

tion is necessary: [§1910.26(c)(2)(vi)][a] If ladders tip over, inspect ladder for side rails dents or bends,

or excessively dented rungs; check all rung-to-side-rail con-nections; check hardware connections; check rivets for shear. [§1910.26(c)(2)(vi)[a]]

[b]-[c] [Reserved] [§1910.26(c)(2)(vi)[b]-[c]][d] If ladders are exposed to oil and grease, equipment should be

cleaned of oil, grease, or slippery materials. This can easily bedone with a solvent or steam cleaning. [§1910.26(c)(2)(vi)[d]]

(vii) Ladders having defects are to be marked and taken out of ser-vice until repaired by either maintenance department or the manufacturer. [§1910.26(c)(2)(vii)]

(3) Use of ladders. [§1910.26(c)(3)](i) A simple rule for setting up a ladder at the proper angle is to place

the base a distance from the vertical wall equal to one-fourth theworking length of the ladder. [§1910.26(c)(3)(i)]

(ii) Portable ladders are designed as a one-man working ladderbased on a 200-pound load. [§1910.26(c)(3)(ii)]

(iii) The ladder base section must be placed with a secure footing. [§1910.26(c)(3)(iii)]

(iv) The top of the ladder must be placed with the two rails sup-ported, unless equipped with a single support attachment.

[§1910.26(c)(3)(iv)](v) When ascending or descending, the climber must face the lad-

der. [§1910.26(c)(3)(v)](vi) Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to provide longer

sections. They must be equipped with the hardware fittings nec-essary if the manufacturer endorses extended uses.

[§1910.26(c)(3)(vi)](vii) Ladders should not be used as a brace, skid, guy or gin pole,

gangway, or for other uses than that for which they wereintended, unless specifically recommended for use by the manu-facturer. [§1910.26(c)(3)(vii)]

(viii) See §1910.333(c) for work practices to be used when work isperformed on or near electric circuits. [§1910.26(c)(3)(viii)]

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49745, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, 1984; 55 FR 32014,Aug. 6, 1990]

Size of ladder (feet) Overlap (feet)Up to and including 36 3

Over 36 up to and including 48 4

Over 48 up to and including 60 5

Normal length of ladder (feet) Overlap (feet)Up to and including 36 3

Over 36, up to and including 48 4

Over 48, up to 60 5


Extension Ladders, Portable

INDEX 131

Index

Section #, Page #

IX

Subject Index

AAccess

Barges 1918.26 56Powered Platforms 1910.66(a) 21Roof Cars 1910.66(c)(4) 21

Aerial LiftVehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms 1910.67(c)(2) 37

Aerial Lifts 1926.453, .952(b), .955(e)(12) 72Boom Platforms 1926.453(b)(2) 73Bursting Safety Factor 1926.453(b)(4) 73Electrical Tests 1926.453(b)(3) 73Field Modifications 1926.453(a)(2) 72Ladder Trucks 1926.453(b)(1) 73Tower Trucks 1926.453(b)(1) 73Welding Standards 1926.453(b)(5) 73

AislesWorking Surfaces 1910.22(b) 3

BBarges 1918.37 56

Mobile Cranes 1926.550(f)(1) 100Barricades 1926.202

Cranes 1926.550(a)(9) 99Belts

Manlifts 1910.68(c)(1)(ii) 39Belts, Safety 1926.104 61

Definition 1926.107(f) 61Boatswain’s Chair Scaffolds 1910.28(j), 1926.452(o)(3) 16, 71

Employee Protection 1910.28(j)(4) 16Fiber Ropes 1910.28(j)(2) 16Life Belts 1910.28(j)(4) 16Roof Irons, Hooks 1910.28(j)(6) 16Seat Slings 1910.28(j)(3) 16Size 1910.28(j)(1) 16Tackle 1910.28(j)(5) 16

Boom Platforms 1926.453(b)(2) 73Brackets, Roofing 1926.452(h) 70Brakes

Manlifts 1910.68(c)(1)(i) 39Bricklayers’ Square Scaffolds 1910.28(l), 1926.452(e) 17, 70

Height 1910.28(l)(6) 17Level 1910.28(l)(7) 17Platform Planks 1910.28(l)(5) 17Reinforcement 1910.28(l)(3) 17Size 1910.28(l)(1) 17Square Bracing 1910.28(l)(4) 17

Bridge Plates 1910.30(a) 19Bridge Plates and Ramps 1918.25 56Building Maintenance Powered Platforms 1910.66 21

CCargo Doors 1917.114 49Cargo Spaces 1915.76(a) 44Carpenters’ Bracket Scaffolds 1910.28(k), 1926.452(g) 16, 70

Bracket Attachment 1910.28(k)(2) 16Bracket Dimensions 1910.28(k)(1) 16Employee Protection 1910.28(k)(3) 16Guardrails 1910.28(k)(5) 16Platform Size 1910.28(k)(4) 16

Ceiling Workers’ Scaffolds 1910.28(o) 17Chicken Ladders (see also Crawling Boards) 1910.28(t) 18Chute Openings 1910.23(a)(3) 4Cleaning

Powered Platforms 1910.66(h)(2) 27Clearance heights 1917.113 49Clearances

Fixed Ladders 1910.27(c) 8Back 1910.27(c)(4) 8

Climbing Side 1910.27(c)(1) 8Grab Bars 1910.27(c)(5) 9Hatch Covers 1910.27(c)(7) 9Step-Across Distance 1910.27(c)(6) 9With Cages or Baskets 1910.27(c)(3) 8Without Cages or Wells 1910.27(c)(2) 8

Manlifts 1910.68(b)(11) 39Stairs 1910.24(i) 6

Clearing, ClearancesCranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(15)(iv) 99

Commercial Stepladders, Type II 1910.25(c)(2) 6Communications, Powered Platforms 1910.66(e)(11)(vi) 23Confined Spaces 1915.76(b) 44Containerized Cargo Operations 1918.85 58Contaminants

Definition 1926.107(a) 61Coupler Scaffolds, Mobile 1910.29(d) 19Covers, Openings 1910.22(c), .23(a) 3, 4Cranes 1926.550, .952(c) 99

Suspended Personnel Platforms 1926.550(g) 100Crawling Boards 1910.28(t), 1926.452(m) 18, 71

Construction 1910.28(t)(1) 18Lifelines 1910.28(t)(2) 18Securing to Roof 1910.28(t)(3) 18

DDeck Loads 1918.33 56Deck Openings, 1915.73 43Decorators’ Scaffolds 1910.28(o) 17Derricks 1926.550 99

Floating Derricks 1926.550(f) 100Suspended Personnel Platforms 1926.550(g) 100

Dockboards 1910.30(a), 1917.124 19, 53

EElectrical, Electricity

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(15) 99Elevating Work Platforms 1910.67 37Elevators 1917.116 50Emergency Action Plans

Written 1910.66(e)(9) 23Emergency Facilities, 1917.95(c) 49Emergency Provisions

Excavation Rescue Equipment 1926.651(g)(2) 105Employee exits 1917.122 52Enclosed Spaces

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(11) 99Escalators 1917.116 50Excavations

Access and Egress 1926.651(c) 105Adjacent Structure Stability 1926.651(i) 105Emergency Rescue Equipment 1926.651(g)(2) 105Fall Protection 1926.651(l) 106Hazardous Atmospheres 1926.651(g) 105Inspections 1926.651(k) 106Pier Holes, Bell-Bottom 1926.651(g)(2)(ii) 105Rescue Equipment 1926.651(g)(2) 105Surface Encumbrances 1926.651(a) 105Ventilation 1926.651(g)(1)(iii) 105

ExhaustsCranes and Derricks 1926.550(a) 99

Exit RoutesManlifts 1910.68(b)(8) 39

Extension Ladders, PortableMetal 1910.26(a)(2) 7Metal, Trestle 1910.26(a)(4) 7Wood 1910.25 6Wood, Trestle 1910.25(c)(3)(v) 6

Fall Protection

132 INDEX Section #, Page #

FFall Protection

Bricklaying 1926.501(b)(9) 82Criteria and Practices 1926.502 83Dangerous Equipment 1926.501(b)(8) 82Definitions 1926.500(b) 81Excavations 1926.501(b)(7) 82Falling Object Protection 1926.501(c) 83Formwork and Reinforcing Steel 1926.501(b)(5) 82Guardrail Systems 1926.502(b), 1926 Subpart M App B 83, 89Hoist Areas 1926.501(b)(3) 82Holes 1926.501(b)(4) 82Leading Edges 1926.501(b)(2) 82Personal Fall Arrest Systems 1926.502(d), 1926 Subpart M App C 84, 89Positioning Device Systems 1926.502(e), 1926 Subpart M App D 85, 91Powered Platforms 1910.66(j), .66 App A and C 28, 30Precast Concrete 1926.501(b)(12) 83Ramps, Runways, Walkways 1926.501(b)(6) 82Residential Construction 1926.501(b)(13) 83Retraining 1926.503(c) 87Roofs

Low-Slope 1926.501(b)(10) 83Steep 1926.501(b)(11) 83Width Determination Guidelines 1926 Subpart M App A 87

Safety Net Systems 1926.502(c) 84Sample Plan 1926 Subpart M App E 92Training Certification 1926.503(b) 87Training Program 1926.503(a) 87Unprotected Sides and Edges 1926.501(b)(1) 82Wall Openings 1926.501(b)(14) 83

Fire Extinguishers 1926.150(c)(1)Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(14)(i) 99Powered Working Platforms 1910.66(f)(5)(ii)(I) 25

Fixed Industrial Stairs (see also Stairs, Fixed Industrial) 1910.24 5Fixed Ladders (see also Fixed under Ladders) 1910.27 8Float Scaffolds 1910.28(u), 1926.451(g)(1) 18, 68Floors

Covers, Hinged 1910.23(a)(3)(i) 4Loading 1910.22(d) 3Openings (Holes) 1910.23(a) 4

Manlifts 1910.68(b)(5), (b)(7) 38, 39Open-Sided 1910.23(c) 4

Floors, FlooringOpenings 1926.500 81

ForgingMachines

Area 1910.30(b) 19Fuel, Fueling, Refueling

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(14) 99

GGangways 1918.22 55Gases 1926.55

Excavations, Hazardous Atmospheres 1926.651(g) 105Ground Support

Excavations 1926.651(a), (h)-(j), .652 105Grounding

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(15) 99Guarding (see also Fall Protection) 1926.500 81Guarding (see also Term to Which It Applies) 1910.211-.219

Floor Openings (Holes) 1910.23(a) 4Hatchways 1910.23(a)(3) 4Ladderways 1910.23(a)(2) 4Open-Sided Floors 1910.23(c) 4Platforms 1910.23(c) 4Railings 1910.23(e) 4Runways 1910.23(c) 4Skylight 1910.23(a)(4) 4Stairways 1910.23(a)(1), (d) 4Wall Openings (Holes) 1910.23(b) 4

Guards and Guardrails 1926.500 81Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(13)(ii) 99Definitions 1910.21(f)(10) 2Guardrail Systems 1926.502(b), 1926 Subpart M App B 83, 89Manlifts 1910.68(b)(7)-(9), (10)(iv) 39Powered and Working Platforms 1910.66(e)(3), (f)(3)(i)(K), (f)(5)(i)(G), (f)(5)(ii)(K)

23, 24, 25Removable 1910.23(a)(3) 4Scaffolds 1926.451 64Stairways 1926.500(a)(2)(vii) 81Working Surfaces 1910.22(c) 3

HHandholds, Manlifts 1910.68(c)(4) 40Handrails

Fixed Industrial Stairs 1910.24(h) 6Mobile Ladder Stands 1910.29(f)(4) 19

Hatch coverings 1918.31 56Hatchways Guarding 1910.23(a)(3) 4Hazardous

Atmospheres, Excavations 1926.651(g) 105High Voltage Lines 1926.550(a)(15) 99Hinged Floor Opening Covers 1910.23(a)(3)(i) 4Hoisting Equipment

Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(4), (g)(6) 24, 27Hoists, Hoisting

Materials 1926.552(b) 102Personnel (and Elevators) 1926.552(c) 102

Holes 1910.23(b) 4Household Stepladders, Type III 1910.25(c)(2) 6Housekeeping 1910.141(a)(3)

Walking-Working Surfaces 1910.22(a) 3

IIllumination 1917.123 53Independent Pole Metal Scaffolds 1915.71(d) 41Independent Pole Wood Scaffolds 1915.71(c) 41Industrial Stepladders, Type I 1910.25(c)(2) 6Inspection (see also Term to Which It Applies)

Manlifts 1910.68(e) 40Powered Platforms 1910.66(g) 27

InspectionsCranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(6) 99Excavations 1926.651(k) 106Hoists and Elevators 1926.552(c)(15) 103Scaffolds 1926.451 64

Instruction Signs, Manlifts 1910.68(c)(7) 40Interior Hung Scaffolds 1910.28(p), 1926.452(t) 17, 71

JJacob’s Ladders 1915.74(d), 1918.23 44, 55

LLadder Stands, Manual Mobile 1910.29(f) 19Ladder-Jack Scaffolds 1910.28(q) 17Ladders

Extension trestle 1915.71(e) 41Fixed 1910.27, 1917.118, 1918.24 8, 50, 55

Cages 1910.27(c)(3), (d)(1) 8, 9Clearances 1910.27(c) 8Cleats 1910.27(b)(1) 8Design 1910.27(a) 8

Stress 1910.27(a)(2) 8Deterioration 1910.27(b)(7) 8Electrolytic Action 1910.27(b)(5) 8Extensions 1910.27(d)(3) 10Fastenings 1910.27(b)(3) 8Grab Bars 1910.27(c)(5), (d)(4) 9, 11Ladder Extensions 1910.27(d)(3) 10Landing Platforms 1910.27(d)(2) 10Maintenance 1910.27(f) 11Pitch 1910.27(e) 11Rungs 1910.27(b)(1) 8Safety Devices 1910.27(d)(5) 11Side Rails 1910.27(b)(2) 8Splices 1910.27(b)(4) 8Welding 1910.27(b)(6) 8Wells 1910.27(d)(1) 9

Manlifts 1910.68(b)(12) 39Portable, 1917.119, 1918.24 51, 55Portable Metal 1910.26 7

Care 1910.26(c)(2) 7Extension Ladders 1910.26(a)(2) 7General Requirements 1910.26(a)(1) 7Platform Ladders 1910.26(a)(5) 7Stepladders 1910.26(a)(3) 7Straight Ladders 1910.26(a)(2) 7Trestle Ladders 1910.26(a)(4) 7Use 1910.26(c)(3) 7

Portable Wood 1910.25 6Care 1910.25(d)(1) 6Materials 1910.25(b) 6Rung Ladders 1910.25(c)(3) 6

Respiratory Protection

INDEX 133Section #, Page #

IX

IX

Subject Index

Sectional 1910.25(c)(3)(iv) 6Single 1910.25(c)(3)(ii) 6Trestle 1910.25(c)(3)(v) 6Two-Section 1910.25(c)(3)(iii) 6

Side-Rolling Ladders 1910.25(c)(5) 6Special Purpose Ladders 1910.25(c)(4) 6

Mason’s 1910.25(c)(4)(iii) 6Painter’s 1910.25(c)(4)(ii) 6

Stepladders 1910.25(c)(2) 6Trolley Ladders 1910.25(c)(5) 6Use 1910.25(d)(2) 6

Ladders (see also Stairways) 1926.1050, .1051, .1053, .1060 119, 120, 122Chicken Ladders or Crawling Boards 1926.452(m) 71Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(13) 99Defects and Repairs 1926.1053(b)(16), (17) 122Electric Equipment, Energized, Exposure to 1926.1053(b)(12) 122Inspection 1926.1053(b)(15) 122Ladder Jack Scaffolds 1926.452(k) 71Ladder Trucks, Manually Propelled Mobile 1926.453(b) 73Load Capabilities 1926.1053(a)(1), .1053(b)(3) 120, 121Safety Devices 1926.1051(b), .1053(a) 119, 120Scaffolds, Use On or With 1926.1051(a) 119Training Requirements 1926.1060 122Trestle Ladder Scaffolds 1926.452(n) 71

Ladderway Guarding 1910.23(a)(2) 4Landings, Manlifts 1910.68(b)(6), (10) 38, 39Lanyards (see also Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards) 1926.104, 61Lathers’ Scaffolds 1910.28(o) 17Letters of Interpretation 125Lifelines 1926.104 61

Chicken Ladders 1910.28(t)(2) 18Crawling Boards 1910.28(t)(2) 18Powered Platforms 1910.66 App C 30Scaffolding 1926.451(h) 69

LightingManlifts 1910.68(b)(6)(iii), (14) 38, 39

LoadingScaffolds 1910.29(a)(2) 18

LoadsCranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(2) 99Hoists and Elevators 1926.552(a)(2) 102Scaffolds, Ratings 1926.451(a) 64

Lockout/Tagout of Hazardous EnergyPowered Platforms 1910.66(f)(3)(i)(J) 24

MMaintenance (see also Term to Which It Applies)

Powered Platforms 1910.66(e)(5) 23Manholes 1910.23(a)(6), .268(o) 4Manlifts 1910.68, 1917.117 38, 50

Application 1910.68(b)(1) 38Belts 1910.68(c)(1)(ii) 39Brakes 1910.68(c)(1)(i) 39Clearances 1910.68(b)(11) 39Definitions 1910.68(a) 38Design 1910.68(b)(3) 38Exit Protection 1910.68(b)(8) 39Floor Openings 1910.68(b)(5), (7) 38, 39General Requirements 1910.68(b) 38Guardrails 1910.68(b)(8)(i), (b)(10)(iv) 39Guards 1910.68(7)-(9) 39Handholds 1910.68(c)(4) 40Inspections 1910.68(e) 40Instruction Signs 1910.68(c)(7) 40Ladders 1910.68(b)(12) 39Landings 1910.68(b)(6) 38Lighting 1910.68(b)(6)(iii), (b)(14) 38, 39Machinery 1910.68(c) 39Mechanical Requirements 1910.68(c) 39Operating Rules 1910.68(d) 40Platforms 1910.68(c)(3) 39Speed 1910.68(c)(2) 39Steps 1910.68(c)(3) 39Stops 1910.68(c)(5), (6) 40Warning Signs 1910.68(c)(7) 40Weather Protection 1910.68(b)(15) 39

Marine Operations Working Over or Near Water 1926.106 61

Mason’s Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(f) 14Mason’s Ladders 1910.25(c)(4)(iii) 6Masonry

Masons’ Scaffolds 1926.451(d)(3)(i), (iii), .452(q) 65, 66, 71Metal Ladders, Portable (see also Portable Metal under Ladders) 1910.26 7Midrails, Scaffolding 1926.451(e)(4)(i), (g)(4) 67, 68

Mobile Ladder Stands 1910.29(f) 19Mobile Scaffolds 1910.29 18Mobile Work Platforms 1910.29(e) 19Multi-Employer Citation Policy Addendum 124

NNeedle Beam Scaffolds 1910.28(n), 1926.452(u) 17, 72

Platform Spans 1910.28(n)(4) 17Rope Attachments 1910.28(n)(3) 17Ropes and Hangers 1910.28(n)(2) 17Supports 1910.28(n)(7) 17Tools 1910.28(n)(6) 17Wood Needle Beams 1910.28(n)(1) 17Work Surfaces 1910.28(n)(8) 17

Nets, Safety 1926.105 61

OOpen Hatches 1918.35 56Openings 1910.23 4Open-Sided Floors 1910.23(c) 4Optical Density

Definition 1926.107(d) 61OSHA General Duty Clause Addendum 124Other Decks 1918.34 56Outrigger Scaffolds 1910.28(e) 14Outrigger Scaffolds 1926.452(i) 70Overhead Protection 1926.451(h), .1003 69

PPainter’s Stepladders 1910.25(c)(4)(ii) 6Passageways

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(13)(iii) 99Personal fall arrest systems (PFAS) 1915.159, 1926.502(d), 1926 Subpart M App

C 45, 84, 89Personal flotation devices (PFDs) 1917.95(b), 1918.105 49, 60Pier Holes, Bell-Bottom 1926.651(g)(2)(ii) 105Pits 1910.23(a)(5) 4Planks, Planking

Hoists and Elevators 1926.552(b)(3) 102Scaffolding 1926.451 64

Plasterers’ and Decorators’ Scaffolds 1926.452(d) 70Plasterers’ Scaffolds 1910.28(o) 17Platforms

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(13) 99Elevating and Rotating Work 1926.451(f) 67Scaffolds (see also Scaffolds) 1910.23(c) 39

Guarding 1910.23(c) 4Manlifts 1910.68(c)(3) 39

Portable Metal Ladders (see also Portable Metal under Ladders) 1910.26 7Portable Wood Ladders (see also Portable Wood under Ladders) 1910.25 6Positioning Device Systems 1915.160, 1926.502(e), 1926 Subpart M App D 46,

85, 91Power Lines, Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(15) 99Powered Platforms 1910.66-.68 21– 40

Access 1910.66(f)(3)(i)(K), (f)(3)(ii)(D), (f)(3)(iii)(c)(2), (f)(5)(ii)(J) 24, 25Application 1910.66(b) 21Buildings, Affected Parts 1910.66(e) 22Electrical 1910.66(e)(11), (f)(8) 23, 26Equipment 1910.66(f) 23Fall Arrest Systems 1910.66(f)(5)(ii)(L), (f)(5)(ii)(M), (f)(5)(iii)(B), (j), .66 App C

25, 28, 30Hoisting Equipment 1910.66(f)(4), (g)(6) 24, 27Inspections 1910.66(g) 27Lockout 1910.66(f)(3)(i)(J) 24Maintenance 1910.66(e)(5), (e)(10), (g), (h) 23, 27Operations 1910.66(i) 28Reshackling Hoists 1910.66(h)(4) 27Ropes 1910.66(f)(7), (g)(5), (h)(3), (h)(4) 26, 27Tests 1910.66(g) 27

Protective clothing 1917.95(a), 1918.105 49, 60

RRecordkeeping

Building Inspection, Assurance for Powered Platform Use 1910.66(c) 21Manlifts 1910.68(e)(3) 40Powered Platforms Inspection 1910.66(g) 27

Respiratory Protection (see also Respirators)Excavations 1926.651(g)(1)(iii) 105

Rigging

134 INDEX Section #, Page #

RiggingCranes and Derricks 1926.550 99Hoists and Elevators 1926.552 102

Ring Buoys 1926.106(c) 61Rolling Scaffolds 1910.29(e) 19Roof Bracket Scaffolds 1926.452(h) 70Roofing Brackets 1910.28(s) 18

Catch Platforms 1910.28(s)(3) 18Construction 1910.28(s)(1) 18Supports 1910.28(s)(2) 18

RopesCranes and Derricks 1926.550 99Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(7), (g)(5), (h)(3), (4) 26, 27Wire

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550 99Hoists and Elevators 1926.552 102

Rotating Work Platforms (see also Vehicle Mounted under Work Platforms)1910.67 37

Rung Ladders, Portable 1910.25(c)(3) 6Runway Protection 1910.23(c) 4Runways 1926.651(c)(1)(ii) 105

SSafety Belts 1926.104 61

Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(5)(ii), (f)(5)(iii)(B), (j), .66 App C 25, 28, 30Scaffolding 1910.28(j)(4), (n)(8), (s)(3), (t)(2), (u)(6) 16, 17, 18

Safety DevicesHoists and Elevators 1926.552 102

Safety FactorSuspension Wire Ropes 1926.552(c)(14)(iii) 102

Safety Nets 1926.105 61Sanitation, 1917.127 53Scaffolding, Scaffolds 1910.28 11

Access 1926.451(e) 66Aerial Lifts 1926.453 72Boatswains’ Chair 1910.28(j), 1926.452(o) 16, 71Bricklayers’ Square 1910.28(l), 1926.452(e) 17, 70Carpenters’ Bracket 1910.28(k), 1926.452(g) 16, 70Catenary 1926.452(r) 71Chicken Ladders 1910.28(t) 18Coupler, Mobile 1910.29(d) 19Crawling Boards 1910.28(t) 18Crawling Boards or Chicken Ladders 1926.452(m) 71Decorators’ 1910.28(o) 17Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms 1926.453 72Fabricated Frame 1926.452(c) 70Fall Protection 1926.451(g) 68Falling Object Protection 1926.451(h) 69Float 1910.28(u) 18Float or Ship 1926.452(s) 71Form 1926.452(g) 70Horse 1910.28(m), 1915.71(g), 1926.452(f) 17, 42, 70Interior Hung 1910.28(p), 1926.452(t) 17, 71Ladder Jack 1910.28(q), 1926.452(k) 17, 71Ladder Trucks 1926.453(b)(1) 73Manually Propelled Mobile 1926.453 72Masons’ 1926.452(q) 71Mason’s Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension 1910.28(f) 14Mobile 1910.29, 1926.452(w) 18, 72Multi-Level Suspended 1926.452(v) 72Needle Beam 1910.28(n), 1926.452(u) 17, 72Outrigger 1910.28(e) 1926.452(i) 14, 70Painters’ suspended 1915.71(f) 42Plasterers’ 1910.28(o) 17Plasterers’, Decorators’, and Large Area 1926.452(d) 70Pole 1926.452(a) 69Powered Platforms 1910.66 21Pump Jack 1926.452(j) 70Repair Bracket 1926.452(x) 72Roofing Brackets 1910.28(s) 18Roofing Brackets and Catch Platforms 1926.452(h) 70Ship 1910.28(u) 18Single-Point Adjustable Suspension 1910.28(i), 1926.452(o) 16, 71Step, Platform, Trestle 1926.452(n) 71Stilts 1926.452(y) 72Stone Setters’ Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension 1910.28(h) 16Stonesetters 1926.452(q) 71Supported, Criteria 1926.451(c) 65Suspension 1910.28(f), (g), (h), (i) 14, 15, 16Suspension, Criteria 1926.451(d) 65Swinging 1910.28(g) 15Swinging Two-Point Suspension 1926.452(p) 71Training 1926.454 73Trestle Ladder 1926.452(n) 71Tube and Coupler 1910.28(c), .29(d), 1926.452(b) 13, 19, 70Tubular Welded Frame 1910.28(d), .29(b) 14, 19

Tubular Welded Sectional Folding 1910.29(c) 19Two-Point Adjustable Suspension 1926.452(p) 71Two-Point Suspension 1910.28(g) 15Window Jack 1910.28(r), 1926.452(l) 18, 71Wood Pole 1910.28(b), 1926.452(a) 12, 69

Ship Scaffolds 1910.28(u), 1926.45(h)(2) 18, 69Side-Rolling Ladders 1910.25(c)(5) 6Signaling, Signals 1926.201

Cranes and Derricks 1926.550(a)(4) 99Signs and Tags

Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(7)(vi) 26Single-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(i) 16Single-Rung Ladders 1910.25(c)(3)(ii) 6

Mason’s 1910.25(c)(4)(iii) 6Site Clearing

Excavations 1926.651(a), (j) 105Skiffs, Lifesaving 1926.106(d) 61Skylight Floor Openings 1910.23(a)(4) 4Skylights 1910.23(a)(4) 4Slippery Conditions 1917.12 49Stairs, Fixed Industrial 1910.24 5

Handrails 1910.24(h) 6Length of Stairways 1910.24(g) 6Railings 1910.24(h) 6Rise Angle 1910.24(e) 5Strength 1910.24(c) 5Treads 1910.24(f) 6Vertical Clearance 1910.24(i) 6Width 1910.24(d) 5

Stairways (see also Ladders) 1926.851Definitions 1926.1050 119Fixed 1917.120 52Spiral Stairways 1917.121, 1926.1051(a)(1), .1052(c)(2) 52, 119, 120Stairrails and Handrails 1926.1052(c) 120Temporary Service 1926.1052(b) 120Training Requirements 1926.1060 122

Steel ErectionApproval to Begin 1926.752(a) 108Beams and Columns 1926.756 110

Column Splices 1926.756(d) 110Diagonal Bracing 1926.756(b) 110Double Connections 1926.756(c) 110Perimeter Columns 1926.756(e) 110

Bridging Terminus Points 1926 Subpart R App C 114Column Anchorage 1926.755 110Commencement 1926.752(b) 108Controlled Decking Zone 1926.760(c), 1926 Subpart R App D 113, 116Definitions 1926.751 107Fall Hazard Training 1926.761(b) 113Fall Protection 1926.760, 1926 Subpart R App G 112, 116Falling Object Protection 1926.759 112Hoisting and Rigging 1926.753 109Load Placement and Landing 1926.757(e) 112Scope 1926.750 107Site Layout 1926.752(c) 108Site-Specific Erection Plan 1926.752(e), 1926 Subpart R App A 108, 113Steel Joists

Attachment 1926.757(b) 111Erection 1926.757(c)-(d) 111, 112Open Web 1926.757 111

Structural Steel Assembly 1926.754 109Metal Decking 1926.754(e) 110Plumbing-Up 1926.754(d) 110Structural Stability 1926.754(a) 109Walking/Working Surfaces 1926.754(c) 109

Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings 1926.758 112Training 1926.761 113

Stepladders, PortableMetal 1910.26(a)(3) 7Wood 1910.25(c)(2) 6

Stone Setters’ Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(h) 16Straight Ladders, Portable Metal 1910.26(a)(2) 7Swinging Scaffolds (see also Two-Point Suspension Scaffolds) 1910.28(g) 15

TTemporary Floor Openings 1910.23(a)(7) 4Testing

Powered Platforms 1910.66(g) 27Toeboards

Definition 1910.21(a)(9) 1Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(5)(i)(G) 25Walking-Working Surfaces 1910.23(a)(2), (a)(3)(ii), (e) 4

Towers, Scaffolds (see also Scaffolds) 1910.29 18Training Personnel

Work Platforms

INDEX 135Section #, Page #

IX

IX

Subject Index

Working Platform Operations 1910.66(i)(1) 28Transmitter Towers 1926.550(a)(15) 99Trapdoors 1910.23(a)(5) 4Treads, Stairs 1910.24(f) 6Trestle Ladders, Portable

Metal 1910.26(a)(4) 7Wood 1910.25(c)(3)(v) 6

TrolleyLadders, Portable 1910.25(c)(5) 6

Tube and Coupler Scaffolds 1910.28(c), 1926.452(b) 13, 70Bearers 1910.28(c)(9) 14Construction 1910.28(c)(5) 14Heavy Duty 1910.28(c)(3) 13Light Duty 1910.28(c)(1) 13Medium Duty 1910.28(c)(2) 13Mobile 1910.29(d) 19

Design 1910.29(d)(1) 19Erection 1910.29(d)(3) 19Handrails 1910.29(f)(4) 19Loading 1910.29(f)(5) 19Materials 1910.29(d)(2) 19

Runners 1910.28(c)(8) 14Tubular Welded Scaffolds

Frame Scaffolds 1910.28(d) 14Accessories 1910.28(d)(13) 14Bracing 1910.28(d)(3) 14Drawing and Specification Requirements 1910.28(d)(11) 14Erection Requirements 1910.28(d)(12) 14Frames 1910.28(d)(5), (13) 14Guardrails 1910.28(d)(7) 14Inspections 1910.28(d)(14) 14Legs 1910.28(d)(4) 14Loads 1910.28(d)(1), (8) 14Mobile 1910.29(b) 19

Bracing 1910.29(b)(2) 19Erection 1910.29(b)(5) 19Panel

Locking 1910.29(b)(4) 19Spacing 1910.29(b)(3) 19

Planking Spans 1910.28(d)(10) 14Securing 1910.28(d)(9) 14Spacing 1910.28(d)(2) 14Uplifts 1910.28(d)(6) 14

Sectional Folding Scaffolds 1910.29(c) 19Bracing 1910.29(c)(3) 19End Frames 1910.29(c)(6) 19Erection 1910.29(c)(7) 19Ladder Scaffolds 1910.29(c)(5) 19Stairway Scaffolds 1910.29(c)(4) 19Stairways 1910.29(c)(2) 19

Two-Point Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(g) 15Acid Solutions 1910.28(g)(10) 15Blocks 1910.28(g)(7) 15Guardrails 1910.28(g)(5) 15Hangers 1910.28(g)(2) 15Hoisting Machines 1910.28(g)(3) 15Inspection 1910.28(g)(8) 15Platform 1910.28(g)(12) 15Roof Irons or Hooks 1910.28(g)(4) 15Ropes 1910.28(g)(6)-(8) 15Securing 1910.28(g)(11) 15Size 1910.28(g)(1) 15Supports 1910.28(g)(8) 15Suspension 1910.28(g)(6) 15

Two-Section Rung Ladders 1910.25(c)(3)(iii) 6

UUnderground

Installations 1926.651(b) 105

VVeneer Machinery 1910.30(c) 19Vests, Buoyant 1926.106 61

WWalking-Working Surfaces

Aisles 1910.22(b) 3Covers 1910.22(c) 3Definitions 1910.21 1Fixed Industrial Stairs 1910.24 5Floor Loading 1910.22(d) 3Floor Openings, Guarding 1910.23 4General Requirements 1910.22 3Guardrails 1910.22(c) 3Housekeeping 1910.22(a) 3Ladders

Fixed 1910.27 8Portable

Metal 1910.26 7Wood 1910.25 6

Stands 1910.29 18Passageways 1910.22(b) 3Scaffolding Safety 1910.28 11Scaffolds (Towers) 1910.29 18Stairs, Fixed Industrial 1910.24 5Stands, Mobile Ladder 1910.29 18Wall Openings, Guarding 1910.23 4Working Surfaces 1910.30 19

Wall Openings (Holes) 1910.23(b) 4Warning Devices and Signs (see also Signs and Tags) 1910.145

Manlifts 1910.68(c)(7) 40Water

Working Over or Near 1926.106 61Weather Deck Rails 1918.35 56Welding (see also Generators under Acetylene, Arc Welding, Flash Welding

Equipment, Resistance Welding Equipment) 1910.251-.255Ladders, Fixed 1910.27(b)(6) 8

Welding and Cutting 1926.350Aerial Lifts, Standards for 1926.453(b)(5) 73

Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 Addendum 124Window-Jack Scaffolds 1910.28(r), 1926.452(l) 18, 71

Guardrails 1910.28(r)(3) 18Use 1910.28(r)(1), (2) 18

Windows, Crane Cabs 1926.550(a)(12) 99Wire Ropes (see also Ropes, Wire) 1926.251(c), .550, .552 99, 102Wood Ladders, Portable (see also Portable Wood under Ladders) 1910.25 6Wood Pole Scaffolds 1910.28(b), 1926.451(b) 12, 65Work Platforms 1910.66, .67 21, 37

Elevating and Rotating 1910.67 37Mobile (see also Scaffolds) 1910.29(e) 19Vehicle Mounted

Application 1910.67(b)(1) 37Definitions 1910.67(a) 37Design Requirements 1910.67(b)(1) 37General Requirements 1910.67(b) 37

Fall Protection

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