FALL OF THE REPUBLICFALL OF THE REPUBLIC

146 B.C.E - 31 B.C.E.146 B.C.E - 31 B.C.E.

TIBERIUS AND C.SEMPRONIUS TIBERIUS AND C.SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUSGRACCHUS

GRACCHI REFORMSGRACCHI REFORMS

■ TRIED TO GIVE LAND TO THE TRIED TO GIVE LAND TO THE LOWER CLASSES BY USING MONEY LOWER CLASSES BY USING MONEY FROM CONQUERORED PEOPLEFROM CONQUERORED PEOPLE

■ GIVE LATINS FULL CITIZENSHIPGIVE LATINS FULL CITIZENSHIP■ GIVE ITALIC ALLIES CITIZENSHIPGIVE ITALIC ALLIES CITIZENSHIPBUT SENATE DISAPPROVED TIBERIUS BUT SENATE DISAPPROVED TIBERIUS

AND HIS BROTHER WERE AND HIS BROTHER WERE MURDEREDMURDERED

MARIUS VS SULLAMARIUS VS SULLA

THE SOCIAL WARSTHE SOCIAL WARS

CIVIL WAR BETWEEN CIVIL WAR BETWEEN MARIUS AND SULLAMARIUS AND SULLA

■ MARIUS FORCES DEFEATED BY MARIUS FORCES DEFEATED BY SULLASULLA

■ 90 SENATORS AND 2,600 EQUITES 90 SENATORS AND 2,600 EQUITES PURGEDPURGED

■ SENATE INCREASED TO 600SENATE INCREASED TO 600■ 79 BCE SULLA DIED 1 YEAR AFTER 79 BCE SULLA DIED 1 YEAR AFTER

GIVING UP DICTATOTSHIPGIVING UP DICTATOTSHIP

THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATETHE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE

CRASSUS CAESAR POMPEYCRASSUS CAESAR POMPEY

CAUSESCAUSES

■ POWER GAP AFTER MARIUS AND POWER GAP AFTER MARIUS AND SULLA SOCIAL WARSSULLA SOCIAL WARS

■ LARGE EMPIRE WITH PROBLEMS IN LARGE EMPIRE WITH PROBLEMS IN THE EAST AND WESTTHE EAST AND WEST

■ SPARTACUS SLAVE REVOLTSPARTACUS SLAVE REVOLT

TRIUMVIRATE TRIUMVIRATE SPECIALTIESSPECIALTIES

■ CRASSUS RICHEST MAN IN ROMECRASSUS RICHEST MAN IN ROME

■ POMPEY MOST POWERFUL POMPEY MOST POWERFUL GENERALGENERAL

■ CAESAR BEST POLITICIAN WELL CAESAR BEST POLITICIAN WELL LIKED BY THE PLEBIANSLIKED BY THE PLEBIANS

CAESAR’S CONQUEST OF CAESAR’S CONQUEST OF GAULGAUL

9TH CENTURY 9TH CENTURY MANUSCRIPTMANUSCRIPT

CONQUEST OF GAUL CONQUEST OF GAUL

BATTLE OF ALESIA 52 BCEBATTLE OF ALESIA 52 BCE

JULIUS CAESARJULIUS CAESAR

VERCINGETORIXVERCINGETORIX

CAESAR VS POMPEYCAESAR VS POMPEY

CROSSING THE RUBICONCROSSING THE RUBICONBATTLE OF PHARSALUSBATTLE OF PHARSALUS

CLEOPATRA AND CAESARCLEOPATRA AND CAESAR

CLEOPATRA VIICLEOPATRA VII

IMPORTANCE OF EGYPTIMPORTANCE OF EGYPT

■ FOOD SUPPLYFOOD SUPPLY■ SAND AND ANIMALS FOR GAMESSAND AND ANIMALS FOR GAMES■ CLEOPATRA PROVIDING A MALE CLEOPATRA PROVIDING A MALE

SON FOR JULIUS SON FOR JULIUS CAESAR(CAESAREON)CAESAR(CAESAREON)

IDES OF MARCHIDES OF MARCH

MARCH 15, 44 BCEMARCH 15, 44 BCE

CASSIUS BRUTUSCASSIUS BRUTUS

THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATETHE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

LEPIDUS OCTAVIAN ANTONYLEPIDUS OCTAVIAN ANTONY

BATTLE PHILIPPI 42 BCEBATTLE PHILIPPI 42 BCE

■ DEFEAT OF THE SENATORIAL DEFEAT OF THE SENATORIAL CONSPIRATORSCONSPIRATORS

■ CASSIUS DEFEATED BY OCTAVIANCASSIUS DEFEATED BY OCTAVIAN■ BRUTUS DEFEATED BY ANTONYBRUTUS DEFEATED BY ANTONY

ANTONY AND CLEOPATRAANTONY AND CLEOPATRA

CLEOPATRA AND ANTONYCLEOPATRA AND ANTONY

BATTLE ACTIUM 31 BCEBATTLE ACTIUM 31 BCE

■ ANTONY 480 GALLEYS AND 120,000 ANTONY 480 GALLEYS AND 120,000 LAND TROOPSLAND TROOPS

■ OCTAVIAN 400 GALLEYS AND 80,000 OCTAVIAN 400 GALLEYS AND 80,000 LAND TROOPSLAND TROOPS

OCTAVIAN AGRIPPA VS ANTONY CLEOPATRAOCTAVIAN AGRIPPA VS ANTONY CLEOPATRA