Fall 08 UNIT 2

INGLÉSTÉCNICOPARAGRADOSUPERIOR 1

08 Fall

UNIT 2


BODYSYSTEMS

Our bodies consist of a number of biological systems that carry out specific

functionsnecessaryforeverydayliving.

Thejobofthecirculatorysystemorcardiovascularsystemistomoveblood,

nutrients, oxygen, carbondioxide, andhormones, around thebody. It consists of the

heart,blood,bloodvessels,arteriesandveins.

Thedigestive system consists of a series of connected organs that together,

allowthebodytobreakdownandabsorbfood,andremovewaste.Itincludesthemouth,

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The liver and

pancreasalsoplayaroleinthedigestivesystembecausetheyproducedigestivejuices.

Theendocrinesystemconsistsofeightmajorglandsthatsecretehormonesinto

the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different tissues and regulate various

bodilyfunctions,suchasmetabolism,growthandsexualfunction.


The immunesystem is thebody'sdefenseagainstbacteria,virusesandother

pathogens that may be harmful. It includes lymph nodes, the spleen, bonemarrow,

lymphocytes(includingB-cellsandT-cells),thethymusandleukocytes,whicharewhite

bloodcells.

The lymphaticsystem includes lymphnodes, lymphductsandlymphvessels,

andalsoplaysaroleinthebody'sdefenses.Itsmainjobistomakeandmovelymph,a

clear fluid that contains white blood cells, which help the body fight infection. The

lymphaticsystemalsoremovesexcesslymphfluidfrombodilytissues,andreturnsitto

theblood.

Thenervoussystemcontrolsbothvoluntaryaction(likeconsciousmovement)

andinvoluntaryactions(likebreathing),andsendssignalstodifferentpartsofthebody.

Thecentralnervoussystemincludesthebrainandspinalcord.Theperipheralnervous

system consists of nerves that connect every other part of the body to the central

nervoussystem.

The body's muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid in

movement, blood flow and other bodily functions. There are three types of muscle:

skeletalmusclewhichisconnectedtoboneandhelpswithvoluntarymovement,smooth

musclewhichisfoundinsideorgansandhelpstomovesubstancesthroughorgans,and

cardiacmusclewhichisfoundintheheartandhelpspumpblood.

Thereproductivesystemallowshumanstoreproduce.Themalereproductive

systemincludesthepenisandthetestes,whichproducesperm.Thefemalereproductive

systemconsistsofthevagina,theuterusandtheovaries,whichproduceeggs.During

conception, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, which creates a fertilized egg that

implantsandgrowsintheuterus.

Ourbodiesaresupportedbytheskeletalsystem,whichconsistsof206bones

thatareconnectedbytendons,ligamentsandcartilage.Theskeletonnotonlyhelpsus

move,butit'salsoinvolvedintheproductionofbloodcellsandthestorageofcalcium.

Theteetharealsopartoftheskeletalsystem,buttheyaren'tconsideredbones.


The respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon

dioxideinaprocesswecallbreathing.Itconsistsmainlyofthetrachea,thediaphragm

andthelungs.

Theurinarysystemorexcretorysystemhelpseliminateawasteproductcalled

ureafromthebody,whichisproducedwhencertainfoodsarebrokendown.Thewhole

systemincludestwokidneys,twoureters,thebladder,twosphinctermusclesandthe

urethra.Urineproducedby thekidneys travelsdowntheureters to thebladder,and

exitsthebodythroughtheurethra.

Theskin,orintegumentarysystem, isthebody's largestorgan.Itprotectsus

from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria, viruses and other

pathogens.Ourskinalsohelpsregulatebodytemperatureandeliminatewastethrough

perspiration.Inadditiontoskin,theintegumentarysystemincludeshairandnails.

1. Findintheprevioustextsynonymsforthesewords:

1. Implement,achieve:

2. Permit,let:

3. Disintegrate:

4. Malicious,dangerous:

5. Principal,mostimportant:

6. Contagion:

7. Help:

8. Testicles:

9. Ova:

10. Womb:


VITALORGANS

Humanshavefivevitalorgansthatareessentialforsurvival.Thesearethebrain,

heart,kidneys,liverandlungs.

Thehumanbrainisthebody'scontrolcenter,receivingandsendingsignalsto

other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is

responsible forourthoughts, feelings,memorystorageandgeneralperceptionof the

world.

Thehumanheartisresponsibleforpumping

bloodthroughoutourbody.

Thejobofthekidneysistoremovewasteand

extrafluidfromtheblood.Thekidneystakeurea

out of the blood and combine it withwater and

othersubstancestomakeurine.

The liver has many functions, including

detoxifyingofharmfulchemicals,breakdownofdrugs,filteringofblood,andsecretion

ofbileandproductionofblood-clottingproteins.

The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the airwe breathe and

transferring it toourbloodwhere it canbe sent toour cells. The lungs also remove

carbondioxide,whichweexhale.

FUNFACTS

• Thehumanbodycontainsnearly100trillioncells.

• Thereareatleast10timesasmanybacteriainthehumanbodyascells.

• Theaverageadulttakesover20,000breathsaday.

• Eachday,thekidneysfilteralmost200litersofblood.

• Adultsexcreteabout1.42litersofurineeachday.


HUMANANATOMY

1. Complete the gaps with the parts of the body.

forehead teeth cheek mouth nose lips eye chin eyebrow

foot hair wrist stomach/belly shoulder hand ear knee leg neck toe finger head arm chest forearm


2. Label the following parts of the body.


3.Matchthepartsofthebodywiththeirdefinitions.

1.FOREHEAD a.Sightorgan

2.CHIN b.Externalorganofhearing

3.HAND c.Jointbetweenthethighandthelowerleg

4.NOSE d.Digitofthefoot

5.EYE e.Partofthefacebetweenthehairlineandthe

eyebrows

Sole


6.EAR f.Partofthefacebetweenthemouthandthe

forehead,siteofrespiration

7.KNEE g.Markleftbytheumbilicalcord

8.TOE h.Protuberanceofthejawbelowthelowerlip

9.NAVEL i.Partoftheheadbetweentheeyeandthetopofthe

ear

10.TEMPLE j.Partontheendofahumanarm,composedoffive

fingers

READING

BODYSYSTEMS

Thehumanbodyconsistsofahead,neck,torso,twoarmsandtwolegs.It'smade

upofcells,whicharethesmalleststructuralunits.Theyclustertogethertoperforma

specializedfunction,becomingtissues.Whendifferenttypesoftissuesworktogetherto

provideaparticularfunction,theyformorgansandbodysystems.Therearetenmajor

organsystemsinthehumanbody:

1.Circulatoryorcardiovascular(heart,blood,bloodvessels…)

2.Digestive(mouth,esophagus,stomach,intestines…)

3.Endocrine(glands)

4.Integumentary(skin,hair,nails,sweatglands,andsebaceousglands)

5.Muscular(muscles)

6.Nervous(brain,spinalcords,nerves…)

7.Reproductive(maleandfemalereproductiveorgans)

8.Respiratory(nose,trachea,lungs…)

9.Skeletal(bones)

10.Urinaryorexcretory(bladder,kidneys,urethra,ureters…)


1.Matcheachbodysystemwiththedifferentorgans.

1.CIRCULATORY/ a. Consists of the central nervous system,with the

CARDIOVASCULAR brain, the spinal cord, neurons and cerebrospinal

fluid,andtheperipheralnervoussystem,with

nervesthatconnectthebraintotherestofthebody.

2.DIGESTIVE b.Individualandfusedbones,ligamentsand

cartilage.

3.ENDOCRINE c.Kidneys,bladder,uretersandurethra.

4.INTEGUMENTARY d.Mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,liver,

pancreasandintestines.

5.MUSCULAR e.Theblood,heartandbloodvesselsformthe

cardiovascularsystem.

6.NERVOUS f.Thyroidgland,parathyroidglands,adrenalglands,

pituitarygland,thymusgland,ovaries,testes,pineal

glandandisletsofLangerhansinthepancreas.

7.REPRODUCTIVE g.Skeletalmuscle,tendons,smoothmuscleand

cardiacmuscle.

8.RESPIRATORY h.Skin,hair,nails,sweatglands,andsebaceous

glands.

9.SKELETAL i. Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,

andmammaryglands.Male:testesandpenis.

10.URINARY/EXCRETORY j. Upper airway: nose, pharynx and larynx. Lower

airway:trachea,bronchi,bronchiolesandlungs.


2.Matchthedifferentbodysystemswiththeirfunctions.

1.CIRCULATORY a.Protectsthebodyfromdamage,regulates

/CARDIOVASCULAR temperatureandhelpsdetectheat,pain, sensation,

pressureandcold.

2.DIGESTIVE b.Allowsthebodytomove;protectsinternalorgans

andgivethebodyshape.

3.ENDOCRINE c.Supportsandprotectsvitalinternalorgans,

anchorsmusclesandgivesthebodyshape.

4.INTEGUMENTARY d.Itbringsnutrientsandwaterintothebody

(ingestion). Then food is broken down into small

parts (digestion). Nutrients and water are moved

into the circulatory systemuntil theyare absorbed

bybodycellsthroughthemembranesofthe

intestines(absorption).Unabsorbedwasteis

eliminated(defecation).

5.MUSCULAR e.Suppliesoxygenandremovescarbondioxidefrom

thebody.

6.NERVOUS f. Passesoxygenandnutrients to the tissues in the

bodyandremovewasteproductsfromthem.

7.REPRODUCTIVE g. Produces, stores and eliminates urine from the

body.

8.RESPIRATORY h.Makescells(spermsandeggs)forthepurposeof

reproduction.

9.SKELETAL i. Coordinatesandcontrol theactionsoractivityof

thebody, transmits signalsbetweendifferentparts

ofthebodyandconductinformationtoandfromthe

brain.

10.URINARY/EXCRETORY j. Secreteshormones into thebloodstream, such as

insulinandadrenalin,toregulate,stimulateand

maintainmanybodyactivitiesandfunctions.


3.MatchtheorgannameswiththeorganfunctionsoftheDIGESTIVESYSTEM.Becareful:Thereare10organsbutonly9organfunctions!


4. Match the parts of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.


Pre-reading: Have you ever had a sport injury?

Then,correctthefalsesentences.

3. Write the correct part of the body for each of these definitions.


2


• SHOULDERBLADE/SCAPULA

• VERTEBRAE/SPINESPINALCOLUMN/BACKBONE

• HEELBONE/CALCANEUS


Bonessupportthehumanbody.Theyarethestructureonwhichtheskinhangs.

Withoutbonesthebodywouldcollapse.Apersoncouldnotwalkorrun.Bonesprovide

bothsupportandprotectionforpartsofthebody.

Inthefrontofthebody,thebonyribcagecoversthechest.Underneatharethe

heartandlungs.Theribsarebonesthatprotecttheheart,lungsandstomachincaseof

injury.Theskullprotectsthebrain.Thebonesintheback(orspine)protectthenerves

ofthespinalcolumn.

Thebonesstoremineralsneededbyotherpartsofthebody.Whentheminerals

areneeded,theywillbereleasedintotheblood.Theyalsoformnewredandwhiteblood

cellseachday.Newboneisstillmadeuntilapersonreachestheageofthirty-five.When

apersongetsmucholder,thebonesstarttoweaken.Themineralsbegintodisappear

fromthebones.

Apart from storing minerals and forming blood cells, the bones work with

musclesandjoints.Theyallowmovementinthebody.Theplacewheretwobonescome

togetheriscalledajoint.Thekneejointisthebiggestandstrongestjointinthebody.

Ligaments link bones together at the joints. They are very strong and can stretch.

Musclesareattachedtobonesbytendons.Themusclesandtendonstogetherallowthe

bonesmove.

Thewholebonestructureofthebodyiscalledtheskeleton.Theskullprotects

thebrain, eyes, face, jawandears.Vertebraemakeup thecolumnofbones running

downtheback.Betweeneachvertebraisasmallcushioncalledadisk.Thevertebrae

arehollow.Nervesrundownthroughthehollowpartstothewholebody.

Knees,hands,feetandlegsallhavedifferentkindsofbones.Someofthesebones

canmovefreely.Someareboundtightlytogether.Armbonesareconnectedat

thetoptothecollarboneandshoulderbone.Theyareconnectedatthebottomtothe

hand.Legbonesareattachedtothespineatthetopbythegroupofbonescalledthe

pelvis.


Theupperpartofthelegisthethighbone.Itformspartoftheknee.Thelower

partofthelegismadeupoftwobones.Theyareattachedtothefootatthebottom.

Bonesareactuallylivingcells.Thebonesgrowandchangeovertime.Apersonis

bornwiththreehundredbones.Someofthesebonescanjointogether.Bythetimea

personbecomesanadult,hewillhaveonlyabouttwohundredandsixbones.

Insummary,bonesareanecessarypartofthebody.Theyprovideprotectionand

supportforthevitalorgans,liketheheart,brainandlungs.Thebonesarestrongandcan

handleheavyweights.Theyallowapersontowalk.Theyworkwithmusclestohelpthe

body move and stretch. The 206 bones of the body include the ribs, skull, spine,

vertebrae,thighbone,andmanymore.

1.Findsynonymsinthetextforthesewords(Theyareinorder):a)Supply:b)HeadBone:c)Bodyarticulation:

d)Clavicle:e)Backbone:

2.Nowanswerthesequestions:1)Whichbonesprotecttheheart?

2)Whichofthefollowingisthemainpurposeofligaments?A:TheycushionthevertebraeB:Theyprotectthebrain

C:TheylinkbonestogetheratthejointsD:Theystoremineral


3)Whatisthetotalstructureofbonesinthebodycalled?4)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A: The upper part of the leg is thethighboneB: Bones can many times repairthemselves

C:BonesarenotlivingD:Diskscushionthevertebrae

5)Whichboneprotectsthebrain?


SPINE = SPINAL COLUMN = BACKBONE = VERTEBRAE : columna vertebral SPINAL CORD : médula espinal BONE MARROW = MARROWBONE : médula ósea

1 2


READING APPLYING FOR A JOB Whenlookingforajob,thereareseveralstepsthatyouhavetofollow.Firstof

all,youhavetosearchforjobvacanciesthatincludethedescriptionofthejobandall

therequirementstoapplyforit.Then,ifyouareinterested,youwillhavetosenda

coveringletterandanapplicationformoryourCV.Finally,ifyouareselected,you

willprobablyhavetoattendajobinterview.Itisveryimportantthatyouprepareall

thesestepscarefullyinordertobesuccessful.

1.Trytowriteanounfromtheseverbsrelatedwithjobs:

1.apply-Ex:application

2.appoint

3.employ

4.advertise

5.vacate

6.advertise

7.qualify

8.accept

9.describe

10.refer

2. Whatconditionswouldhaveyouridealjob?


got promoted


Useful vocabulary!

Crutches

Cast

Cane/Walkingstick

Wheelchair

Fall 08 UNIT 2

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