Failing to learn and learning to fail 1

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Failing to learn and learning to fail 2

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Failing to learn and learning to fail 3

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Failing to learn and learning to fail 4

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Failing to learn and learning to fail 5

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Failing to learn and learning to fail 6

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E%+7!44!4"1=$*"1+"E%+6+1!"1=!6(""D=/4"7+*1%/.91!4"1+"$*"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"79019%!"/*"H=/7="!3!*"

/*1!00/F!*1"I$/09%!"/4"-/47+9%$F!-("";6E0+5!!4"$%!"K9/7&"1+"I/F9%!"+91"H=$1".!=$3/+%4"$%!"%!H$%-!-"

$*-"H=/7="$%!"*+1"$*-"$71"$77+%-/*F05(""L=!*"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"6!$*4"E911/*F"+*!4!0I"$1"%/4&@"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 7

6$*5"!6E0+5!!4"-!7/-!"*+1"1+".+1=!%(""R/6/0$%05@"1=!"$./0/15"1+"I$7/0/1$1!"$*"!II!71/3!"-/47944/+*"/*"

H=/7="E$%1/!4"H/1="7+*I0/71/*F"E!%4E!71/3!4"4!$%7="1+"9*-!%41$*-"7+6E0!N"I$/09%!4"7$**+1".!"

1$&!*"I+%"F%$*1!-"/*"6+41"+%F$*/G$1/+*4@"5!1"/1"/4"7%/1/7$0"1+"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!(""""%

D=!"E%+E!%1/!4"+I"4+7/$0"4541!64"$%!"-!%/3!-"I%+6"E457=+0+F/7$0"$*-"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"

I$71+%4(""R+7/$0"4541!64"7$**+1".!"E%+F%$66!-"1+"$71"/*"E%!-/71!-@"-!4/%!-"H$54d"1=!5"$%!"

/*I09!*7!-".5"7+6E0!N"/*1!%$71/+*4"+I"=96$*"!6+1/+*4"$*-"7+F*/1/+*4("#+41"4+7/$0"4541!64"

=$3!"E%+E!%1/!4"1=$1"/*=/./1"7+E/*F"!II!71/3!05@"7$0605@"$*-"%$1/+*$005"H/1="I$/09%!("""

R+7/$0"4541!64"$%!"6$-!"9E"+I"/*-/3/-9$0@"E457=+0+F/7$005"7+6E0!N@"=96$*".!/*F4("":*-@"

6+41"/*-/3/-9$04"!NE!%/!*7!"41%+*F"*!F$1/3!"I!!0/*F4"/*"%!4E+*4!"1+"1=!/%"+H*"I$/09%!4@"497="1=$1"

$7&*+H0!-F/*F"$*-"!N$6/*/*F"1=!6"7$*".!"$"3!%5"./11!%"E/00(""L!"=$3!"$*"/*41/*71/3!"1!*-!*75"1+"

-!*5@"-/41+%1@"/F*+%!@"+%"-/4$44+7/$1!"+9%4!03!4"I%+6"+9%"+H*"I$/09%!4(e""D=!"I$71"1=$1"4+6!+*!"

=$4"$7=/!3!-"$*"!N!791/3!"+%"0!$-!%4=/E"E+4/1/+*"/*"$*"+%F$*/G$1/+*"-+!4"*+1"6!$*"1=$1"1=!5"=$3!"

0!$%*!-"1+"=+*!4105"$*-"+E!*05"7+*I%+*1"E!%4+*$0"I$/09%!4"+%"0/6/1$1/+*4([B"""

X!7!*1"!3/-!*7!"+I"1=/4"7+6!4"I%+6">/*&!041!/*O4"!N1!*4/3!@"4/NT5!$%"/*3!41/F$1/+*"+I"

6$_+%"I$/09%!4"1=$1"/*709-!-"$06+41"ABB"/*1!%3/!H4"$*-"-!1$/0!-"$*$054/4"+I"6$_+%"I$/09%!4"$1"+3!%"

?B"7+6E$*/!4([["":I1!%"$*$05G/*F"1=/4".%!$-1="+I"-$1$@"=!"!NE0$/*!-Q""

`%+*/7$005"!*+9F=@"1=!"=/F=!%"E!+E0!"$%!"/*"1=!"6$*$F!6!*1"=/!%$%7=5@"1=!"6+%!"1=!5"

1!*-"1+"49EE0!6!*1"1=!/%"E!%I!71/+*/46"H/1=".0$*&!1"!N794!4@"H/1=");P4"949$005".!/*F"

1=!"H+%41"+I"$00(">+%"!N$6E0!@"/*"+*!"+%F$*/G$1/+*"H!"419-/!-@"1=!");P"4E!*1"1=!"!*1/%!"

I+%15TI/3!T6/*91!"/*1!%3/!H"!NE0$/*/*F"$00"1=!"%!$4+*4"H=5"+1=!%4"H!%!"1+".0$6!"I+%"1=!"

7$0$6/15"1=$1"=/4"7+6E$*5(""X!F90$1+%4@"7941+6!%4@"1=!"F+3!%*6!*1@"$*-"!3!*"+1=!%"

!N!791/3!4"H/1=/*"1=!"I/%6TT$00"H!%!"%!4E+*4/.0!(""f+"6!*1/+*"H$4"6$-!@"=+H!3!%@"+I"

E!%4+*$0"790E$./0/15(""]E("[c[TA^"

"

" D=94@"4+7/$0"4541!64"E%!4!*1".$%%/!%4"1+"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"1=$1"=$3!"/*1%$E457=/7@"

/*1!%E!%4+*$0@"$*-"/*41%96!*1$0"!0!6!*14("""

`*1%$E457=/7$005@"=+*!41"$7&*+H0!-F!6!*1"+I"+*!O4"I$/09%!4"/4"*+1"+*05"9*E0!$4$*1"/1"$04+"

7$*"41%/&!"$".0+H"1+"+*!O4"4!0IT!41!!6@"4!0IT/6$F!@"$*-"/-!*1/15(""D=!"I9*-$6!*1$005"=96$*"-!4/%!"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 8

1+"=$3!"E+4/1/3!"4!0IT%!F$%-"7$*".!"=/*-!%!-".5"$*"=+*!41"!3$09$1/+*"+I"+*!O4"I$/09%!4(""S/&!H/4!@"

$*"+._!71/3!"$44!446!*1"+I"+9%"I$/09%!4"$*-"4=+%17+6/*F4"7$*"41%/&!"$".0+H"1+"+9%"E+4/1/3!"4!0IT

/6$F!"$*-"=/F=05"3$09!-"$4E!714"+I"+9%"+H*"/-!*1/15([A""#+%!+3!%@"$7&*+H0!-F/*F"+*!O4"I$/09%!"

$*-"0/6/1$1/+*4"6$5"9*-!%6/*!"1=!"7+*I/-!*7!"$*-"6+1/3$1/+*"1=$1"+*!"*!!-4"I+%"E!$&"

E!%I+%6$*7!(""#$*5"E457=+0+F/414"=$3!"$%F9!-"1=$1"9*%!$0/41/7$005"E+4/1/3!"4!0ITE!%7!E1/+*4"7$*"

$719$005"I$7/0/1$1!"6+1/3$1/+*@"-!1!%6/*$1/+*@"E!%4/41!*7!@"$*-"!*!%F5"0!3!0(""D=94@"/F*+%/*F"+9%"

I$/09%!4"6$5"*+1"+*05"E%+1!71"94"I%+6"1=!"9*E0!$4$*1*!44"+I"1=!"!6+1/+*@".91"6$5"$04+"=!0E"94"

$3+/-"-/47+9%$F!6!*1"$*-"6$/*1$/*"$"=/F="0!3!0"+I"6+1/3$1/+*([\

U!/*F"=!0-"/*"=/F="%!F$%-".5"+1=!%"E!+E0!@"!4E!7/$005"1=+4!"H/1="H=+6"+*!"4E!*-4"$"0+1"

+I"1/6!@"/4"$"41%+*F"I9*-$6!*1$0"=96$*"-!4/%!(""PE!*"$7&*+H0!-F!6!*1"+I"+*!O4"6/41$&!4"$*-"

I$/09%!4"/4"1=94"/*1!%E!%4+*$005"9*$EE!$0/*F("";3!*"1=+9F="+1=!%4"6$5"0!$%*"I%+6"$*-"$EE%!7/$1!"

+1=!%4O"-/470+49%!4"+I"I$/09%!"-+!4"*+1"F9$%$*1!!"1=$1"1=!5"H/00"6$/*1$/*"$"E+4/1/3!"/6E%!44/+*"+I"

1=!"/*-/3/-9$0"H=+"6$-!"1=!"6/41$&!(""W!+E0!"1=94"1!*-"1+"$3+/-"4/19$1/+*4"1=$1"6/F=1"0!$-"1+"

E9.0/7"!6.$%%$446!*1"+%"E%/3$1!"-!%/4/+*("""

`*41%96!*1$005@"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"%!H$%-4"6$5"-!E!*-"9E+*"$EE!$%/*F"*+1"1+"6$&!"I$/09%!4("

`*-/3/-9$0"!6E0+5!!4"6$5"/*79%"1$*F/.0!"7+414"/I"1=!/%"$71/+*4"7%!$1!"9*I$3+%$.0!"/6E%!44/+*4"+*"

E!+E0!"H=+"/*I09!*7!"-!7/4/+*4"%!F$%-/*F"E%+6+1/+*4@"%$/4!4@"+%"-!4/%$.0!"E%+_!71"$44/F*6!*14(""

D=!4!"E+1!*1".$%%/!%4"$%!"$00".91"=$%-"H/%!-"/*1+"4+7/$0"4541!64(""D=!5"F%!$105"%!-97!"1=!"

$./0/15"+I"6+41"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"1+"0!$%*"I%+6"I$/09%!("""D=94@"*+1"+*05"-+"I!H"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"

4541!6$1/7$005"7$E19%!"I$/09%!O4"0!44+*4@"6+41"6$*$F!%4"0$7&"$"70!$%"9*-!%41$*-/*F"+I"H=$1"$"

E%+$71/3!"E%+7!44"+I"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"0++&4"0/&!("""

L/1=+91"$"70!$%"6+-!0"+I"H=$1"/1"1$&!4"1+"0!$%*"I%+6"I$/09%!@"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"$%!"$1"$"

-/4$-3$*1$F!(""`*"I900"$7&*+H0!-F!6!*1"+I"1=!"6$F*/19-!"+I"1=!"7=$00!*F!@"H!"49FF!41"1=$1"

.%!$&/*F"1=!"E%+7!44"-+H*"/*1+"6+%!"1$*F/.0!"7+6E+*!*1"$71/3/1/!4"F%!$105"!*=$*7!4"1=!"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 9

0/&!0/=++-"+I"F0!$*/*F"I$/09%!4O"0!44+*4(""`*"1=!"*!N1"4!71/+*@"H!"/-!*1/I5"$*-"!NE0$/*"1=%!!"-/41/*71"

E%+7!44!4"1=%+9F="H=/7="!II!71/3!"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"7$*"E%+$71/3!05"0!$%*"I%+6"I$/09%!("""

"

?@*!A+)<*55*5!)-!B+'#&$4#($)&#%!>*#+&$&'!-+)9!"#$%7+*!

S!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"/4"$"E%+7!44("")+*4/-!%/*F"1=!"7+6E+*!*1"$71/3/1/!4"1=%+9F="H=/7="

1=/4"E%+7!44"+779%4"/4"$*"/*/1/$0"41!E"/*"6$&/*F"/1"=$EE!*(""L!"+II!%"1=%!!".$4/7"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"

$71/3/1/!4"1=%+9F="H=/7="7+00!71/3!"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"+779%4Q"][^"/-!*1/I5/*F"I$/09%!@"]A^"

$*$05G/*F"I$/09%!@"$*-"]\^"-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*(""D=!5"$%!"E%!4!*1!-"/*"+%-!%"+I"/*7%!$4/*F"

7=$00!*F!@".+1="+%F$*/G$1/+*$005"$*-"/*"1!%64"+I"1=!"4E!7/I/7"4&/004"%!K9/%!-(""`*"1=/4"4!71/+*@"H!"

-!47%/.!"1=!4!"$71/3/1/!4"/*"4+6!"-!1$/0"$*-"E%+3/-!"/00941%$1/+*4"+I"=+H"4+6!"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"=$3!"

4977!44I9005"+3!%7+6!"1=!"E!%3$4/3!"1!7=*/7$0"$*-"4+7/$0".$%%/!%4"$44+7/$1!-"H/1="!*$71/*F"1=!6("

;5(*&#!7#*+%!"#$2)(%"

W%+$71/3!"$*-"1/6!05"/-!*1/I/7$1/+*"+I"I$/09%!4"/4"$*"+.3/+94"$*-"!44!*1/$0"I/%41"41!E"/*"1=!"

E%+7!44"+I"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"1=!6(""P*!"+I"1=!"%!3+091/+*4"/*"6$*9I$719%/*F@"1=!"-%/3!"1+"%!-97!"

/*3!*1+%5"1+"1=!"0+H!41"E+44/.0!"0!3!04@"H$4"41/690$1!-"$4"697=".5"1=!"-!4/%!"1+"6$&!"E%+.0!64"

$*-"!%%+%4"K9/7&05"3/4/.0!"$4".5"1=!"-!4/%!"1+"$3+/-"+1=!%@"/*3!*1+%5T$44+7/$1!-"7+414(""R9%I$7/*F"

!%%+%4".!I+%!"1=!5"$%!"7+6E+9*-!-@"/*7+%E+%$1!-"/*1+"0$%F!%"4541!64@"+%"6$-!"/%%!3+7$.0!"/4"$*"

!44!*1/$0"41!E"/*"$7=/!3/*F"=/F="K9$0/15([C""

"" `*-!!-@"+*!"+I"1=!"1%$F!-/!4"/*"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$%*/*F"/4"1=$1"7$1$41%+E=/7"I$/09%!4"$%!"

+I1!*"E%!7!-!-".5"46$00!%"I$/09%!4"1=$1"H!%!"*+1"/-!*1/I/!-"$4"I$/09%!4"H+%1="!N$6/*$1/+*"$*-"

0!$%*/*F(""`*"I$71@"1=!4!"46$00"I$/09%!4"$%!"+I1!*"1=!"&!5"Y!$%05"H$%*/*F"4/F*4Z"1=$1"7+90-"E%+3/-!"$"

H$&!"9E"7$00"*!!-!-"1+"$3!%1"-/4$41!%"-+H*"1=!"%+$-(""R+7/$0"4541!6".$%%/!%4"$%!"+I1!*"1=!"&!5"

-%/3!%"+I"1=/4"&/*-"+I"E%+.0!6(""X$1=!%"1=$*"$7&*+H0!-F!"$*-"$--%!44"$"46$00"I$/09%!@"/*-/3/-9$04"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 10

=$3!"$"1!*-!*75"1+"-!*5"1=!"I$/09%!@"-/41+%1"1=!"%!$0/15"+I"1=!"I$/09%!@"+%"7+3!%"/1"9E@"$*-"F%+9E4"

$*-"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"=$3!"1=!"1!*-!*75"1+"49EE%!44"$H$%!*!44"+I"I$/09%!4(""

" >+%"!N$6E0!@">/*&!041!/*[?"6!*1/+*4"g/00"U$%$-"$1"#$11!0"$4"$*"/00941%$1/+*"+I"I$/0/*F"1+"

$7&*+H0!-F!"$*-"0!$%*"I%+6"6/41$&!4"/*"$"1/6!05"6$**!%(""`*"#$11!0O4"/00TI$1!-"$7K9/4/1/+*"+I"1=!"

S!$%*/*F")+6E$*5@"U$%$-"I/%41"+3!%0++&!-"1=!"E%+.0!64"1=$1"1=!"+%F$*/G$1/+*"H$4"=$3/*F"E%/+%"

1+"1=!"$7K9/4/1/+*("":*"+EE+%19*/15"1+"$7&*+H0!-F!"1=!"I$/09%!"7$6!"H=!*"1=!"1=/%-"K9$%1!%"[eee"

!$%*/*F4"19%*!-"+91"1+".!"$"0+44"+I"h[B?"6/00/+*@"%$1=!%"$"E%+I/1"+I"h?B"6/00/+*"$4"4=!"!NE!71!-(""

<+H!3!%@"%$1=!%"1=$*"$--%!44"1=!"I$/09%!@"4=!"%!6$/*!-"+E1/6/41/7"$*-"E%!-/71!-"4/F*/I/7$*1"

E%+I/14"I+%"1=!"*!N1"K9$%1!%d"/*41!$-@"1=!%!"H$4"$"0+44"+I"h[cC"6/00/+*(""P*7!"$F$/*@"%$1=!%"1=$*"

$7&*+H0!-F!"1=!"I$/09%!"$*-"0!$%*"I%+6"/1@"4=!"%!E!$1!-"1=!"4$6!"6/41$&!"I+%"1=!"*!N1"1H+"

K9$%1!%4"$4"H!00@"1=94"6$&/*F"1=!"4$6!"6/41$&!"I+%"$"1+1$0"+I"I+9%"K9$%1!%4(""""

" U5"7+*1%$41@"1=!");P"+I"$"6!7=$*/7$0"7+*1%$71+%"%!7+F*/G!-"1=!"3$09!"+I"!NE+4/*F"

I$/09%!"$*-"E9.0/7/G/*F"/*"+%-!%"1+"=!0E"!6E0+5!!4"0!$%*"I%+6"!$7="+1=!%"$*-"*+1"%!E!$1"1=!"4$6!"

6/41$&!(""D=!");PQ""

E900!-"$"hC?B"i#/41$&!i"+91"+I"1=!"7+6E$*5j4"-96E41!%@"6+9*1!-"/1"+*"$"E0$K9!@"$*-"

*$6!-"/1"1=!"i*+T*914"$H$%-iTTI+%"1=!"6/44/*F"E$%14("":"E%!4!*1$1/+*"7!%!6+*5"I+00+H!-"

$1"1=!"7+6E$*5".$%.!79!(""ik+9"7$*".!1"*+"+*!"6$&!4"&-"&"6/41$&!"$*56+%!@i"1=!");P"4$54(""iD=!"H/**!%@"H=+"H$4"/*/1/$005"!6.$%%$44!-@"*+H"1$&!4"E%/-!"/*"1=!"I$71"1=$1"=/4"

6/41$&!"=$4"4$3!-"1=/4"7+6E$*5"$"0+1"+I"6+*!5(i[a""

"

P3!%7+6/*F"1=!"E457=+0+F/7$0".$%%/!%4"1+"/-!*1/I5/*F"I$/09%!"%!K9/%!4"7+9%$F!"1+"I$7!"1=!"

9*E0!$4$*1"1%91=(""D=!"&!5"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0".$%%/!%"1+"/-!*1/I5/*F"I$/09%!"=$4"6+4105"1+"-+"H/1="

+3!%7+6/*F"1=!"/*$77!44/./0/15"+I"-$1$"1=$1"H+90-".!"*!7!44$%5"1+"/-!*1/I5"I$/09%!4("""D+"+3!%7+6!"

1=/4".$%%/!%@"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$-!%4"6941"1$&!"1=!"/*/1/$1/3!"1+"-!3!0+E"4541!64"$*-"E%+7!-9%!4"

1=$1"6$&!"$3$/0$.0!"1=!"-$1$"*!7!44$%5"1+"/-!*1/I5"$*-"0!$%*"I%+6"I$/09%!("""

:4"$*"!N$6E0!"+I"1=/4"/*"1=!"6!-/7$0"$%!*$@"'%("l/6":-7+7&"+I"l$/4!%"W!%6$*!*1!"

E%+$71/3!05"7+00!71!-"$*-"+%F$*/G!-"-$1$"1+"/-!*1/I5"I$/09%!"+I"E=54/7/$*4"H=+"%!$-"6$6+F%$64(""

Failing to learn and learning to fail 11

'9!"1+"1=!"/*=!%!*1"-/II/7901/!4"/*"%!$-/*F"6$66+F%$64"$779%$1!05@"1=!"6!-/7$0"E%+I!44/+*"=$4"

7+6!"1+"!NE!71"$"[BT[?m"!%%+%"%$1!"!3!*"$6+*F"1=!"!NE!%1"%!$-!%4("")+*4!K9!*105@"-/47+3!%/*F"

1=$1"$"%!$-!%"=$4"6/44!-"+*!"+%"!3!*"4!3!%$0"196+%4"-+!4"*+1"*!7!44$%/05"4$5"$*51=/*F"$.+91"1=$1"

%!$-!%O4"-/$F*+41/7"$./0/15"$*-"65"*+1"E%+3/-!"697="/*7!*1/3!"I+%"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!(""U5"

7+*1%$41@"H=!*"'%(":-7+7&".!7$6!"%$-/+0+F5"7=/!I"$1"l$/4!%"W!%6$*!*1!")+0+%$-+@"=!"91/0/G!-"

1=!"0+*F/19-/*$0"-$1$"$3$/0$.0!"/*"1=!"<#PO4"%!7+%-4"1+"E%+$71/3!05"/-!*1/I5"I$/09%!"$*-"E%+-97!"

-!1$/0!-@"4541!6$1/7"I!!-.$7&"/*709-/*F".$%"7=$%14"$*-"F%$E=4"I+%"!$7="/*-/3/-9$0"NT%$5"%!$-!%([b""

>+%"1=!"I/%41"1/6!@"!$7="%!$-!%"7+90-"0!$%*"H=!1=!%"=!"+%"4=!"H$4"I$00/*F"*!$%"+%"+914/-!"+I"1=!"

$77!E1$.0!"%$*F!"+I"!%%+%4("'%(":-7+7&"$04+"E%+3/-!-"%!$-!%4"H/1="1=!"+EE+%19*/15"1+"%!19%*"1+"

1=!"6/4%!$-"NT%$54"4+"1=!5"7+90-"/*3!41/F$1!"H=5"1=!5"6/44!-"$"E$%1/790$%"196+%"$*-"0!$%*"*+1"

6$&!"1=!"4$6!"6/41$&!"$F$/*("

P*"$"0$%F!%"47$0!@";0!71%/7/1/!"'!">%$*7!@"H=/7="+E!%$1!4"?b"*970!$%"E+H!%"E0$*14@"

E%+3/-!4"$*"!N$6E0!"+I"/-!*1/I5/*F"$*-"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"E+1!*1/$0"6/41$&!4([c""D=!"+%F$*/G$1/+*"

1%$7&4"!$7="E0$*1"I+%"$*51=/*F"!3!*"40/F=105"+91"+I"1=!"+91"+I"1=!"+%-/*$%5"$*-"=$4"$"E+0/75"+I"

K9/7&05"/*3!41/F$1/*F"$*-"E9.0/705"%!E+%1/*F"$*5"$*+6$0/!4"1=%+9F=+91"1=!"!*1/%!"4541!6"4+"1=$1"

1=!"H=+0!"4541!6"7$*"0!$%*(""""

>!!-.$7&"4!!&/*F"/4"$04+"$*"!II!71/3!"H$5"+I"/-!*1/I5/*F"6$*5"15E!4"+I"I$/09%!4(">!!-.$7&"

I%+6"7941+6!%4@"!6E0+5!!4"$*-"+1=!%"4+9%7!4"7$*"!NE+4!"I$/09%!4@"/*709-/*F"7+669*/7$1/+*"

.%!$&-+H*4"$4"H!00"$4"I$/09%!"1+"6!!1"F+$04"+%"4$1/4I5"7941+6!%"%!K9/%!6!*14(""W%+$71/3!05"

4!!&/*F"I!!-.$7&"I%+6"7941+6!%4"+914/-!"1=!"7+6E$*5"6$5".!"*!7!44$%5"/*"+%-!%"I+%"

6$*9I$719%!%4"$*-"4!%3/7!"E%+3/-!%4"1+"/-!*1/I5"$*-"$--%!44"I$/09%!4"/*"$"1/6!05"6$**!%("""

>+%"!N$6E0!@"+*05"?"1+"[B"E!%7!*1"+I"-/44$1/4I/!-"7941+6!%4"7=++4!"1+"7+6E0$/*"

I+00+H/*F"4!%3/7!"I$/09%!d"/*41!$-@"6+41"4/6E05"4H/17="E%+3/-!%4([e""D=/4"/4"+*!"+I"1=!"%!$4+*4"

4!%3/7!"7+6E$*/!4"I$/0"1+"0!$%*"I%+6"I$/09%!4"$*-"1=!%!I+%!"0+4!"7941+6!%4(""R!%3/7!"6$*$F!6!*1"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 12

%!4!$%7=!%4"D$N"$*-"U%+H*AB"7/1!"V!*!%$0";0!71%/7"$*-"2*/1!-"W$%7!0"R!%3/7!"$4"1H+"

+%F$*/G$1/+*4"1=$1"E%+$71/3!05"4!!&"-$1$"1=$1"H/00"=!0E"1=!6"/-!*1/I5"I$/09%!4(""V(;("E0$7!4"$*"cBB"

*96.!%"-/%!7105"+*"!$7="+I"/14"E%+-9714"$*-"!*7+9%$F!4"7941+6!%4"1+"/*I+%6"1=!"7+6E$*5"+I"

$*5"E%+.0!64(""V;"=$4"$*":*4H!%")!*1!%"1=$1"/4"+E!*"1H!*15TI+9%"=+9%4"$"-$5@"\a?"-$54"$"5!$%@"

%!7!/3/*F"$EE%+N/6$1!05"\"6/00/+*"7941+6!%"7$004"$"5!$%(""2WR"E%+3/-!4"$*"!N$6E0!"+I"=+H"1+"

4!!&"I!!-.$7&"I%+6"H/1=/*"1=!"7+6E$*5(""D=!"7+6E$*5"=$4".9/01"/*"$"=$0I"=+9%"E!%"H!!&"1+"1=!"

47=!-90!"+I"!$7="+I"/14"-%/3!%4"I+%"%!7!/3/*F"1=!/%"I!!-.$7&"$*-"$*4H!%/*F"K9!41/+*4(""D=!4!"

4/6E0!"1!7=*/K9!4"!N!6E0/I5"6!1=+-4"+I"/-!*1/I5/*F"I$/09%!"/*"$"1/6!05"H$5"4+"1=$1"1=!"

+%F$*/G$1/+*4"7$*"0!$%*@"%!4E+*-"K9/7&05@"$*-"%!1$/*"7941+6!%4("""

:1"1=!"4$6!"1/6!@"1=/4"/4"*+1"!$45("";6E0+5!!4@"7+*47/+9405"$*-"*+1@"+I1!*"I$/0"1+"!NE0+/1"

$*-"6$5"!3!*"$71/3!05"$3+/-"+EE+%19*/1/!4"1+"!NE+4!"$*-"0!$%*"$.+91"1=!/%"I$/09%!4("";II!71/3!"

/-!*1/I/7$1/+*"+I"I$/09%!"!*1$/04"!NE+4/*F"I$/09%!4"$4"!$%05"$4"E+44/.0!@"1+"$00+H"0!$%*/*F"/*"$*"

!II/7/!*1"$*-"7+41"!II!71/3!"H$5(""D=/4"+I1!*"%!K9/%!4"$"E%+$71/3!"!II+%1"+*"1=!"E$%1"+I"6$*$F!%4"

1+"49%I$7!"$3$/0$.0!"-$1$"+*"I$/09%!4"$*-"94!"/1"/*"$"H$5"1=$1"E%+6+1!4"0!$%*/*F(""""

:"%!7!*1"1%$F/7"!N$6E0!"+I"1=!"7+*4!K9!*7!4"+I"-!0$5!-"$*-"6/*/6/G!-"/-!*1/I/7$1/+*"+I"

I$/09%!"/4"I+9*-"/*"1=!"3'$214#""-/4$41!%(""":4"-/47944!-"/*"1=!":77/-!*1"`*3!41/F$1/+*"U+$%-O4"

%!E+%1@"f:R:"6$*$F!%4"4E!*1"[b"-$54"-+H*E0$5/*F"1=!"E+44/./0/15"1=$1"I+$6"41%/&!4"+*"1=!"0!I1"

4/-!"+I"1=!"4=9110!"%!E%!4!*1!-"$"4!%/+94"E%+.0!6"J"$"1%9!"I$/09%!"J"$*-"4+"-/-"*+1"3/!H"1=!"!3!*14"

$4"$"1%/FF!%"I+%"7+*-971/*F"-!1$/0!-"$*$054!4"+I"1=!"4/19$1/+*(A[""`*41!$-"1=!"41%/&!4"H!%!"-!!6!-"

+%-/*$%5"!3!*14@"H/1=/*"1=!".+9*-$%/!4"+I"E$41"!NE!%/!*7!@"$*"/*1!%E%!1$1/+*"1=$1"H+90-"0$1!%"

4!!6"$.49%-"F/3!*"1=!"0$%F!"6$F*/19-!"+I"1=!"-!.%/4(""D=!"4=$%!-".!0/!I"1=$1"1=!%!"H$4"0/110!"1=!5"

7+90-"=$3!"-+*!"7+*1%/.91!-"1+"$"0$7&"+I"E%+$71/3/15"/*"$*$054/4"$*-"!NE0+%$1/+*"+I"E+44/.0!"

%!6!-/!4(""R$-05@"E+41T!3!*1"$*$054!4"=$3!"49FF!41!-"1=!"E+44/./0/15"1=$1"I%9/1I90"$71/+*4"7+90-"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 13

=$3!".!!*"1$&!*"=$-"1=!"I$/09%!".!!*"/-!*1/I/!-"$*-"!NE0+%!-"!$%05"/*"1=/4"H/*-+H"+I"

+EE+%19*/15("

U!7$94!"E457=+0+F/7$0"$*-"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"I$71+%4"7+*4E/%!"1+"%!-97!"I$/09%!"/-!*1/I/7$1/+*@"

$"I9*-$6!*1$0"%!+%/!*1$1/+*"/*"H=/7="/*-/3/-9$04"$*-"F%+9E4"$%!"6+1/3$1!-"1+"!*F$F!"/*"1=!"

!6+1/+*$005"7=$00!*F/*F"1$4&"+I"4!!&/*F"+91"I$/09%!4"/4"*!!-!-(""P.3/+9405@"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"1=$1"

=$3!"$"=$./1"+I"Y4=++1/*F"1=!"6!44!*F!%Z"1=$1"/-!*1/I/!4"$*-"%!3!$04"$"I$/09%!"H/00"-/47+9%$F!"1=/4"

E%+7!44("""

)%!$1/*F"$*"!*3/%+*6!*1"/*"H=/7="E!+E0!"=$3!"$*"/*7!*1/3!@"+%"$1"0!$41"-+"*+1"=$3!"$"

-/4/*7!*1/3!@"1+"/-!*1/I5"$*-"%!3!$0"I$/09%!4"/4"1=!"_+."+I"0!$-!%4=/E(AA"">+%"!N$6E0!@"1=!")=/!I"

PE!%$1/*F"PII/7!%"$1")=/0-%!*O4"<+4E/1$0"/*"#/**!$E+0/4@"g90/!"#+%$1=@"-!3!0+E!-"$"Y.0$6!0!44"

%!E+%1/*FZ"4541!6"1+"!*7+9%$F!"!6E0+5!!4"*+1"+*05"1+"%!3!$0"6!-/7$0"!%%+%4"%/F=1"$H$5@".91"$04+"

1+"4=$%!"$--/1/+*$0"/*I+%6$1/+*"1=$1"7+90-".!"94!-"/*"$*$05G/*F"7$94!4"+I"1=!"!%%+%(A\""R/6/0$%05@"

D=!"2R":/%">+%7!"4E!7/I/7$005"6+1/3$1!4"4E!$&/*F"9E"!$%05".5"E!*$0/G/*F"E/0+14"I+%"*+1"%!E+%1/*F"

!%%+%4"H/1=/*"AC"=+9%4("";%%+%4"%!E+%1!-"/66!-/$1!05"$%!"*+1"E!*$0/G!-d"1=+4!"*+1"%!E+%1!-".91"

-/47+3!%!-"0$1!%"$*5H$5"$%!"1%!$1!-"4!3!%!05("">/*$005@"/*"7+*1%$41"1+"1=!"E+1!*1"E457=+0+F/7$0"$*-"

+%F$*/G$1/+*$0".$%%/!%4"1=$1"-/47+9%$F!"/-!*1/I5/*F"I$/09%!@"1=!"1!7=*/7$0".$%%/!%4"1+"/-!*1/I5/*F"

I$/09%!"$%!"I$/%05"6/*+%("""

<*"$70#*+%!"#$2)(%"

`1"=$%-05"*!!-4"1+".!"4$/-"1=$1"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"7$**+1"0!$%*"I%+6"I$/09%!4"/I"E!+E0!"-+"*+1"

-/47944"$*-"$*$05G!"1=!6=%"k!1@"1=/4"%!6$/*4"$*"/6E+%1$*1"/*4/F=1(""D=!"E+1!*1/$0"0!$%*/*F"7$**+1"

.!"%!$0/G!-"9*0!44"1=+9F=1I90"$*$054/4"$*-"-/47944/+*"+I"I$/09%!"+779%4("">+%"!N$6E0!@"I+%"1=!"nT

%$5"%!$-!%4"6!*1/+*!-"$.+3!@"/1"H$4"*+1"!*+9F="_941"1+"&*+H"1=$1"+*!"/4"6$&/*F"6+%!"1=$*"1=!"

$77!E1$.0!"*96.!%"+%"!%%+%4(""X!$-!%4"*!!-"1+"$*$05G!"1=!"NT%$54"1=$1"H!%!"6/41$&!*05"%!$-"1+"

0++&"I+%"E$11!%*4"/*"1=!/%"%!$-/*F"!%%+%4"+%"4E+1"E$%1/790$%"H!$&*!44!4"1=$1"7+90-".!"7+%%!71!-(""

Failing to learn and learning to fail 14

P*"$"0$%F!%"47$0!@"1=!"2R":%65"/4"&*+H*"I+%"7+*-971/*F":I1!%":71/+*"X!3/!H4"1=$1"!*$.0!"

E$%1/7/E$*14"1+"$*$05G!@"-/47944"$*-"0!$%*"I%+6".+1="1=!"4977!44!4"$*-"I$/09%!4"+I"$"3$%/!15"+I"

6/0/1$%5"/*/1/$1/3!4("R/6/0$%05@"=+4E/1$04"94!"Y#+%./-/15"$*-"#+%1$0/15Z"]#o#^"7+*I!%!*7!4"]/*"

H=/7="E=54/7/$*4"7+*3!*!"1+"-/47944"4/F*/I/7$*1"6/41$&!4"+%"9*!NE!71!-"E$1/!*1"-!$1=4^"$4"$"

I+%96"I+%"/-!*1/I5/*F@"-/47944/*F"$*-"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!4(""#$*5"+I"1=!4!"3!=/70!4"I+%"$*$054/4"

+*05"$--%!44"49.41$*1/$0"I$/09%!4@"=+H!3!%@"%$1=!%"1=$*"/-!*1/I5/*F"$*-"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"46$00!%"

+*!4("

:*"!N$6E0!"+I"!II!71/3!"$*$054/4"+I"I$/09%!"/4"I+9*-"/*"1=!"6!1/790+94"$*-"E$/*41$&/*F"

$*$054/4"1=$1"F+!4"/*1+"9*-!%41$*-/*F"1=!"7%$4="+I"$*"$/%0/*!%(""<9*-%!-4"+I"=+9%4"6$5"F+"/*1+"

F$1=!%/*F"$*-"$*$05G/*F"-$1$"1+"4+%1"+91"!N$7105"H=$1"=$EE!*!-"$*-"H=$1"7$*".!"0!$%*!-(""

)+6E$%!"1=/4"&/*-"+I"$*$054/4"1+"H=$1"1$&!4"E0$7!"/*"6+41"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"$I1!%"$"I$/09%!("""

:4"*+1!-"$.+3!@"4+7/$0"4541!64"1!*-"1+"-/47+9%$F!"1=/4"&/*-"+I"$*$054/4("">/%41@"/*-/3/-9$04"

!NE!%/!*7!"*!F$1/3!"!6+1/+*4"H=!*"!N$6/*/*F"1=!/%"+H*"I$/09%!4"$*-"1=/4"7$*"7=/E"$H$5"$1"4!0IT

7+*I/-!*7!"$*-"4!0IT!41!!6(""#+41"E!+E0!"E%!I!%"1+"E91"E$41"6/41$&!4".!=/*-"1=!6"%$1=!%"1=$*"1+"

%!3/4/1"$*-"9*E$7&"1=!6"I+%"F%!$1!%"9*-!%41$*-/*F(""R!7+*-@"7+*-971/*F"$*"$*$054/4"+I"$"I$/09%!"

%!K9/%!4"$"4E/%/1"+I"/*K9/%5"$*-"+E!**!44@"E$1/!*7!@"$*-"$"1+0!%$*7!"I+%"$6./F9/15(""<+H!3!%@"

6+41"E!+E0!"$-6/%!"$*-"$%!"%!H$%-!-"I+%"-!7/4/3!*!44@"!II/7/!*75"$*-"$71/+*"%$1=!%"1=$*"I+%"-!!E"

%!I0!71/+*"$*-"E$/*41$&/*F"$*$054/4("""

D=/%-@"E457=+0+F/414"=$3!"4E!*1"-!7$-!4"-+796!*1/*F"=!9%/41/74"$*-"E457=+0+F/7$0"./$4!4"

$*-"!%%+%4"1=$1"%!-97!"1=!"$779%$75"+I"=96$*"E!%7!E1/+*@"4!*4!"6$&/*F@"!41/6$1/+*@"$*-"

$11%/.91/+*(AC""D=!4!"7$*"$04+"=/*-!%"1=!"=96$*"$./0/15"1+"$*$05G!"I$/09%!"!II!71/3!05(""W!+E0!"1!*-"

1+".!"6+%!"7+6I+%1$.0!"$11!*-/*F"1+"!3/-!*7!"1=$1"!*$.0!4"1=!6"1+".!0/!3!"H=$1"1=!5"H$*1"1+"

.!0/!3!@"-!*5/*F"%!4E+*4/./0/15"I+%"I$/09%!4@"$11%/.91/*F"1=!"E%+.0!6"1+"+1=!%4"+%"1=!"4541!6@"$*-"

0/&!"1+"6+3!"+*"1+"4+6!1=/*F"6+%!"E0!$4$*1(""X/F+%+94"$*$054/4"+I"I$/09%!"%!K9/%!4"1=$1"E!+E0!"$1"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 15

0!$41"1!6E+%$%/05"E91"$4/-!"1=!4!"1!*-!*7/!4"1+"!NE0+%!"9*E0!$4$*1"1%91=4"$*-"1$&!"E!%4+*$0"

%!4E+*4/./0/15("""

D+"/00941%$1!@"H!"=$3!"+.4!%3!-"$"*96.!%"+I"I$/0!-"7+*4901/*F"%!0$1/+*4=/E4"/*"+9%"I/!0-"

%!4!$%7="/*"H=/7="1=!"7+*4901$*14"4/6E05".0$6!-"1=!"I$/09%!"1+"1=!"70/!*1@"7+*709-/*F"1=$1"1=!"

70/!*1"H$4"*+1"%!$005"7+66/11!-"1+"7=$*F!@"+%"1=$1"1=!"70/!*1"H$4"-!I!*4/3!"+%"-/II/7901(A?""U5"

7+*1%$41@"$"I!H@"=/F=05"0!$%*/*F"+%/!*1!-"7+*4901$*14"H!%!"$.0!"1+"!*F$F!"/*"-/47944/+*"$*-"

$*$054/4"1=$1"/*3+03!-"%$/4/*F"K9!41/+*4"$.+91"=+H"1=!5"1=!64!03!4"7+*1%/.91!-"1+"1=!"E%+.0!6(""

`*"1=!4!"$*$051/7"4!44/+*4@"1=!"7+*4901$*14"%$/4!-"K9!41/+*4"497="$4"i:%!"1=!%!"1=/*F4"`"4$/-"+%"-/-"

1=$1"7+*1%/.91!-"1+"1=!"-!I!*4/3!*!44"+I"1=!"70/!*1pi"+%"iL$4"65"E%!4!*1$1/+*"+I"/-!$4"$*-"

$%F96!*14"70!$%"$*-"E!%49$4/3!pi""'/-"65"$*$054/4"I$00"4=+%1"/*"4+6!"H$5"1=$1"0!-"1=!"70/!*1"1+"

=$3!"0!F/1/6$1!"-+9.14pi""X$/4/*F"1=!4!"K9!41/+*4"%!K9/%!4".+1="E%+I+9*-"E!%4+*$0"79%/+4/15"1+"

0!$%*"H=$1"1=!"$*4H!%4"6/F=1".!"$*-"/*7%!$4!4"1=!"7=$*7!4"1=$1"1=!"7+*4901$*14"H/00"0!$%*"

4+6!1=/*F"94!I90"I%+6"1=!"I$/0!-"%!0$1/+*4=/E(""<+H!3!%@".0$6/*F"1=!"70/!*1"/4"697="6+%!"

7+6I+%1$.0!"$*-"!II/7/!*1(%%"

X!7!*1"%!4!$%7="/*"1=!"=+4E/1$0"4!11/*F"4=+H4"1=$1"=!$01="7$%!"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"15E/7$005"I$/0"

1+"$*$05G!"+%"6$&!"7=$*F!4"!3!*"H=!*"E!+E0!"$%!"H!00"$H$%!"+I"I$/09%!4(Aa""L=!1=!%"6!-/7$0"

!%%+%4"+%"4/6E05"E%+.0!64"/*"1=!"H+%&"E%+7!44@"I!H"=+4E/1$04"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"-/F"-!!E05"!*+9F="1+"

9*-!%41$*-"$*-"7$E19%!"1=!"E+1!*1/$0"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!4(%W%+7!44!4@"%!4+9%7!4@"$*-"/*7!*1/3!4"

1+".%/*F"6901/E0!"E!%4E!71/3!4"$*-"6901/E0!"6/*-4"1+F!1=!%"1+"7$%!I9005"$*$05G!"H=$1"H!*1"H%+*F"

$*-"=+H"1+"E%!3!*1"1=!"+779%%!*7!"+I"4/6/0$%"I$/09%!4"/*"1=!"I919%!"$%!"0$7&/*F"/*"6+41"

+%F$*/G$1/+*4(""

D=94@"I+%6$0"E%+7!44!4"+%"I+%964"I+%"-/47944/*F@"$*$05G/*F"$*-"$EE05/*F"1=!"0!44+*4"+I"

I$/09%!"!04!H=!%!"/*"1=!"+%F$*/G$1/+*"$%!"*!!-!-"1+"!*49%!"1=$1"!II!71/3!"$*$054/4"$*-"0!$%*/*F"

I%+6"I$/09%!"+779%4(""R97="F%+9E4"$%!"6+41"!II!71/3!"H=!*"E!+E0!"=$3!"1!7=*/7$0"4&/004"$*-"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 16

!NE!%1/4!"I+%"$*$054/4"$*-"-/3!%4!"3/!H4"$*-"E!%4E!71/3!4"$00+H/*F"1=!6"1+".%$/*41+%6"$*-"

!NE0+%!"-/II!%!*1"/*1!%E%!1$1/+*4"+I"$"I$/09%!O4"7$94!4"$*-"7+*4!K9!*7!4(""U!7$94!"1=/4"949$005"

/*3+03!4"1=!"E+1!*1/$0"I+%"7+*I0/71"$*-"I+%"-/II!%!*7!4"1+"F!1"+91"+I"=$*-"$*-".!7+6!"E!%4+*$0@"

E!+E0!"4&/00!-"/*"/*1!%E!%4+*$0"+%"F%+9E"E%+7!44@"+%"1=!"94!"+I"!NE!%1"I$7/0/1$1+%4@"7$*"=!0E"1+"

&!!E"1=!"E%+7!44"E%+-971/3!("

f!N1@"4&/004"I+%"6$*$F/*F"$"F%+9E"E%+7!44"+I"$*$05G/*F"$"I$/09%!"H/1="$"4E/%/1"+I"/*K9/%5"

$*-"H/1="49II/7/!*1"9*-!%41$*-/*F"+I"1=!"47/!*1/I/7"6!1=+-"/4"$*"!44!*1/$0"/*E91"1+"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"

I$/09%!"$4"$*"+%F$*/G$1/+*(Ab""L/1=+91"%/F+%+94"$*$054/4"$*-"-!!E"E%+./*F"/*-/3/-9$04"1!*-"1+"

E%!6$19%!05"0!$E/*F"1+"9*I+9*-!-"7+*7094/+*4"$*-"6/49*-!%41$*-"7+6E0/7$1!-"E%+.0!64(""R+6!"

9*-!%41$*-/*F"+I"4541!6"-5*$6/74@"1=!"$./0/15"1+"4!!"E$11!%*4@"41$1/41/7$0"E%+7!44"7+*1%+04@"$*-"

F%+9E"-5*$6/74"7$*".!"3!%5"=!0EI90"=!%!("""

" D+"/00941%$1!"=+H"1=/4"H+%&4@")=/0-%!*O4"<+4E/1$0O4"#+%$1="/6E0!6!*1!-"49EE+%14"I+%"

!II!71/3!"$*$054/4"+I"I$/09%!4@".+1="0$%F!"$*-"46$00(Ac"">/%41@"4=!"41%!*F1=!*!-"=!%"1!7=*/7$0"

&*+H0!-F!"+I"=+H"1+"E%+.!"6+%!"-!!E05"/*1+"1=!"7$94!4"+I"I$/09%!"/*"=+4E/1$04".5"$11!*-/*F"1=!"

;N!791/3!"R!44/+*4"+*"#!-/7$0";%%+%4"$*-"W$1/!*1"R$I!15"$*-"<$%3$%-"2*/3!%4/15"$*-"1=%+9F="$"

3$%/!15"+I"+1=!%"!-97$1/+*$0"+EE+%19*/1/!4"$*-"!NE!%/!*7!4(""R=!"0!$%*!-"1=$1"%$1=!%"1=$*".!/*F"

1=!"I$901"+I"$"4/*F0!"/*-/3/-9$0@"6!-/7$0"!%%+%4"1!*-"1+".!"!6.!--!-"/*"7+6E0!N"/*1!%-!E!*-!*1"

4541!64"$*-"=$3!"6901/E0!"%++14(""`*"$--/1/+*"1+"41%!*F1=!*/*F"=!%"1!7=*/7$0"&*+H0!-F!@"4=!"

+3!%7$6!"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0".$%%/!%4".5"6$&/*F"41%9719%$0"7=$*F!4"H/1=/*"1=!"+%F$*/G$1/+*"1+"7%!$1!"

$"7+*1!N1"/*"H=/7="I$/09%!"7+90-".!"/-!*1/I/!-@"$*$05G!-"$*-"0!$%*!-"I%+6(""D+"7%!$1!"$"I+%96"I+%"

0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"$1")=/0-%!*O4"<+4E/1$0@"4=!"-!3!0+E!-"$"W$1/!*1"R$I!15"R1!!%/*F")+66/11!!"

]WRR)^(""f+1"+*05"H$4"1=!"WRR)"E%+$71/3!"/*"4!!&/*F"1+"/-!*1/I5"I$/09%!4@"/1"!*49%!-"1=$1"$00"

I$/09%!4"H!%!"49._!71"1+"$*$054/4"4+"1=$1"0!$%*/*F"7+90-"1$&!"E0$7!("">+%"!N$6E0!@"1=!"WRR)"

-!1!%6/*!-"1=$1"Y>+794!-";3!*1"R19-/!4Z"H+90-".!"7+*-971!-"*+1"+*05"$I1!%"4!%/+94"6!-/7$0"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 17

$77/-!*14@".91"!3!*"$I1!%"697="46$00!%"47$0!"!%%+%4"+%"Y*!$%"6/44!4(Z"""D=!4!"Y>+794!-";3!*1"

R19-/!4Z"H!%!"I+%964"-!4/F*!-"!NE0/7/105"I+%"1=!"E9%E+4!"+I"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"1=!"6/41$&!4".5"

E%+./*F"-!!E05"/*1+"1=!/%"7$94!4("""

`*"$--/1/+*@"7%+44TI9*71/+*$0"1!$64@"&*+H*"$4"Y4$I!15"$71/+*"1!$64Z"4E+*1$*!+9405"

I+%6!-"/*"7!%1$/*"70/*/7$0"$%!$4"1+".!11!%"9*-!%41$*-"=+H"I$/09%!4"+779%%!-@"1+"E%+$71/3!05""

/6E%+3!"6!-/7$0"4$I!15(""P*!"70/*/7$0"F%+9E"-!3!0+E!-"4+6!1=/*F"1=!5"7$00!-"$"YV++-")$17="

S+FZ"1+"%!7+%-"/*I+%6$1/+*"1=$1"6/F=1".!"94!I90"/*".!11!%"9*-!%41$*-/*F"$*-"%!-97/*F"6!-/7$0"

!%%+%4(""P1=!%"1!$64"/*"1=!"=+4E/1$0"K9/7&05"I+00+H!-"1=!/%"!N$6E0!@"I/*-/*F"1=!"/-!$"7+6E!00/*F"

$*-"E%$71/7$0("

" D+"49EE0!6!*1"+%"=!0E".9/0-"$*"+%F$*/G$1/+*O4"$./0/15"1+"$*$05G!"/14"+H*"I$/09%!4@"+914/-!"

4+9%7!4"+I"1!7=*/7$0"$44/41$*7!"/*"$*$05G/*F"I$/09%!"7$*".!"!*F$F!-(">+%"!N$6E0!@">%!-!%/7&"

X!/7==!0-@"$"U$/*"$*-")+6E$*5"E$%1*!%"H=+"=$4"419-/!-"I$/09%!4"/*"1=!"I+%6"+I"7941+6!%"$*-"

!6E0+5!!"-!I!71/+*4Ae"-!6+*41%$1!4"$"-!!E@"E%+./*F"$*$054/4"+I"I$/09%!("<!"/00941%$1!-@"*+1/*F"1=$1"

1=!"I$71"1=$1"6+41"+I"1=!"7941+6!%4"H=+"-!I!71!-"I%+6"$"E$%1/790$%".$*&"F$3!"Y/*1!%!41"%$1!4Z"$4"

1=!"%!$4+*"I+%"4H/17=/*F".$*&4"H+90-"4!!6"1+"49FF!41"1=$1"1=!/%"+%/F/*$0".$*&O4"/*1!%!41"%$1!4"

H!%!"*+1"7+6E!1/1/3!("":--/1/+*$0"/*3!41/F$1/+*"1=!."-!6+*41%$1!-"1=$1"1=!%!"H!%!"*+"4/F*/I/7$*1"

-/II!%!*7!4"/*"/*1!%!41"%$1!4"$7%+44"1=!".$*&4("")$%!I90"E%+./*F"1=%+9F="/*1!%3/!H4"/*-/7$1!-"1=$1"

6$*5"7941+6!%4"-!I!71!-".!7$94!"1=!5"H!%!"/%%/1$1!-".5"1=!"I$71"1=$1"1=!5"=$-".!!*"$FF%!44/3!05"

4+0/7/1!-"I+%"$".$*&TE%+3/-!-"7%!-/1"7$%-"$*-"1=!*"49.4!K9!*105"19%*!-"1=!6"-+H*"I+%"1=!"7$%-(""

:"49E!%I/7/$0"$*$054/4"+I"7941+6!%"-!I!71/+*"H+90-"=$3!"0!-"1+"1=!"7+*7094/+*"1=$1"1=!".$*&O4"

/*1!%!41"%$1!4"H!%!"*+1"7+6E!1/1/3!("":"-!!E!%"$*$054/4"0!-"1+"$*"$01!%*$1/3!"7+*7094/+*@"1=$1"1=!"

.$*&O4"6$%&!1/*F"-!E$%16!*1"*!!-!-"1+"-+"$".!11!%"_+."+I"47%!!*/*F"/*"$-3$*7!"1=!"7941+6!%4"1+"

H=+6"/1"E%+6+1!-".$*&TE%+3/-!-"7%!-/1"7$%-4(""""

Failing to learn and learning to fail 18

:*+1=!%"!N$6E0!"+I"1=!"/6E+%1$*7!"+I"$*$054/4"%!0$1!4"1+"!6E0+5!!"19%*+3!%(\B"":"

7+6E$*5O4"6$*$F!%4".!7$6!"7+*7!%*!-"H=!*"1=!5"+.4!%3!-"=/F="19%*+3!%"$6+*F"4$0!4"E!+E0!"

$*-"7+*-971!-"$*"/*3!41/F$1/+*(""#$*5"+I"1=!"!6E0+5!!4"F$3!"YH+%&/*F"1++"6$*5"=+9%4Z"$4"1=!"

%!$4+*"I+%"1=!/%"-!I!71/+*(""`*/1/$005@"/1"0++&!-"0/&!"1=!"19%*+3!%"6$5"*+1"=$3!".!!*"497="$".$-"

1=/*FM$I1!%"$00"H=+"*!!-4"!6E0+5!!4"H=+"$%!"*+1"7+66/11!-"1+"H+%&/*F"=$%-p""<+H!3!%@"$I1!%"

$--/1/+*$0"-$1$"F$1=!%/*F"6$*$F!6!*1"0!$%*!-"1=$1"6$*5"+I"1=!"!6E0+5!!4"H=+"K9/1"H!%!"$6+*F"

1=!/%"6+41"4977!44I90"4$0!4E!+E0!("">9%1=!%"-$1$"7+00!71/+*"-!6+*41%$1!-"1=$1"1=!"4977!44I90"

4$0!4E!+E0!"H=+"K9/1"=$-"I+9*-"_+.4"1=$1"%!K9/%!-@"+*"$3!%$F!@"AB"E!%7!*1"I!H!%"=+9%4(""P*7!"

$F$/*@"F$/*/*F"$"1%9!"9*-!%41$*-/*F"+I"1=!"4/19$1/+*"%!K9/%!-"-!!E!%"E%+./*F"$*-"$*$054/4("""

`*"$--/1/+*"1+"4541!6$1/7"$*$054/4@"-/47944/*F"I$/09%!4"/4"/6E+%1$*1"I+%"4!3!%$0"%!$4+*4(""

>/%41@"-/47944/+*"E%+3/-!4"$*"+EE+%19*/15"I+%"+1=!%4"H=+"6$5"*+1"=$3!".!!*"-/%!7105"/*3+03!-"/*"

1=!"I$/09%!"1+"0!$%*"I%+6"/1(""R!7+*-@"+1=!%4"6$5".%/*F"*!H"E!%4E!71/3!4"$*-"/*4/F=14"1=$1"-!!E!*"

1=!"$*$054/4"$*-"=!0E"1+"7+9*1!%$71"4!0IT4!%3/*F"./$4!4"1=$1"6$5"7+0+%"1=!"E!%7!E1/+*4"+I"1=+4!"

6+41"-/%!7105"/*3+03!-"/*"1=!"I$/09%!("":I1!%"!NE!%/!*7/*F"I$/09%!@"E!+E0!"15E/7$005"$11%/.91!"1++"

697=".0$6!"1+"+1=!%"E!+E0!"$*-"I+%7!4".!5+*-"+9%"7+*1%+0(""`I"1=/4"1!*-!*75"F+!4"9*7=!7&!-@"/1"

%!-97!4"$*"+%F$*/G$1/+*O4"$./0/15"1+"-/F"+91"1=!"&!5"0!$%*/*F"1=$1"7+90-"7+6!"I%+6"1=!"!NE!%/!*7!("""

`*3+03/*F"/*-/3/-9$04"H=+"H!%!"*+1"-/%!7105"1/!-"1+"$"I$/09%!"/*"1=!"$*$054/4"7$*"/6E%+3!"

1=!"K9$0/15"+I"1=!"-/47944/+*(""R97="/*-/3/-9$04"$%!"0!44"!6+1/+*$005"1/!-"1+"$"E$%1/790$%"4!*4!T

6$&/*F"%!F$%-/*F"1=!"!3!*1@"+I1!*"=$3!"$"-/II!%!*1"E!%4E!71/3!"1+".%/*F"1+"1=!"$*$054/4@"$*-"7$*"

$4&"E%+./*F"K9!41/+*4(""""

S$4105@"1=!"0!$%*/*F"3$09!"1=$1"6/F=1"%!4901"I%+6"$*$05G/*F"$*-"-/47944/*F"4/6E0!"6/41$&!4"

/4"+I1!*"+3!%0++&!-(""`*"I$71@"6$*5"47/!*1/I/7"-/47+3!%/!4"=$3!"%!4901!-"I%+6"1=+4!"H=+"H!%!"

$11!*1/3!"1+"4/6E0!"6/41$&!4"/*"1=!"0$.("">+%"!N$6E0!@"W!1!%"'%97&!%"*+1!4\["1=$1"%!4!$%7=!%4"/*"

+*!"+I"1=!"!$%05"V!%6$*"E+056!%"0$.4"+77$4/+*$005"6$-!"1=!"6/41$&!"+I"0!$3/*F"$"U9*4!*".9%*!%"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 19

0/1"+3!%"1=!"H!!&!*-(""2E+*"-/47+3!%/*F"1=/4"6/41$&!"+*"#+*-$5"6+%*/*F4@"1=!"7=!6/414"4/6E05"

-/47$%-!-"1=!"+3!%7++&!-"%!49014"$*-"H!*1"+*"H/1="1=!/%"-$5(""D!*"5!$%4"0$1!%@"$"7=!6/41"/*"$"

E+056!%"0$."$1"'9W+*1"6$-!"1=!"4$6!"6/41$&!(""<+H!3!%@"%$1=!%"1=$*"4/6E05"-/47$%-/*F"1=!"

6/41$&!@"1=!"'9E+*1"7=!6/41"F$3!"4+6!"$*$054/4"1+"1=!"%!4901@"-/47+3!%!-"1=$1"1=!"I/.!%4"=$-"

7+*F!$0!-@"$*-"1=/4"H$4"-/47+3!%5"E%+3/-!-"1=!"I/%41"41!E"1+H$%-"1=!"/*3!*1/+*"+I"*50+*(""L/1="

4/6/0$%"$11!*1/+*"1+"1=!"6/*+%"I$/09%!"/*"1=!"V!%6$*"0$.@"1=!"V!%6$*4"6/F=1"=$3!"=$-"$"-!7$-!"

=!$-"41$%1"/*"*50+*"$*-"7+90-"=$3!"-+6/*$1!-"1=!"6$%&!1("""

>?:()#1(*&"&#'*%%

D=!"1=/%-"E%+7!44"I+%"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"/4"E!%=$E4".+1="1=!"0!$41"+.3/+94"$*-"1=!"

6+41"E%+3+7$1/3!("":"=$*-I90"+I"!N7!E1/+*$0"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"*+1"+*05"4!!&"1+"/-!*1/I5"$*-"$*$05G!"

I$/09%!4@"1=!5"4!!&"1+"F!*!%$1!"1=!6"J"I+%"1=!"!NE%!44"E9%E+4!"+I"0!$%*/*F"$*-"/**+3$1/*F(""D=/4"

6!$*4"1=!5"-!3+1!"4+6!"E+%1/+*"+I"1=!/%"7+00!71/3!"!*!%F5"1+"-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"J"1%5/*F"

*!H"1=/*F4"+91"1+"I/*-"+91"H=$1"H+%&4"$*-"H=$1"-+!4*j1("D=%+9F="-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*@"

+%F$*/G$1/+*4"7$*"F!*!%$1!"*+3!0"4+091/+*4"1+"E%+.0!64"$*-"*!H"/-!$4"I+%"E%+-9714@"4!%3/7!4"$*-"

/**+3$1/+*4(""`*"1=/4"H$5@"1=!5"E91"*!H"/-!$"1+"1=!"1!41"J"/*"$"7+*1%+00!-"7+*1!N1("

;NE!%/6!*14"$%!"9*-!%41++-"1+"=$3!"9*7!%1$/*"+917+6!4"$*-"1+".!"-!4/F*!-"I+%"

0!$%*/*F("'!4E/1!"1=!"/*7%!$4!-"%$1!"+I"I$/09%!"1=$1"$77+6E$*/!4"-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*@"

+%F$*/G$1/+*4"1=$1"!NE!%/6!*1"!II!71/3!05"$719$005"$%!"0/&!05"1+".!"6+%!"/**+3$1/3!@"E%+-971/3!@"

$*-"4977!44I90"1=$*"1=+4!"1=$1"-+"*+1"1$&!"497="%/4&4(\A""R/6/0$%05@"+1=!%"%!4!$%7="=$4"4=+H*"1=!"

%!4!$%7="$*-"-!3!0+E6!*1"1!$64"1=$1"!NE!%/6!*1!-"I%!K9!*105"E!%I+%6!-".!11!%"1=$*"+1=!%"

1!$64(\\""""

" R+7/$0"4541!64"7$*"6$&!"-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"-/II/7901@".!7$94!"6+41"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"

%!H$%-"4977!44@"*+1"I$/09%!(""l*+H/*F05"4!11/*F"+91"1+"F!*!%$1!"4+6!"I$/09%!4"$0+*F4/-!"4+6!"

4977!44!4@"$01=+9F="%!$4+*$.0!@"/4"-/II/7901"H=!*"I$/09%!4"$%!"41/F6$1/G!-("")+*-971/*F"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 20

!NE!%/6!*14"$04+"%!K9/%!4"$7&*+H0!-F/*F"1=$1"1=!"41$194"K9+"/4"/6E!%I!71@"%!K9/%/*F"1=!"

E+44/./0/15"+I"7=$*F!("":"E457=+0+F/7$0"./$4"&*+H*"$4"1=!"7+*I/%6$1/+*"1%$E@"6!$*/*F"1=$1"E!+E0!"

1!*-"1+"4!!&"1+"7+*I/%6"1=!/%"3/!H4"%$1=!%"1=$*"1+"0!$%*"H=5"1=!5"6/F=1".!"H%+*F@"6$&!4"1=/4"

E$%1/790$%05"-/II/7901(\C"""'!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"%!K9/%!4"1=$1"E!+E0!"*+1"_941"$4496!"1=!/%"

3/!H4"$%!"7+%%!71@".91"$719$005"E91"1=!/%"/-!$4"1+"1=!"1!41"$*-"-!4/F*"]!3!*"3!%5"/*I+%6$0@"46$00^"

!NE!%/6!*14"/*"H=/7="1=!/%"3/!H4"7$*".!"-/47+*I/%6!-(""""

:"F++-"!N$6E0!"+I"1=!"$./0/15"1+"+3!%7+6!"1=!4!"E457=+0+F/7$0".$%%/!%4"/4"E%+3/-!-".5"

1=!"/*I09!*1/$0@"$H$%-TH/**/*F"-!4/F*"I/%6@"`';P(""D=!5"7+669*/7$1!"1=/4"E!%4E!71/3!"H/1="

40+F$*4"497="$4Q"Y>$/0"+I1!*"/*"+%-!%"1+"4977!!-"4++*!%(Z":*-"Y;*0/F=1!*!-"1%/$0T$*-T!%%+%"

4977!!-4"+3!%"1=!"E0$**/*F"+I"1=!"0+*!"F!*/94(Z\?"D=!4!"4$5/*F4"$%!"$77+6E$*/!-".5"I%!K9!*1"

46$00"!NE!%/6!*14@"$*-"697="F++-"=96+%"$.+91"1=!"$44+7/$1!-"I$/09%!4(\a

" R/6/0$%05@"WRRqL+%0-"#!-/7$0"!*7+9%$F!4"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"/*"$"3$%/!15"+I"H$54"$*-"

4+6!1/6!4"!3!*"F+!4"4+"I$%"$4"1+"!*7+9%$F!"!6E0+5!!4"1+"!NE!%/6!*1"H/1="7$%!!%"6+3!4(""

WRRqL+%0-"#!-/7$0"=$4"$"Y4+I1"0$*-/*FZ"E+0/75"6!$*4"1=$1"/I"$*"!6E0+5!!"1%/!4"+91"$"*!H"

E+4/1/+*@".91"-+!4"*+1"4977!!-"$I1!%"$"F++-"I$/1="!II+%1@"1=!"!6E0+5!!"7$*"=$3!"=/4"+%"=!%"I+%6!%"

_+.".$7&(""D=/4"Y4+I1"0$*-/*FZ"E+0/75"/4"$*"/6E0/7/1"%!7+F*/1/+*"1=$1"!NE!%/6!*14"=$3!"9*7!%1$/*"

+917+6!4"$*-"1=$1"E!+E0!"H/00".!"6+%!"H/00/*F"1+"!NE!%/6!*1"/I"1=!"+%F$*/G$1/+*"E%+1!714"1=!/%"

/*1!%!414(\b"""

D!7=*/7$0"4&/004"$%!"7%/1/7$0"/*"/6E0!6!*1/*F"$"-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"E%+7!44(">/%41@"

4/*7!"$*$05G/*F"I$/09%!4"/4"E$%1"+I"1=/4"E%+7!44@"&!5"/*-/3/-9$04"*!!-"4&/004"I+%"$*$05G/*F"1=!"%!49014"

+I"!NE!%/6!*14("":--/1/+*$005@"%/F+%"/4"*!!-!-"1+"-!4/F*"!NE!%/6!*14"1=$1"H/00"!II!71/3!05"7+*I/%6"

+%"-/47+*I/%6"=5E+1=!4!4"1+"F!*!%$1!"94!I90"0!$%*/*F(""2*-!%"4+6!"7+*-/1/+*4@"1=/4"7$*".!"

!N1%!6!05"7=$00!*F/*F("">+%"!N$6E0!@"7941+6!%"4$1/4I$71/+*"$1"$"0$%F!"%!4+%1"/4"$II!71!-".5"6$*5"

/*1!%-!E!*-!*1"$4E!714"+I"1=!"7941+6!%O4"!NE!%/!*7!("":4"1=!"%!4+%1"!NE!%/6!*14"H/1="-/II!%!*1"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 21

E+44/.0!"/**+3$1/+*4"1+"!*=$*7!"7941+6!%"4$1/4I$71/+*@"=+H"-+"1=!5"-!1!%6/*!"H=$1"1=!"/6E$71"

+I"1=!4!"-/II!%!*1"/**+3$1/+*4"H$4p"""

'!4/F*/*F"!NE!%/6!*14"/*"7+6E0!N@"/*1!%-!E!*-!*1"4541!64"/4"7=$00!*F/*F"!3!*"I+%"

%!4!$%7="!NE!%14(""`*"$--/1/+*"1+"&*+H0!-F!"+I"!NE!%/6!*1$0"-!4/F*"$*-"$*$054/4@"E!+E0!"*!!-"

%!4+9%7!4"1+"%9*"!NE!%/6!*14"/*"-/II!%!*1"E$%14"+I"1=!"+%F$*/G$1/+*"$*-"1+"7$E19%!"1=!"0!$%*/*F("""

D=!"\#"7+%E+%$1!"=$4".!!*"9*949$005"4977!44I90"/*"E%+3/-/*F"/*7!*1/3!4"$*-"E+0/7/!4"1=$1"

!*7+9%$F!"-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*("""D=!"7+6E$*5"=$4"!$%*!-"$"%!E91$1/+*"I+%"4977!44I90"

E%+-971"/**+3$1/+*".5"!*7+9%$F/*F"-!0/.!%$1!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"$*-".5"7901/3$1/*F"$"79019%!"1=$1"/4"

1+0!%$*1"$*-"!3!*"%!H$%-/*F"+I"I$/09%!4d"I$/09%!4"$%!"4!!*"$4"$"*!7!44$%5"41!E"/*"$"0$%F!%"E%+7!44"+I"

-!3!0+E/*F"4977!44I90@"/**+3$1/3!"E%+-9714("":E+7%5E=$0"41+%/!4"497="$4":%1=9%">%5"$*-"1=!"

I$/0!-"49E!%T$-=!4/3!"1=$1"4E$H*!-"1=!"W+41T/1"/*-941%5"$%!"4E%!$-"I$%"$*-"H/-!@".+1="H/1=/*"$*-"

+914/-!"+I"1=!"7+6E$*5(""R!11/*F"F+$04@"497="$4"1=$1"+I"=$3/*F"A?"E!%7!*1"+I"$"-/3/4/+*O4"%!3!*9!4"

7+6!"I%+6"E%+-9714"/*1%+-97!-"H/1=/*"1=!"0$41"I/3!"5!$%4"6!$*4"1=$1"-/3/4/+*4"6941".!"$71/3!05"

!NE!%/6!*1/*F"1+"-!3!0+E"*!H"E%+-9714(""

" U$*&"+I":6!%/7$"E%+3/-!4"$*"/*1!%!41/*F"!N$6E0!"+I"=+H"$*"+%F$*/G$1/+*"%!$0/G!-"1+"

.!7+6!"6+%!"/**+3$1/3!"$4"$"4!%3/7!"I/%6"H+90-"%!K9/%!"4+6!"-!0/.!%$1!@"/*1!00/F!*1"

!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"J"/*"1=/4"7$4!@"3/4/.0!"1+"1=!"7941+6!%(""`*"ABBB@"U$*&"+I":6!%/7$"-!7/-!-"1+"

.!7+6!"$*"/*-941%5"0!$-!%"/*"/**+3$1/+*"$*-"!41$.0/4=!-"$"E%+F%$6"1+"-!3!0+E"$"E%+7!44"$*-"

79019%!"+I"/**+3$1/+*"/*"1H+T-+G!*"%!$0T0/I!"i0$.+%$1+%/!4(i\c"S$.+%$1+%/!4@"/*"1=/4"7$4!@"%!I!%%!-"

1+"I9005"+E!%$1/*F".$*&/*F".%$*7=!4"/*"H=/7="*!H"E%+-971"$*-"4!%3/7!"7+*7!E14@"497="$4"3/%19$0"

1!00!%4@"H!%!".!/*F"1!41!-".5"!6E0+5!!4("

R!*/+%"!N!791/3!4"$--%!44!-"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0".$%%/!%4".5"I9*-/*F"$*-"-!3!0+E/*F"$*"

`**+3$1/+*"o"'!3!0+E6!*1"1!$6"1+"6$*$F!"1=/4"E%+7!44("":"4977!44I90"E%+F%$6"!*1$/0!-"=/%/*F"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 22

/*-/3/-9$04"H/1="1=!"1!7=*/7$0"%!4!$%7="4&/004"1+"$--%!44"$"*96.!%"+I"7+6E0/7$1!-"K9!41/+*4"497="

$4Q"

=+H"1+"F$9F!"4977!44"+I"$"7+*7!E1@"=+H"1+"E%/+%/1/G!"H=/7="7+*7!E14"H+90-".!"1!41!-@"

=+H"1+"%9*"4!3!%$0"!NE!%/6!*14"$4"+*7!@"$*-"=+H"1+"$3+/-"1=!"*+3!015"I$71+%"/14!0I"I+%6"

$01!%/*F"1=!"!NE!%/6!*1$0"+917+6!\e""

"

" R977!44I90"!NE!%/6!*14T-!1!%6/*!-"+*"1=!".$4/4"+I"7+*496!%"4$1/4I$71/+*"+%"%!3!*9!"

F%+H1=TH!%!"1=!*"%!7+66!*-!-"I+%"$"*$1/+*$0"%+00+91("

R!*/+%"6$*$F!6!*1"41%+*F05"49EE+%1!-"/**+3$1/+*"$1"1=!4!".%$*7=!4@"$*-"I9%1=!%"

%!7+F*/G!-"1=$1"1%5/*F"+91"/**+3$1/3!"/-!$4"*!7!44$%/05"E%+-97!-"I$/09%!4"$0+*F"1=!"H$5"]/*"I$71@"$"

E%+_!71!-"I$/09%!"%$1!"+I"\Bm"H$4"1$%F!1!-"$4"+*!"1=$1"H+90-"/*-/7$1!"49II/7/!*1"$11!6E14"$1"1%905"

*+3!0"/-!$4^("<+H!3!%@"!6E0+5!!"%!H$%-4"H!%!"E%/6$%/05".$4!-"+*"/*-/7!4"6!$49%/*F"%+91/*!"

E!%I+%6$*7!"]497="$4"+E!*/*F"*!H"7941+6!%"$77+9*14^(";6E0+5!!4j"E!%4+*$0"7+6E!*4$1/+*"

+I1!*"49II!%!-"H=!*"1=!5"4E!*1"1/6!"!NE!%/6!*1/*F"H/1="*!H"/-!$4@"+%"H=!*"1=!/%"!NE!%/6!*14"

I$/0!-(":4"$"%!4901@"!6E0+5!!4"H!%!"%!0971$*1"1+"1%5"+91"%$-/7$0"!NE!%/6!*14"9*1/0"6$*$F!6!*1"

6$-!"7=$*F!4"1+"$449%!"1=$1"%!H$%-"4541!64"H!%!"$0/F*!-"H/1="1=!"+%F$*/G$1/+*j4"!4E+94!-"3$09!"

+I"/**+3$1/+*("""

R/6/0$%05@"!NE!%/6!*1$0"%!4!$%7="/*"4+7/$0"E457=+0+F5"=$4"-!6+*41%$1!-"1=$1"!4E+94!-"

F+$04"+I"/*7%!$4/*F"/**+3$1/+*"1=%+9F="!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"$%!"*+1"$4"!II!71/3!"H=!*"%!H$%-4"

E!*$0/G!"I$/09%!4@"$4"H=!*"%!H$%-"$*-"3$09!4"$%!"$0/F*!-"H/1="1=!"F+$0"+I"E%+6+1/*F"

!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*(CB"":4".+1="I/!0-"$*-"0$.+%$1+%5"!N$6E0!4"4=+H@"$01=+9F="!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"/4"$*"

!44!*1/$0"$71/3/15"9*-!%05/*F"/**+3$1/+*@"/1"/4".+1="1!7=*/7$005"$*-"4+7/$005"7=$00!*F/*F"1+"6$&!"/1"

=$EE!*"/*1!00/F!*105(""P*!"+I"1=!"$-3$*1$F!4"+I"6+41"I+%64"+I"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"/4"1=$1"I$/09%!4"

7$*"1$&!"E0$7!"+II"0/*!"J"/*"-%5"%9*4@"4/690$1/+*4@"$*-"+1=!%"&/*-4"+I"E%$71/7!"4/19$1/+*4"/*"H=/7="

1=!"I$/09%!4"$%!"*+1"7+4105(C[""<+H!3!%@"!3!*"/*"1=!4!"4/19$1/+*4@"/*1!%E!%4+*$0"I!$%4"7$*"0!$-"1+"

%!0971$*7!"1+"1$&!"%/4&4@"0/6/1/*F"1=!"!II!71/3!*!44"+I"1=!"!NE!%/6!*14(CA""#+%!+3!%@"4+6!"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 23

!NE!%/6!*14"6941"1$&!"E0$7!"'*%$#*(@"+%"/*"%!$0"4!11/*F4"/*"H=/7="7941+6!%4"/*1!%$71"-/%!7105"H/1="

1=!"I$/09%!4("""

D=!"*!N1"4!71/+*".%/*F4"1=!"$.+3!"+.4!%3$1/+*4"1+F!1=!%"/*1+"$"I%$6!H+%&"I+%"!*$.0/*F"

+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!(""P9%".$4/7"E%!6/4!"/4"1=$1@"$01=+9F="1=!".$%%/!%4"1+"$"

4541!6$1/7"E%+7!44"+I"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"/*"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"$%!"-!!E"%++1!-"$*-"*96!%+94@".5"

.%!$&/*F"1=/4"E%+7!44"-+H*"/*1+"7+6E+*!*1"$71/3/1/!4@"H/1="$44+7/$1!-"%!7+66!*-$1/+*4"$*-"

E%$71/7!4@"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"7$*"40+H05".91"49%!05"/6E%+3!"1=!/%"1%$7&"%!7+%-"+I"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"1=!/%"

+H*"I$/09%!4(""">9%1=!%@"H!"49FF!41"1=$1".5"I+794/*F"I/%41"+*"46$00"I$/09%!4"%$1=!%"1=$*"

7$1$41%+E=/7"+*!4@"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"$*-"1=!/%"6$*$F!%4"7$*"6/*/6/G!"1=!"/*=!%!*105"1=%!$1!*/*F"

*$19%!"+I"I$/09%!"1+"F$/*"!NE!%/!*7!"$*-"6+6!*196"/*"1=/4"0!$%*/*F"E%+7!44(""

"

C):$&'!")+3#+,1!A7(($&'!"#$%7+*!()!D)+8!()!;&&):#(*!#&,!;96+):*!!

"

:4"*+1!-"$.+3!@"6+41"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"$%!"*+1"H!00"E%!E$%!-"1+"0!$%*"I%+6"46$00"I$/09%!4(""

P*05"$I1!%"$"%!$0"7%/4/4@"+I1!*"$I1!%"/F*+%/*F"Y!$%05"H$%*/*F"4/F*4@Z"/4"$71/3!"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"

7+66+*@"$1"H=/7="E+/*1"1=!"0!$%*/*F"/4"1++"0$1!"1+"E%!3!*1"1=!"4!%/+94"=$%6(""D=!"I/%41"E$%1"+I"

1=/4"$%1/70!"+II!%!-"%!$4+*4"H=5"$"6+%!"4541!6$1/7"E%+7!44"+I"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"

/4"9*7+66+*d"H!"1=!*"-!47%/.!-"1=!"4E!7/I/7"$71/3/1/!4"1=%+9F="H=/7="1=/4"E%+7!44"7$*"1$&!"

E0$7!@"1+".%!$&"-+H*"1=!"!*7+6E$44/*F"$*-"$.41%$71"*+1/+*"+I"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"

I$/09%!"/*1+"4E!7/I/7@"$71/+*$.0!"$71/3/1/!4("":H$%!*!44"+I"1=!4!"4E!7/I/7"$71/3/1/!4@"=+H!3!%@"/4"

/*49II/7/!*1"I+%"!*49%/*F"1=$1"1=!5"+779%"/*"6$*5"+%F$*/G$1/+*4("""

D=/4"4!71/+*".9/0-4"+*"1=!"E%!3/+94"$%F96!*14"1+"!NE0+%!"H=$1"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"7$*"-+"1+"

+3!%7+6!"1=!".$%%/!%4"J".+1="1!7=*/7$0"$*-"4+7/$0"J"1+"4977!44I9005"!*$71"4E!7/I/7"$71/3/1/!4"+I"

0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!(""D$.0!"["4966$%/G!4"1=/4"$-3/7!@"H=/7="%!0$1!4"1=!"1H+"15E!4"+I".$%%/!%4"1+"

1=!"1=%!!"7%/1/7$0"$71/3/1/!4"I+%"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"1+"49FF!41"4/N"$71/+*$.0!"%!7+66!*-$1/+*4(""

Failing to learn and learning to fail 24

`*4!%1"D$.0!"["$.+91"=!%!"

"

D=!".+11+6"%+H"+I"D$.0!"["E%!4!*14"%!7+66!*-$1/+*4"I+%".9/0-/*F"E457=+0+F/7$0"$*-"

+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"7$E$./0/1/!4"I+%"/-!*1/I5/*F"I$/09%!@"$*$05G/*F"I$/09%!@"$*-"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*d"1=!"1+E"

%+H"/4"-/%!71!-"$1"+3!%7+6/*F"1!7=*/7$0".$%%/!%4"1+"1=!4!"$71/3/1/!4"$*-"!6E=$4/G!4"1%$/*/*F@"

!-97$1/+*@"$*-"1=!"_9-/7/+94"94!"+I"1!7=*/7$0"!NE!%1/4!("""

>+%"+3!%7+6/*F"1!7=*/7$0".$%%/!%4@"H!"I/%41"%!7+66!*-"=!0E/*F"!6E0+5!!4"1+"4!!"1=$1"

/-!*1/I5/*F"I$/09%!"%!K9/%!4"$"E%+$71/3!"$*-"4&/00I90"4!$%7=@"1=$1"=96$*"/*19/1/+*"/4"+I1!*"

/*49II/7/!*1"1+"!N1%$71"1=!"&!5"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!@"$*-"1=$1"/*1!00/F!*1"!NE!%/6!*1$0"-!4/F*"/4"$"

7%/1/7$0"1++0"I+%"/**+3$1/+*"$*-"0!$%*/*F(""L/1="1=/4".$4/7"$H$%!*!44@"!6E0+5!!4"$%!".!11!%"$.0!"1+"

%!7+F*/G!"H=!*"1=!5"!/1=!%"*!!-"6+%!"4E!7/$0/G!-"1%$/*/*F"1=!64!03!4"+%"*!!-"1+"!*F$F!"1=!"

$44/41$*7!"+I"4+6!+*!"!04!"H=+"=$4"497="1%$/*/*F(""

@(,'11(*5"&#'*%AB%/C(),'1#*+%&(,-*#,"$%4"))#().%&'%#5(*&#!7#*+%!"#$2)(%%" P%F$*/G$1/+*4"$%!"7+6E0!N"4541!64@"H=/7="7$*"6$&!"46$00"]$*-"4+6!1/6!4"0$%F!^"I$/09%!4"

-/II/7901"1+"-!1!71(">$/09%!4@"$4"*+1!-"$.+3!@"$%!"-!3/$1/+*4"I%+6"1=!"!NE!71!-"$*-"-!4/%!-d"/I"$"

4541!6"=$4"6$*5"7+6E0!N"E$%14"$*-"/*1!%$71/+*4@"497="-!3/$1/+*4"7$*".!"$6./F9+94("D=!"

3'$214#""4=9110!O4"/*/1/$0"I$/09%!"!N!6E0/I/!4"1=/4"E=!*+6!*+*d"/1"H$4"*+1"70!$%"1+"1=+4!"/*3+03!-"

9*1/0"697="0$1!%"1=$1"1=!"I+$6"41%/&!"4=+90-"/*-!!-".!"/-!*1/I/!-"$4"$"I$/09%!("">9%1=!%@"E!+E0!"

1!*-"1+"=$3!"$*"!%%+*!+94"0!3!0"+I"7+*I/-!*7!"1=$1"1=!/%"/*/1/$0"/*1!%E%!1$1/+*4"1=$1"*+1=/*F"/4"

%!$005"H%+*F"$%!"7+%%!71@"$04+"$4"4!!*"/*"1=!"3'$214#""!N$6E0!("""

" D=94@"!*=$*7/*F"1=!"$./0/15"+I"/*-/3/-9$04"1+"/-!*1/I5"]!4E!7/$005"46$00^"I$/09%!4"+I1!*"

%!K9/%!4"1%$/*/*F("">+%"!N$6E0!@"1%$/*/*F"/*"41$1/41/7$0"E%+7!44"7+*1%+04"/4"94!I90"I+%"/-!*1/I5/*F"

I$/09%!"+*"$*"$44!6.05"0/*!(""L/1=+91"1=/4"1%$/*/*F@"E!+E0!"$%!"$1"$"-/4$-3$*1$F!"/*"-/47+3!%/*F"

H=!1=!%"3$%/$1/+*"/*-/7$1!4"1=$1"4+6!1=/*F"/4"%!$005"H%+*F"+%"H=!1=!%"/1"/4"_941"*$19%$0"*+/4!"/*"$"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 25

E%+7!44"1=$1"/4"$719$005"/*"7+*1%+0"""P%@"!6E0+5!!4"/*"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"1=$1"$%!"7+6E0/7$1!-"$*-"

/*1!%-!E!*-!*1"H/00".!*!I/1"I%+6"1%$/*/*F"/*"4541!64"1=/*&/*F"$*-"47/!*1/I/7"$*$054/4(""D=/4"

!*=$*7!4"1=!/%"$./0/15"1+"/-!*1/I5"I$/09%!"$*-"E/*E+/*1"/14"4+9%7!"J"$*-"!4E!7/$005"1+"%!$0/G!"1=!"

7%/1/7$0"%+0!"+I"46$00"I$/09%!4"/*"7%!$1/*F"0$%F!"7+*4!K9!*7!4"/*"7+6E0!N"4541!64(""

>+%19*$1!05@"+3!%7+6/*F"1!7=*/7$0".$%%/!%4"-+!4"*+1"%!K9/%!"1=$1"$00"!6E0+5!!4"=$3!"1=!"

%!K9/%!-"1!7=*/7$0"4&/00"1=!64!03!4(""D=!"_9-/7/+94"94!"+I"$"I!H"H!00TE0$7!-"1!7=*/7$0"!NE!%14"$*-"

4541!64"1=/*&!%4"6$5".!"!*+9F="1+"1%/FF!%"6+%!"%!0/$.0!"/-!*1/I/7$1/+*"+I"I$/09%!(""">+%"!N$6E0!@"

$1")=/0-%!*O4"<+4E/1$0"/*"#/**!$E+0/4@"4$I!15"!NE!%14"H!%!".%+9F=1"/*"1+"=!0E"1=!"=+4E/1$0"/-!*1/I5"

0$1!*1"I$/09%!4("":*+1=!%"!N$6E0!"+779%%!-"I+00+H/*F"1=!")+096./$"0$9*7="H=!*"$"F%+9E"+I"

1!7=*/7$0"!NE!%14"/*"4/690$1/+*"1!7=*+0+F5"I%+6"U+!/*F"H=+"H!%!"7+*1%$71!-"1+"49EE+%1"1=!"

R=9110!"E%+F%$64"$1"f:R:"1%/!-"1+"$EE05"1=!/%"!NE!%1/4!"1+"I/F9%!"+91"=+H"0$%F!"$"E%+.0!6"1=!"

I+$6"41%/&!"%!E%!4!*1!-(""2*I+%19*$1!05@"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"I$71+%4"0/6/1!-"1=!"K9$0/15"+I"1=!"-/$0+F9!"

$*-"6$-!"1=!4!"!II+%14"0!44"!II!71/3!"1=$*"1=!5"6/F=1"=$3!".!!*(""L!"-!$0"H/1="1=/4"15E!"+I"

.$%%/!%"/*"%!7+66!*-$1/+*4"CTa@".!0+H(""

@(,'11(*5"&#'*%DB%/C(),'1#*+%&(,-*#,"$%4"))#().%&'%"*"$70#*+%!"#$2)(%"

#+41"E!+E0!"=$3!"$"E%+E!*4/15"*+1"1+"%!7+F*/G!"1=$1"1=!5"0$7&"7+6E0!1!"/*I+%6$1/+*@"+%"

1=$1"1=!/%"$*$054/4"/4"*+1"%/F+%+94@"$*-"1=94"0!$E"K9/7&05"1+"K9!41/+*$.0!"7+*7094/+*4@"H=/0!"

%!6$/*/*F"7+*I/-!*1"1=$1"1=!5"$%!"7+%%!71("";N1%$71/*F"I$/09%!O4"0!44+*4"/4"*+1"$0H$54"

41%$/F=1I+%H$%-(""">/F9%/*F"+91"H=/7="$4E!714"+I"$"7+6E0!N"4/19$1/+*"H!%!"7+*1%/.91/*F"I$71+%4"1+"

4+6!1=/*F"1=$1"-/-"*+1"F+"$4"!NE!71!-"/4"7$*".!"$"7+6E0!N"9*-!%1$&/*F("">+%"1=/4"%!$4+*@"H!"

%!7+66!*-"1%$/*/*F"]I+%"4+6!"*+1"*!7!44$%/05"$00"%!0!3$*1"/*-/3/-9$04^"/*"4&/004"$*-"1!7=*/K9!4"

I+%"4541!6$1/7"$*$054/4"+I"7+6E0!N"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"-$1$("":1")=/0-%!*O4"<+4E/1$0@"1=!"E$1/!*1"4$I!15"

!II+%1"/*709-!-"7+*4/-!%$.0!"!II+%1"1+"!*49%!"$EE%+E%/$1!"1!7=*/7$0"4&/004"H!%!"/*"E0$7!"1+"F$/*"1=!"

6+41"$*-"6+41"$EE%+E%/$1!"0!44+*4"I%+6"!$7="6/4=$E"J"H=!1=!%"0$%F!"+%"46$00(""W!%=$E4"+*!"+I"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 26

1=!"6+41"-/II/7901"$4E!714"+I"$*$05G/*F"I$/09%!"E!%1$/*4"1+"/*1!%E!%4+*$0"-5*$6/74@"1=!"I+794"+I"

%!7+66!*-$1/+*"?("""""""

@(,'11(*5"&#'*%EB%/C(),'1#*+%&(,-*#,"$%4"))#().%&'%(!!(,&#C(%(?:()#1(*&"&#'*%

" D+"E%+-97!"3$09$.0!"0!$%*/*F@"!NE!%/6!*14"6941".!"-!4/F*!-"!II!71/3!05("k!1@"!3!*"W='"

0$.+%$1+%5"%!4!$%7=!%4"H/1="5!$%4"+I"!NE!%/!*7!"7$*"41%9FF0!"1+"F!1"$*"!NE!%/6!*1$0"-!4/F*"_941"

%/F=1("":*-@"6+41"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"4!11/*F4"=$3!"0/6/1!-"$./0/15"1+"/4+0$1!"3$%/$.0!4"$*-"%!-97!"*+/4!@"

6$&!4"-!4/F*/*F"!NE!%/6!*14"I+%"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$%*/*F"7=$00!*F/*F(""k!1@"$1"/14"6+41".$4/7@"

-!4/F*/*F"!NE!%/6!*14"I+%"0!$%*/*F"%!K9/%!4"7$%!I90"1=+9F=1"1+"H=$1"&/*-4"+I"-$1$"H/00".!"

7+00!71!-"$*-"=+H"%!49014"+I"1=!"!NE!%/6!*1"H/00".!"$44!44!-("">+%"!N$6E0!@"1=!"U$*&"+I":6!%/7$"

!N$6/*!-"I/*$*7/$0"$*-"7941+6!%"4$1/4I$71/+*"6!1%/74"+I"/14"!NE!%/6!*1$0".$*&".%$*7=!4(""D=!"

&!5"/4"1+"7+*4/-!%"E+44/.0!"+917+6!4"/*"$-3$*7!"$*-"&*+H"=+H"1=!5"6/F=1".!"/*1!%E%!1!-(""

`1"/4"*+1"*!7!44$%5"1+"6$&!"$00"!6E0+5!!4"!NE!%14"/*"!NE!%/6!*1$0"6!1=+-+0+F5d"/1"/4"6+%!"

/6E+%1$*1"1+"&*+H"H=!*"=!0E"/4"*!!-!-"I%+6"]+914/-!"+%"7+6E$*5^"!NE!%14"H/1="4+E=/41/7$1!-"

4&/004(""U$*&"+I":6!%/7$"=$*-0!-"1=/4"46$%105".5"-!3!0+E/*F"1=!"`**+3$1/+*"$*-"'!3!0+E6!*1"

1!$6"$*-"41$II/*F"/1"H/1="!NE!%14"H=+"9*-!%41++-"1=!"390*!%$./0/1/!4"$44+7/$1!-"H/1="7+*-971/*F"

%!4!$%7="!NE!%/6!*14"/*"$"%!$0TH+%0-"4!11/*F"$*-"=+H"1+"H+%&"$%+9*-"1=!6(""""

:01=+9F="1!7=*/7$0".$%%/!%4"$*-"1=94"1=!"$.+3!"%!7+66!*-$1/+*4"$%!"/6E+%1$*1"I+%"

I$7/0/1$1/*F"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$%*/*F@".$%%/!%4"-9!"1+"4+7/$0"4541!64"$%!"6+%!"49.10!@"E!%3$4/3!@"$*-"

-/II/7901"1+"$--%!44(";3!*"H/1=+91"!NE0/7/1"/*7!*1/3!4"$F$/*41"I$/09%!@"6$*5"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"=$3!"

*+%64"$*-"E%$71/7!4"1=$1"$%!"9*I%/!*-05"1+"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"$4"H!00"$4"1+"/-!*1/I5/*F@"$*$05G/*F@"

$*-"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!("D=!"*!N1"1=%!!"%!7+66!*-$1/+*4"1$7&0!"1=!4!"/449!4"-/%!7105("

@(,'11(*5"&#'*%FB%/C(),'1#*+%.',#"$%.7.&(1%4"))#().%&'%#5(*&#!7#*+%!"#$2)(%

" D+"E%+6+1!"1/6!05"/-!*1/I/7$1/+*"+I"I$/09%!@"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"6941"$3+/-"Y4=++1/*F"1=!"

6!44!*F!%Z"$*-"/*41!$-"E91"7+*41%971/3!"/*7!*1/3!4"I+%"4E!$&/*F"9E"/*"E0$7!(""D=$1"/4@"E!+E0!"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 27

6941"I!!0"$.0!"1+"4E!$&"9E"$.+91"1=!"I$/09%!4@".+1="70!$%"$*-"$6./F9+94@"+I"H=/7="1=!5"$%!"$H$%!(""

D+"-+"1=/4@"0!$-!%4"*!!-"1+"7901/3$1!"$*"$16+4E=!%!"+I"E457=+0+F/7$0"4$I!15"1+"6/1/F$1!"%/4&4"1+"

4!0IT!41!!6"$*-"+1=!%4"/6E%!44/+*(""'!3!0+E/*F"E457=+0+F/7$0"4$I!15".!F/*4"H/1="1=!"0!$-!%"

6+-!0/*F"1=!"-!4/%!-".!=$3/+%4(C\""#+-!0/*F"6!$*4"1=$1"0!$-!%4"3/4/.05"!*F$F!"/*"1=!".!=$3/+%4"

1=$1"1=!5"H/4="1+"!*7+9%$F!"49.+%-/*$1!4"$*-"E!!%4"1+"!*$71(""

S!$-!%"6+-!0/*F"4!%3!4"1H+"4/F*/I/7$*1"E9%E+4!4("">/%41@"1+"7+669*/7$1!"!NE!71!-"$*-"

$EE%+E%/$1!".!=$3/+%@"/1"/4"/6E+%1$*1"I+%"0!$-!%4"1+"YH$0&"1=!"1$0&(Z""R!7+*-@"0!$-!%"6+-!0/*F"7$*"

=!0E"49.+%-/*$1!4"0!$%*"=+H"1+"!*$71"1=!4!"E%+7!44!4(""U!7$94!"1=!4!".!=$3/+%4"6$5".!"

9*I$6/0/$%"/*"6$*5"+%F$*/G$1/+*4@"=$3/*F"$"6+-!0"1+"+.4!%3!"7$*".!"3!%5"=!0EI90"/*"I$7/0/1$1/*F"

49.+%-/*$1!"0!$%*/*F(""S!$-!%4"7$*"6+-!0"!II!71/3!05".5Q"F!*!%$1/*F"*!H"/-!$4@"-/470+4/*F"$*-"

$*$05G/*F"I$/09%!@"/*3/1/*F"7+*41%971/3!"7%/1/7/46"$*-"$01!%*$1/3!"!NE0$*$1/+*4@"$*-"7$E19%/*F"$*-"

91/0/G/*F"0!$%*/*F("""

>/*$005@"E457=+0+F/7$0"4$I!15"7$**+1".!"/6E0!6!*1!-".5"1+E"-+H*"7+66$*-d"/1"/4"7%!$1!-"

/*41!$-@"H+%&"F%+9E".5"H+%&"F%+9E@"1=%+9F="$11/19-!4"$*-"$71/3/1/!4"+I"0+7$0"6$*$F!%4@"

49E!%3/4+%4"$*-"E!!%4d"1=!"-!3!0+E6!*1"+I"6$*$F!%/$0"7+$7=/*F"4&/004"/4"+*!"H$5"1+"=!0E".9/0-"

1=/4"15E!"+I"0!$%*/*F"!*3/%+*6!*1(CC""

@(,'11(*5"&#'*%GB%/C(),'1#*+%.',#"$%.7.&(1%4"))#().%&'%"*"$70#*+%!"#$2)(%

" '!3!0+E/*F"$*"!*3/%+*6!*1"/*"H=/7="E!+E0!"I!!0"4$I!"!*+9F="1+"/-!*1/I5"$*-"4E!$&"9E"/4"

*!7!44$%5".91"/*49II/7/!*1"1+"E%+-97!"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!("";II!71/3!"$*$054/4"+I"I$/09%!"%!K9/%!4"

.+1="1/6!"$*-"4E$7!"I+%"$*$054/4"$*-"4&/00"/*"6$*$F/*F"1=!"7+*I0/71/*F"E!%4E!71/3!4"1=$1"6$5"

!6!%F!(""`*"1!%64"+I"1/6!"$*-"4E$7!@"4+6!"+%F$*/G$1/+*4@"0/&!"1=!"6/0/1$%5@"4!1"$4/-!"1/6!"I+%"

:I1!%":71/+*"X!3/!H4@"H=/0!"=+4E/1$04"94!"#o#"7+*I!%!*7!4"1+"$*$05G!"I$/09%!4("""

`*"$--/1/+*"1+"E911/*F"497="41%9719%!4"/*"E0$7!@"0!$-!%4"*!!-"1+"/*3+03!"E!+E0!"H/1="

-/3!%4!"E!%4E!71/3!4"$*-"4&/004"/*"+%-!%"1+"F!*!%$1!"-!!E!%"0!$%*/*F(""D=/4"E%+-97!4"1=!"1!*4/+*"

Failing to learn and learning to fail 28

$*-"7+*I0/71"1=$1".+1="!44!*1/$0"I+%"0!$%*/*F"$*-"5!1"7$*"/*1!%I!%!"H/1="1=!"$./0/15"1+"&!!E"$"

-/$0+F9!"0!$%*/*FT+%/!*1!-(""'!7$-!4"+I"%!4!$%7=".5"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"0!$%*/*F"E/+*!!%")=%/4":%F5%/4"

=$4"-!6+*41%$1!-"1=$1"E!+E0!"/*"-/4$F%!!6!*1"%$%!05"$4&"!$7="+1=!%"1=!"&/*-"+I"4/*7!%!"K9!41/+*4"

1=$1"$%!"*!7!44$%5"I+%"1=!6"1+"0!$%*"I%+6"!$7="+1=!%(C?""W!+E0!"$04+"1%5"1+"I+%7!"1=!/%"3/!H4"+*"

1=!"+1=!%"E$%15"%$1=!%"1=$*"!-97$1/*F"1=!"+1=!%"E$%15".5"E%+3/-/*F"1=!"9*-!%05/*F"%!$4+*/*F"

.!=/*-"1=!4!"3/!H4("""

>+%"!N$6E0!@"-9%/*F"1=!"1!0!7+*I!%!*7!"1=!"*/F=1".!I+%!"1=!"4E$7!"4=9110!"3-"$$(*+()"H$4"

0$9*7=!-@".+1="!*F/*!!%4"$*-"$-6/*/41%$1+%4"E%+3!-"9*$.0!"=$3!"$"-/47944/+*"/*"H=/7="1=!5"H!%!"

$.0!"1+"9*-!%41$*-"!$7="+1=!%O4"7+*7!%*4(""X$1=!%"1=$*"1%5"1+"!NE0$/*"H=$1"1=!5"4$H"/*"1=!/%"

]/*7+6E0!1!^"-$1$"1+"!-97$1!"1=!"$-6/*/41%$1+%4"$*-"I/00"/*"1=!"F$E4"/*"1=!/%"9*-!%41$*-/*F@"1=!"

!*F/*!!%4"6$-!"$.41%$71"41$1!6!*14"497="$4"Y`1"/4"$H$5"I%+6"F++-*!44"1+"6$&!"$*5"+1=!%"

%!7+66!*-$1/+*Z"$*-"Y`1O4"70!$%@"/1O4"$.4+091!05"70!$%(Z"""`*"19%*@"1=!"$-6/*/41%$1+%4"-/-"*+1"

1=+9F=1I9005"7+669*/7$1!"1=!/%"+H*"7+*7!%*4"$*-"K9!41/+*4@".91"%$1=!%"7+*1%/.91!-"1+"$*"

/*7%!$4/*F05"E+0$%/G!-"-/47944/+*@"/*"H=/7="1=!"!*F/*!!%4O"7+6E!1!*7/!4"H!%!"/6E9F*!-("

;3!*19$005"/*-/3/-9$04"H/1="1=!"6+41"E+H!%"6$-!"1=!"-!7/4/+*(Ca""

" D=94@"H!"%!7+66!*-"!/1=!%"-!3!0+E/*F"+%"=/%/*F"4&/00!-"I$7/0/1$1+%4"H=+"7$*"!*49%!"1=$1"

0!$%*/*FT+%/!*1!-"-/47944/+*4"1$&!"E0$7!"H=!*"$*$05G/*F"+%F$*/G$1/+*$0"I$/09%!4(""#$*$F!%4"7$*"F+"

1=%+9F="1%$/*/*F"1+"0!$%*"1+"1!41"$4496E1/+*4@"/*K9/%!"/*1+"+1=!%4O"3/!H4@"$*-"E%!4!*1"1=!/%"+H*"

3/!H4"]*+"6$11!%"=+H"4!!6/*F05"7+%%!71"+%"1=+%+9F=^"$4"/*7+6E0!1!"J"+%"E$%1/$0"J"$77+9*14"+I"

%!$0/15(""D=!4!"/*1!%E!%4+*$0"4&/004"7$*".!"0!$%*!-@"$0.!/1"40+H05"$*-"H/1="7+*4/-!%$.0!"!II+%1@"$4"

$71/+*"%!4!$%7="=$4"-!6+*41%$1!-(Cb"L=!*"6$*$F!%4"=$3!"1=!4!"4&/004@"1=!5"$%!"$.0!"1+"6+-!0"1=/4"

.!=$3/+%"$*-"1+"E%+3/-!"$71/3!"7+$7=/*F"1+"+1=!%4"1+"=!0E"1=!6".!"6+%!"!II!71/3!"/*"F!*!%$1/*F"

0!$%*/*F"I%+6"1=!"=!$1!-"-/47944/+*4"1=$1"$%!"+I1!*"E%+-97!-"H=!*"$*$05G/*F"I$/09%!("""

Failing to learn and learning to fail 29

@(,'11(*5"&#'*%HB%/C(),'1#*+%.',#"$%.7.&(1%4"))#().%&'%(?:()#1(*&"&#'*%!

:4"0+*F"$4"/*7!*1/3!4"$%!"/*7+*4/41!*1"H/1="!4E+94!-"3$09!4"$-3+7$1/*F"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"

I$/09%!@"1%9!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*"H/00".!"%$%!(Cc""#$*$F!%4"1=94"*!!-"1+"$0/F*"/*7!*1/3!4"$*-"1+"+II!%"

%!4+9%7!4"1+"E%+6+1!"$*-"I$7/0/1$1!"!II!71/3!"!NE!%/6!*1$1/+*(""D=+4!"H=+"!NE!%/6!*1"

/*1!00/F!*105"1=!64!03!4"$*-"E9.0/7/G!".+1="I$/09%!4"$*-"4977!44!4"-!6+*41%$1!".+1="3$09!"+I"

1=!4!"$71/3/1/!4"$*-"=!0E"+1=!%4"4!!"1=$1"1=!"/-!$0"+I"0!$%*/*F"I%+6"I$/09%!"/*"1=/4"+%F$*/G$1/+*"/4"

6+%!"1=$*"1$0&(""`*"$--/1/+*@"7+$7=/*F"$*-"70!$%"-/%!71/+*"6$5".!"94!I90"/*"=!0E/*F"49.+%-/*$1!4"

1+"9*-!%41$*-"H=$1"15E!4"+I"!NE!%/6!*14"4=+90-".!"-!4/F*!-(""">/*$005@"1+"-!3!0+E"1=!"$./0/15"1+"

6$*$F!"$00"1=!4!"E%+7!44!4@"6$*$F!%4"6$5"*!!-"1+"H+%&"+*"1=!/%"+H*"E457=+0+F/7$0"$*-"

!6+1/+*$0"7$E$./0/1/!4"1+"!*$.0!"1=!6"1+"4=/I1"=+H"1=!5"1=/*&"$.+91"I$/09%!("""

@(!)"1#*+%!"#$2)(%%!

D=!4!"4/N"/*-/3/-9$0"%!7+66!*-$1/+*4"$%!".!41"/6E0!6!*1!-"$4"$*"/*1!F%$1!-"4!1"+I"

E%$71/7!4"$77+6E$*/!-".5"$*"!*7+6E$44/*F"4=/I1"/*"6$*$F!%/$0"6/*-4!1(""D$.0!"A"4966$%/G!4"

1=/4"4=/I1("""

`*4!%1"D$.0!"A"$.+91"=!%!"

!>/%41@"I$/09%!"6941".!"3/!H!-"*+1"$4"$"E%+.0!6$1/7"$.!%%$1/+*"1=$1"4=+90-"*!3!%"+779%".91"

%$1=!%"1=$*"$4"$*"/*!3/1$.0!"$4E!71"+I"+E!%$1/*F"/*"$"7+6E0!N"$*-"7=$*F/*F"H+%0-("""D=/4"/4"+I"

7+9%4!"*+1"1+"4$5"0!$-!%4"4=+90-"!*7+9%$F!"E!+E0!"1+"6$&!"6/41$&!4".91"%$1=!%"1+"$7&*+H0!-F!"

1=$1"I$/09%!4"$%!"/*!3/1$.0!"$*-"=!*7!"1=!".!41"1=/*F"1+"-+"/4"1+"0!$%*"$4"697="$4"E+44/.0!"J"

!4E!7/$005"I%+6"46$00"+*!4@"4+"$4"1+"6$&!"0$%F!%"+*!4"0!44"0/&!05d".!0/!I4"$.+91"!II!71/3!"

E!%I+%6$*7!"4=+90-"%!I0!71"1=/4(""D=/4"/6E0/!4"=+0-/*F"E!+E0!"$77+9*1$.0!"*+1"I+%"$3+/-/*F"

I$/09%!".91"I+%"I$/0/*F"/*1!00/F!*105"$*-"I+%"=+H"697="1=!5"0!$%*"I%+6"1=!/%"I$/09%!4(""

Failing to learn and learning to fail 30

P%F$*/G$1/+*$0"47=+0$%"R/6"R/1&/*"/-!*1/I/!4"I/3!"7=$%$71!%/41/74"+I"/*1!00/F!*1"I$/09%!4Q""

Y][^"1=!5"%!4901"I%+6"1=+9F=1I9005"E0$**!-"$71/+*4"1=$1"]A^"=$3!"9*7!%1$/*"+917+6!4"$*-"]\^"$%!"

+I"6+-!41"47$0!@"]C^"$%!"!N!791!-"$*-"%!4E+*-!-"1+"H/1="$0$7%/15"$*-"]?^"1$&!"E0$7!"/*"-+6$/*4"

1=$1"$%!"I$6/0/$%"!*+9F="1+"E!%6/1"!II!71/3!"0!$%*/*F(ZCe

;N$6E0!4"+I"9*/*1!00/F!*1"I$/09%!"/*709-!"6$&/*F"1=!"4$6!"6/41$&!"+3!%"$*-"+3!%"$F$/*@"

I$/0/*F"-9!"1+"7$%!0!44*!44@"+%"7+*-971/*F"$"E++%05"-!4/F*!-"!NE!%/6!*1"1=$1"H+90-"*+1"E%+-97!"

=!0EI90"0!$%*/*F(">/*$005@"6$*$F!%4"*!!-"1+"7%!$1!"$*"!*3/%+*6!*1"/*"H=/7="1=!5"$*-"1=!/%"

!6E0+5!!4"$%!"+E!*"1+"E911/*F"$4/-!"1=!/%"4!0ITE%+1!71/3!"-!I!*4!4"$*-"%!4E+*-/*F"/*41!$-"H/1="

79%/+4/15"$*-"$"-!4/%!"1+"0!$%*"I%+6"I$/09%!("

E)&<%75$)&1!A7(($&'!"#$%7+*!()!D)+8!-)+!B+'#&$4#($)&#%!>*#+&$&'!!

D=/4"$%1/70!"*+1!-"1=$1"I!H"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"6$&!"!II!71/3!"94!"+I"I$/09%!4"I+%"0!$%*/*F@"-9!"

1+"I+%6/-$.0!"$*-"-!!ET%++1!-".$%%/!%4("L!"4=+H!-"1=$1"E%+E!%1/!4"+I"1!7=*/7$0"4541!64"

7+6./*!"H/1="E%+E!%1/!4"+I"4+7/$0"4541!64"/*"6+41"+%F$*/G$1/+*4"1+"6$&!"I$/09%!4O"0!44+*4"

!4E!7/$005"-/II/7901"1+"F0!$*(":1"1=!"4$6!"1/6!@"H!"=/F=0/F=1!-"*+1!H+%1=5"!N7!E1/+*4"J"

+%F$*/G$1/+*4"1=$1"=$3!"-+*!"$"49E!%."_+."+I"6$&/*F"I$/09%!4"3/4/.0!@"$*$05G/*F"1=!6"

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1 See Diane Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 2 See S. Sitkin Learning through failure: The strategy of small losses. Research in Organizational Behavior 14:231-266. 3 See especially A Tucker, A.L., and Edmondson, A.C. (2003). “Why hospitals don't learn from failures: Organizational and psychological dynamics that inhibit system change.” California Management Review, 45,2: 55-72. 4 See Cannon, M. and Edmondson, A. (2001). “Confronting failure: Antecedents and consequences of shared beliefs about failure in organizational work groups.” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 161-177. 5 For example, see both Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellsprings of knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation. Boston, Harvard Business School Press and Sitkin, S. B. (1992). “Learning through failure: the strategy of small losses.” Research in Organizational Behavior. L. L. Cummings and B. Staw. Greenwich, CT, JAI Press. 14: 231-266. 6 See especially A. C. Edmondson (2002). “The local and variegated nature of learning in organizations.” Organization Science 13, 2: 128-146. Also see Rice, A. K. (1958). Productivity and social organization: The Ahmedabad experiment. London: Tavistock. 7 See Trist, E.A., and Bamforth, K.W. (1951). Some social and psychological consequences of the Longwall method of coal-getting," in D. S. Pugh (Ed.), Organization theory. London: Penguin, (pp. 393-419). 8 See F. Lee, Edmondson, A., Thomke, S, and Worline, M. forthcoming. The mixed effects of inconsistency on experimentation in organizations Organization Science. 9 M.D. Cannon, Motivation and learning: A paradox for performance, paper presented at the 53rd annual Academy of Management Meeting, Atlanta, GA, (1993). 10 See C. Argyris. Overcoming organizational defenses (1990). 11 S. Finkelstein, Why Smart Executives Fail and What You Can Learn from Their Mistakes, New York, Portfolio (2003). 12 See R.F. Baumeister, Self-Esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. Plenum, New York (1993). 13 See S.E. Taylor, and J. Brown, Illusions and well being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, (1988). 193-210. Also see M.D. Cannon, The impact of positive illusions on performance, paper presented at the 59th annual Academy of Management Meeting. Chicago, IL, (1999). 14 R. H. Hayes, S. C. Wheelwright, K. B. Clark (1988). Dynamic Manufacturing: Creating the Learning Organization. New York, Free Press. 15 See S. Finkelstein, (2003). At Ref. Above. P. 282-3. 16 See Make no mistake, Inc. Magazine, June (1989), p. 105. 17 M. Moss (2002, June 27), Spotting breast cancer, doctors are weak link, The New York Times [late ed.], pp. A1. See also, M. Moss (2002, June 28), Mammogram team learns from its errors, The New York Times [late ed.], pp. A1. 18 A. J. DiBella, J. M. Gould, and E. C. Nevis, Understanding Organizations as Learning Systems (n.d.), Society for Organizational Learning, retrieved July 8, 2002, from http://www.sol-ne.org/res/wp/learning-sys.html 19 See S. W. Brown and S. S. Tax, Recovering and Learning from Service Failures, Sloan Management Review 40:1, 75-89 (1998). 20 See S. W. Brown and S. S. Tax (1998). At Ref. above. 21 See National Aeronautics and Space Administration report on the Space Shuttle Columbia at http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/oct/HQ_N03109_new_CAIB_volumes.html. 22 A. Edmondson, Organizing to learn. Harvard Business School Note, 9-604-031. (2003). 23 A. Edmondson, M.A. Roberto, and A. Tucker, Children’s Hospital and Clinics, Harvard Business School Case, 9-302-050. (2002). 24 See M.H. Bazerman. Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, fifth edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (2002). Also see S.T. Fiske and S.E. Taylor, Social Cognition, Random House, New York, 1984.

Failing to learn and learning to fail 35

25 Cannon and Edmondson, At. Ref Above. And A. Edmondson and B. Moingeon (1996). “When to learn how and when to learn why.” In B. Moingeon and A. Edmondson (Eds). Organizational learning and competitive advantage. London: Sage. 26 Tucker, A.L., and Edmondson, A.C. (2003). “Why hospitals don't learn from failures: Organizational and psychological dynamics that inhibit system change.” California Management Review, 45,2: 55-72. 27 For research on the lack of inquiry in group discussions, see Argyris, C. (1990). Overcoming organizational defenses. Needham, MA; Garvin, D. A., and M. A. Roberto, (2001) "What You Don't Know About Making Decisions," Harvard Business Review 79, 8: 108-116; for research on premature convergence on a solution or decision, see Janis, I.L. & Mann, L. (1977) Decision-Making. New York: The Free Press, and Langer, E. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, and others. 28 See A. Edmondson, M.A. Roberto, and A. Tucker, (2002). At Ref. Above. 29 F. F. Reichheld with T. Teal, The Loyalty Effect: The Hidden Force Behind Growth, Profits, and Lasting Value, Harvard Business School Press, Boston (1996). Pages 194-195. 30 F. F. Reichheld with T. Teal, (1996). At Ref. Above, Pages 207-208. 31 P.F. Drucker, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Harper & Row, New York, (1985). p. 43. 32 S. Thomke, Experimentation matters. Harvard Business School Publishing (2003). 33 Maidique, M. A. and Zirger, B. A Study of Success and Failure in Product Innovation: The Case of the U.S. Electronics Industry, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 31 (4), 192-204 (1984). 34 P.C. Wason, On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 20, 273-283. (1960). 35 T. Kelley with J. Littman, The Art of Innovation: Lessons in Creativity from IDEO, America’s Leading Design Firm, Currency Books, New York, (2001). P. 232. 36See A. C, Edmondson and L. Feldman. “Understand and Innovate” at IDEO Boston. Harvard Business School Publishing, Case # 9-604-005. (2004). 37 J. Pfeffer and R.I. Sutton, The Knowing Doing Gap: How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, (2000). P. 129. 38 S. Thomke and A. Nimgade Bank of America. Harvard Business School Case, 9-603-022. (2002). 39 S. Thomke and A. Nimgade (2002). At Ref. Above, p. 7. 40 See F. Lee, A. Edmondson, S. Thomke, and M. Worline. The mixed effects of inconsistency on experimentation in organizations. Organization Science. Forthcoming. 41 See P. Senge, The firth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday (1990) and A. Edmondson, R. Bohmer and G. Pisano, Disrupted routines: Team leaning and new technology implementation in hospitals. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46: 685-716. (2001). 42 See A. C. Edmondson, et al. (2001) At Ref. Above. 43 See A. C. Edmondson, Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams, Journal of Management Studies 40:6, 1419-1452 (2003). 44 A. C. Edmondson. (2002). At Ref. Above. 45 See C. Argyris Strategy, change, and defensive routines. (1985). New York: Harper Business. 46 See A. C. Edmondson, Group process in the Challenger launch decision (B), Harvard Business School Case, N9-603-070. (2003). 47 See Action Design website www.actiondesign.com48 See F. Lee et al, forthcoming. 49 See S. Sitkin At Ref. above p. 243.