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learning target

The four cases is one of the most important topics in German grammar but also one of the most difficult ones.

Thats !h" !e !ill spend more time than usual to co#er it. $hen "ou understood the cases "ou can handle a lot

of problems li%e&

"declension" of definite and indefinite articles

German English

Der'ann schreibt einen(rief.

Die)rau gibt dem*ind einen*uss.

Eine)rau geht +ber die,tra-e.

Theman !rites aletter.

The!oman gi#es thechild a%iss.

A!oman crosses thestreet.

"declension" of personal pronouns

German English

ch sehe dich.

ch gebe diret!as.

Erschic%t ihreinen (rief.

seeyou.

gi#eyousomething.

Hesends a letter to her.

"declension" of possessive pronouns

German English

Mein/ater hei-t Gerhard.

Meine'utter hei-t egina.

$ie hei-tdeine,ch!ester

Myfathers name is Gerhard.

Mymothers name is egina.

$hats the name ofyoursister

declension of adectives !adective endings

German English

ch habe eine h#$sche)reundin.

ch %enne diesen $%sen'ann.

&ch%ne ,trnde gibt es +berall.

#e got a prettygirlfriend.

%no! this$adman.

'icebeaches are e#er"!here.

"declension" of "der()ords"

German English

&olche3eute lernen es nie.

*elchesGlas mchtest du

Dieses Haus ist sehr gro-.

&uch people !ont ne#er learn it.

*hichglas do "ou !ant

Thishouse is #er" big

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rules

*hat are the four cases+

1. )all'ominativ

2. )allGenitiv

4. )allDativ

. )allA,,usativ

*hat is a case and )hat do )e need it for+

The case 67 )all or *asus8 is a tool to e:plain !hich purpose has a noun in a sentence and in !hich relation is

the noun to the other !ords. The case itself is no !ord. ts a fictional thing to help "ou to understand !hich

ending !ords get or !hich article ; pronoun !e ha#e to choose.

!ant to test "ou. $hats !rong !ith the follo!ing sentence

Hergi#es mya %iss.

The correct sentence has to be& &hegi#es mea %iss.

(ut !h" is it ,he and me Thats e:a:tl" the

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2.8 ?#er" noun or pronoun !hich follo!s a form of be is in the nominati#e case.

The noun ; pronoun after the be is a soBcalled predicate complement.

e:ample 1&

?r !ar ein Do,tor. 6He !as a doctor.8?r and Eo%tor are in the nominati#e case. ?r is the sub@ect of the sentence.

Eo%tor follo!s a form of be and is thus a predicate complement.

e:ample 2&

ch bin ein &tudent. 6 am a student.8ch and ,tudent are in the nominati#e case. ch is the sub@ect of the sentence.,tudent follo!s a form of be and is thus a predicate complement.

4. Fall/ A,,usativ

1.8 The direct ob@ect is in the accusati#e case.

*hat is the direct o$ect of a sentence+

The direct ob@ect is the notBacting person ; thing in a sentence. The direct ob@ect recei#es the action of the

#erb.

Der Mann ,#sst die Frau.

The man is doing something. He %isses the !oman. ,o the man is the sub@ect of the sentence 67nominati#e

case8.

The !oman is being %issed. ,he is not acting. ,o she is the direct ob@ect 67accusati#e case8.

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2.8 Founs ; pronouns !hich follo! accusati#e prepositions are in

the accusati#e case.

Accusative prepositionen

$is6till> to> b"8 durch6through8 f#r6for8 gegen6against8 ohne6!ithout8 um6around> to> at8

$hene#er "ou see one of these prepositions it must be a signal for "ou that the follo!ing noun ; pronoun is in

the accusati#e case.

e:ample 1&

ch %ann ohne dichnicht leben. 6 cant li#e !ithout "ou.8e:ample 2&

ch %aufe ein Geschen% f+r meinen 0ater. 6 bu" a present for m" father.8

4.8 Founs ; pronouns !hich follo! t!oB!a" prepositions are either in

the accusati#e case or the dati#e case.

"t)o()ay" prepositionen

an6at> on> to8 auf6at> on> to> upon8 hinter6behind8 in6in> into8 ne$en6beside> near> ne:t to8 #$er6about> abo#e> across> o#er8 unter6under> among8 vor6before> in front of> ago8 1)ischen6bet!een8

Aour

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e:amples&

ch gehe in die 2irche. 6m going to the church.8 BC$hereto do go BC to the church 6m inmotion. BC accusati#e case8

ch bin in der 2irche. 6m in the church.8 BC$here am BC in the church 6 dont mo#e. msta"ing there. BC dati#e case8

.8 'ost time e:pressions are in the accusati#e case.

e:ample 1&

ch geheeden Tagin die ,chule. 6 go e#er" da" to school.8e:ample 2&

ch !ar let1ten Augustauf den hilippinen. 63ast Dugust #e been to the hilippines.8

3. Fall/ Dativ

1.8 The indirect ob@ect is in the dati#e case.

*hat is the indirect o$ect of a sentence+

The indirect ob@ect is the beneficiar" of the action in the sentence. suall" its a person.

Aou can also sa" the indirect ob@ect is the recei#er of the direct ob@ect.

Der Mann gi$t dem 2ind das uch.

B The man is doing something. He gi#es a boo% to the child. ,o the man is the sub@ect of the sentence

67nominati#e case8.

B The boo% is gi#en. ts not acting. ,o its the direct ob@ect 67accusati#e case8.

B The child benefits from this action. Dfter the action it o!ns a ne! boo%. ,o the child is the indirect ob@ect

67dati#e case8.

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2.8 Founs ; pronouns !hich follo! dati#e prepositions are in the dati#e case.

Dative prepositionen

aus6from> out of8 au5er6e:cept for> besides8 $ei6at> near8 gegen#$er6across from> opposite8 mit6!ith> b"8 nach6after> to8 seit6since> for8 von6from> b"8 1u6at> to8


the dati#e case.

e:ample 1&

ch bleibe bei dir. 6 sta" !ith "ou.8e:ample 2&

ch fahre mit dem Auto. 6 dri#e !ith the car.8

4.8 Founs ; pronouns !hich follo! t!oB!a" prepositions are either in the

accusati#e case or the dati#e case.

,ee accusati#e case

.8 Founs ; pronouns !hich follo! dati#e #erbs are in the dati#e case.

Dative ver$s

group 1 (often used)

ant)orten6ans!er8 $lei$en6remain8 dan,en6than%8 einfallen6thin% of8 erlau$en6allo!8 fehlen6to be missed8 gefallen6li%e8 geh%ren6belong to8 glau$en6belie#e8 gratulieren6congratulate8

helfen6help8 6eid tun6be sorr"8 passen6suit8 passieren6happen8 schmec,en6taste8 vertrauen6trust8 ver1eihen6forgi#e8 )ehtun6hurt8 1uh%ren6listen to8 1ustimmen6agree !ith8

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group 2 (rarely used)

hneln6resemble8

$efehlen6command8 $egegnen6encounter8 dienen6ser#e8 drohen6threaten8 folgen6follo!8 gehorchen6obe"8 gelingen6succeed8 geraten6turn out !ell8 gen#gen6be enough8 geschehen6happen8 gleichen6be li%e8

gl#c,en6be luc%"8

lauschen6o#erhear8 misslingen6fail8 munden6taste8 n#t1en6be of use8 raten6ad#ise8 schaden6harm8 schmeicheln6flatter8 trauen6trust8 )idersprechen6contradict8 )in,en6!a#e8 1#rnen6be angr" !ith8

$hene#er "ou see one of these #erbs it must be a signal for "ou that the follo!ing noun ; pronoun is in the

dati#e case.

e:ample 1&

/ertrau mir= 6Trust me=8e:ample 2&

?r ant!ortet mirnicht. 6He doesnt ans!er me.8

5.8 Founs ; pronouns are in the dati#e case !hen the" are used !ith certain

ad@ecti#e and ad#erb e:pressions.

adective and adver$ e7pressions

hnlich6similar8 angenehm6pleasant 8 $e,annt6familiar 8 $%se6angr"8 dan,$ar6grateful 8 egal 6all the same 8 gleichg#ltig 6indifferent 8 ,lar 6clear 8 lstig 6bothersome 8 lie$ 6dear 8 m%glich 6possible 8

n#t1lich 6useful 8 peinlich 6embarrassing 8 recht 6K* 8 unangenehm 6unpleasant 8 un$egreiflich 6incomprehensible 8 un$e8uem 6unpleasant 8 uner,lrlich 6unpleasant 8 un,lar 6unclear 8 unm%glich 6impossible 8 unn#t1 6impossible 8 unverstndlich 6incomprehensible 8

)ichtig 6important 8

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(ecause @ust a form of be is the #erb in these sentences> onl" the ad@ecti#es;ad#erbs indicate the dati#e case.

e:ample 1&

Eas ist mir %lar. 6Thats clear to me.8e:ample 2&

Eas ist ihm peinlich. 6Thats embarrassing for him.8

9. Fall/ Genitiv

1.8 The geneti#e case is used !hen "ou describe possession ; o!nership.

e:ample 1&

Der Familienname meiner Freundinist acana. 6'" girlfriends famil" name is acana.8e:ample 2&

Das 2leid der Frauist schn. 6The !omans s%irt is nice.8

2.8 The geneti#e case is used !hen "ou refer to a part of something else.

n ?nglish the ofBgeniti#e is used for this.

e:ample 1&

Dm Anfang des &ommerssehe ich sie !ieder. 6Dt the beginning of summer !ill see her again.8e:ample 2&

Das Ende des Films!ar schlecht. 6The end of the film !as bad.8

4.8 Founs ; pronouns !hich follo! geniti#e prepositions are in the

geniti#e case.

Genitive prepositionen

anstatt : statt6instead of8 au5erhal$6outside of8 innerhal$6inside of> !ithin8 trot16in spite of8 )hrend6during8 )egen6because of8

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the geniti#e case.

e:ample 1&

TrotM der ;ro$lememachen !ir !eiter. 6Eespite the problems !e carr" on.8e:ample 2&

$hrend des cit" or countr" B !hich possesses something B is called b" their personal name "ou are

allo!ed to use this form of geniti#e. )urthermore "ou should consider that "ou add the s !ithout apostrophe.

Eer )amilienname meiner )reundin ist acana. 6standard geniti#e N translated !ord b" !ord& Thefamily name of my girlfriend is Pacana.8

=athys)amilienname ist acana. 6s B geniti#e N Cathy's family name is Pacana.8

An alternative )ay

Dn alternati#e !a" to indicate that something belongs to somebod" 6possessi#e8 is the #on construct.

The real geniti#e is mostl" used in !ritten German. n dail" spo%en German "ou !ill often hear the #on

construct.

Oonsider that #on is dati#e preposition and the follo!ing article> pronoun etc.

must be in the dati#e case and not in the geniti#e case e#en though "ou e:press possessi#e.

Eer )amiliennamevonOath" ist acana. 6translated !ord b" !ord& The family name of Cathy isPacana.8

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>uestion )ords

Dt the end of the theor" part !ant "ou to sho! the !a" ho! Germans are taught the cases at school.

$e @ust use some

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ta$les

The follo!ing collection of tables is @ust an information source for the !ee%s and months to come.

Aou dont ha#e to learn them b" heart.

"declension" of definite article !der? die? das @ the

case singular plural

male female neuter B

nominati#e der'ann die)rau das*ind die)amilien

geniti#e des'annes der)rau des*indes der)amilien

dati#e dem'ann der)rau dem*ind den)amilien

accusati#e den'ann die)rau das*ind die)amilien

Ds "ou alread" noticed not @ust the article changes. ,ome nouns get an additional ending as !ell.

)or more details chec% the topic RDe,lination der &u$stantive.

declension" of indefinite article !ein @ a? an



nominati#e ein 'ann eine)rau ein *ind B

geniti#e eines'annes einer)rau eines*indes B

dati#e einem'ann einer)rau einem*ind B

accusati#e einen'ann eine)rau ein *ind B

"declension" of indefinite "article" !,ein @ no? none



nominati#e %ein 'ann %eine)rau %ein *ind %eine*inder

geniti#e %eines'annes %einer)rau %eines*indes %einer*inder

dati#e %einem'ann %einer)rau %einem*ind %einen*indern

accusati#e %einen'ann %eine)rau %ein *ind %eine*inder

(asicall"> ein and %ein are the same. The"#e got the same endings. *ein is @ust the negation of ein.

egard that ein has 6of course8 no plural form because ein describes @ust one thing of something.

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"declension" of personal pronouns !ich? du? er ... @ B? you? he ...

nominative genitive dative accusative

ich mein6e;er8 mir mich

du dein6e;er8 dir dich

er sein6e;er8 ihm ihn

sie ihr6e;er8 ihr sie

es sein6e;er8 ihm es

!ir unser6e8 uns uns

ihr euer6e8 euch euch

sie ihr6e;er ihnen sie

,ie hr6e;er8 hnen ,ie

)or the endings in the geniti#e case chec% the follo!ing tables& possessi#e pronouns.

"declension" of possessive pronouns !mein? dein? sein ... @ my? your? his ...

Sdeclension of the possessi#e pronoun 6mein 7 m"8



nominati#e mein 'ann meine)rau mein *ind meine*inder

geniti#e meines'annes meiner)rau meines*indes meiner*inder

dati#e meinem'ann meiner)rau meinem*ind meinen*indern

accusati#e meinen'ann meine)rau mein *ind meine*inder

declension of the possessi#e pronoun 6dein 7 "our> singular8



nominati#e dein 'ann deine)rau dein *ind deine*inder

geniti#e deines'annes deiner)rau deines *indes deiner*inder

dati#e deinem'ann deiner)rau deinem*ind deinen*indern

accusati#e deinen'ann deine)rau dein *ind deine*inder

declension of the possessi#e pronoun 6sein 7 his8



nominati#e sein 'ann seine)rau sein *ind seine*inder

geniti#e seines'annes seiner)rau seines*indes seiner*inder

dati#e seinem'ann seiner)rau seinem*ind seinen*indern

accusati#e seinen'ann seine)rau sein *ind seine*inder

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declension of the possessi#e pronoun 6ihr 7 her8



nominati#e ihr 'ann ihre)rau ihr *ind ihre *inder

geniti#e ihres'annes ihrer)rau ihres*indes ihrer*inder

dati#e ihrem'ann ihrer)rau ihrem*ind ihren*indern

accusati#e ihren'ann ihre)rau ihr *ind ihre *inder

declension of the possessi#e pronoun 6unser 7 our8



nominati#e unser /ater unsere'utter unser *ind unsere*inder

geniti#e unseres/aters unserer'utter unseres*indes unserer*inder

dati#e unserem /ater unserer'utter unserem*ind unseren*indern

accusati#e unseren/ater unsere'utter unser *ind unsere*inder

declension of the possessi#e pronoun 6euer 7 "our> plural8



nominati#e euer /ater eure'utter euer *ind eure*inder

geniti#e eures/aters eurer'utter eures*indes eurer*inder

dati#e eurem/ater eurer'utter eurem*ind euren*indern

accusati#e euren/ater eure 'utter euer *ind eure*inder

Ds "ou can see all the possessi#e pronouns ha#e got the same endings. ,o "ou ha#e to %no! @ust one and "ou

%no! all. f "ou compare it !ith the declension of indifinite article "ou !ill see the" also ha#e the same

ending. That ma%es it much easier. Kf course there is an e:ception. The possessi#e pronoun euer 67"our>

plural 8 sometimes drops the e in the middle 6mar%ed !ith a 8. )orget this for no!.

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declension of adectives !adective endings

declension of ad@ecti#es !ithout article



nominati#e guter'ann gute)rau gutes*ind gute)amilien

geniti#e guten'annes guter)rau guten*indes guter)amilien

dati#e gutem'ann guter)rau gutem*ind guten)amilien

accusati#e guten'ann gute)rau gutes*ind gute)amilien

declension of ad@ecti#es !ith definite article 6der> die> das8



nominati#e der gute'ann die gute )rau das gute*ind die guten)amilien

geniti#e des guten'annes der guten)rau des guten*indes der guten)amilien

dati#e dem guten'ann der guten)rau dem guten*ind den guten)amilien

accusati#e den guten'ann die gute)rau das gute*ind die guten)amilien

declension of ad@ecti#es !ith indefinite article 6ein8

case ,ingular lural


nominati#e ein guter'ann eine gute)rau ein gutes*ind B

geniti#e eines guten'annes einer guten)rau eines guten*indes B

dati#e einem guten'ann einer guten)rau einem guten*ind B

accusati#e einen guten'ann eine gute)rau ein gutes*ind B

"declension" of "der()ords"

declension of the pronoun 6diesB 7 this> these8



nominati#e dieser'ann diese)rau dieses*ind diese*inder

geniti#e dieses'annes dieser)rau dieses*indes dieser*inder

dati#e diesem'ann dieser)rau diesem*ind diesen*indern

accusati#e diesen'ann diese )rau dieses*ind diese*inder

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declension of the pronoun 6@enB 7 that> those8



nominati#e @ener'ann @ene)rau @enes*ind @ene*inder

geniti#e @enes'annes @ener)rau @enes*indes @ener*inder

dati#e @enem'ann @ener)rau @enem*ind @enen*indern

accusati#e @enen'ann @ene)rau @enes*ind @ene*inder

declension of the pronoun 6!elchB 7 !hich8



nominati#e !elcher'ann !elche)rau !elches*ind !elche*inder

geniti#e !elches'annes !elcher)rau !elches*indes !elcher*inder

dati#e !elchem'ann !elcher)rau !elchem*ind !elchen*indern

accusati#e !elchen'ann !elche)rau !elches*ind !elche*inder

declension of the pronoun 6solchB 7 such8



nominati#e solcher'ann solche)rau solches*ind solche*inder

geniti#e solches'annes solcher)rau solches*indes solcher*inder

dati#e solchem'ann solcher)rau solchem*ind solchen*indern

accusati#e solchen'ann solche)rau solches*ind solche*inder

declension of the pronoun 6@edB 7 each> e#er"8



nominati#e @eder'ann @ede)rau @edes*ind @ede*inder

geniti#e @edes 'annes @eder)rau @edes*indes @eder*inder

dati#e @edem'ann @eder)rau @edem*ind @eden*indern

accusati#e @eden'ann @ede)rau @edes*ind @ede*inder

declension of the pronoun 6manchB 7 some8



nominati#e mancher'ann manche)rau manches*ind manche*inder

geniti#e manches'annes mancher)rau manches*indes mancher*inder

dati#e manchem'ann mancher)rau manchem*ind manchen*indern

accusati#e manchen'ann manche)rau manches*ind manche *inder

Ds "ou can see all derB!ords ha#e got the same ending. f "ou %no! one then "ou %no! all.

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