FAD

Simon J. Kenyon

Ross University

Learning Objectives

• Understand the global context of FADs and their importance

• Recognize the clinical signs of important FADs• Know what to do if you encounter an unusual

disease that is possibly and FAD

FAD Myths

• FADs are a problem for large animal veterinarians

• FADs look like the pictures• USDA/APHIS/VS doesn’t like false alarms• It can’t happen to me

Jan - Jan 2010 - 2011

IAHSolid colour = PanAsian strain present

Hashed colour = Type O present, PanAsian strain suspected

Spread of the PanAsia lineage of the Middle East-South Asian (ME-SA) topotype of FMDV-O

200019991998199719961995199419931990

First appearance

N.J. Knowles, 15 October 2001

2001

Some recent cases

• Screwworm, Sept 2007, Mississippi • Avian Influenza HPAI, 2004 - H5N2 Texas, H7N3

British Columbia• Exotic Newcastle Disease 2003 – California,

Texas • BSE, 2003 - 2007 – imported and US bred cattle• Monkey Pox, multi-state, June 2003• Bluetongue – Montana, Wyoming 2007

Monkey Pox

• Imported Gambian Giant Rat• Prairie Dogs• Humans

Screwworm

Image from “The Gray Book”, University of Georgia

Screwworm

Screwworm - Third instar larvae, Cochliomyia hominivorax

Recent Outbreaks

Exotic Newcastle Disease – California 2002-2003

Moynihan Report on Collaborative Networks, 2005

“On average 40 new employees joined the task force daily”

www.EDEN.lsu.edu

Opportunities for Veterinarians

• Initial Accreditation Training Course• USDA/APHIS/VS and State Animal Health Depts.• Animal Surveillance Emergency Response Teams

(ASERT)• Purdue’s Graduate Certificate Program in Veterinary

Homeland Security

FMD - Cattle

Vesicles or blisters on tongue, dental pad, or teats

FMD

Hogs and other species – vesicles on coronary band

Hog - Vesicle on snout

Clinical Comparisons: Snouts

• Swine Vesicular Disease

• Vesicular Stomatitis

• Foot and Mouth Disease

• Vesicular Exanthema

FMD

Swine Vesicular Disease

Sheep – disease may be very mild

Public Information

FMD Issues

• Early Diagnosis• Time from diagnosis to slaughter• Models• Vaccination• Carcass disposal• Societal change

North Carolina Live Animal Shipments

SwineGoats

Sheep and LambsPoultry

Beef CattleDairy Cattle

CanadaMexico

South America

CanadaMexico

Live animals are shipped to a total of 27 states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Canada and South America!

Puerto Rico

Diff. Diagnosis of Vesicular Dis.

Cattle Sheep Swine Horse

FMD S S S R

Vesicular stomatitis S S S S

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine R R S R

Swine Vesicular Disease R R S R

Sources of Primary Outbreaks

SourceSource Percent of OutbreaksPercent of Outbreaks

1870-1968 1969-1993

Meat, meat products, garbage 71 23

Airborne (wind) or migrating birds 24 9

Livestock importations 2 36

Contaminated objects, persons 3 4

Vaccines 1 25

Wildlife <1 3

FMD, Worldwide

Source: USDA

Airborne Spread?

“O Lausanne 1965”

National Animal Health Laboratories Network (NAHLN) 2003

Proposed Biosafety Level 4 sites

• Flora, Mississippi• Athens, Georgia

• San Antonio, Texas• Butner, North Carolina

Manhattan, Kansas

African Horse Sickness

African Horse Sickness

African Horse Sickness

African Horse Sickness

African Horse Sickness

Low Pathogenicity (LPAI) High Pathogenicity (HPAI)

Avian influenza

• Natural Host: Waterfowl (ducks, geese etc.)• Domestic species affected

– Chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowl, quail and pheasant

– Some pet birds

• 16 H (hemagglutinin antigens) and 9 N (neuraminidase antigens)

• All subtypes can be found in birds, but only subtypes H5 and H7 have caused severe outbreaks of disease in birds

Type A Influenza

Avian Influenza

Symptoms of HPAI• A lot of birds affected

– Dead birds– Very sick birds– Coughing and sneezing– Swollen combs and wattles– Discolored and swollen joints– Diarrhea

Avian Influenza

Avian Influenza

Cyanotic Comb

Avian Influenza H5N1

H5N1 - WHO mortality stats January 13 2011

Avian Influenza and the U.S.

Could enter as:

A bird disease

A human disease

VVND

Edema and hemorrhage of the head esp. eyelids

VVND

Hemorrhages in proventriculus

VVND

Necrosis of cecal tonsil and Peyer’s patches

African Swine Fever

Reddening of ears and skin (non-specific)

African Swine Fever

Enlarged dark red or black spleen. Note kidney

African Swine Fever

Hemorrhagic gastro-hepatic lymph nodes

African Swine Fever

Enlarged, hemorrhagic peri-renal lymph nodes

Hog Cholera

Conjunctivitis and exudate at medial canthus

Hog Cholera

Tonsillar necrosis

Hog Cholera

Splenic infarcts

Hog Cholera

Petechial hemorrhages in renal cortex

Rinderpest

BVD

EHD in a cow

Bluetongue

EHD

Rinderpest

Necrosis of Peyer’s patches

Rinderpest

Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa

Peste des Petits Ruminants

Zebra stripe hemorrhages of colonic mucosa - goat

Stomatitis-Enteritis Case Definition

Ocular Discharge

Nasal Discharge

And

Fever

Oral Erosions/Lesions

Salivation

Corneal Opacity

Diarrhea

Death

Outbreaks of contagious disease exhibiting discharge (ocular and nasal) and any two of the above-mentioned symptoms should be reported as stomatitis-enteritis outbreaks. Note that it is the outbreak that must meet the case definition, not individual animals.

The stomatitis-enteritis case definition is used to ensure that all case that could be Rinderpest are investigated

How to Do the Gel Diffusion Test for Rinderpest

Rinderpest 1980’s

Rinderpest 2003

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Cutaneous lymphosarcoma

Lumpy Skin Disease

Lumpy skin disease

massive lymphadenopathy and edema of the forelimb is common

Lumpy Skin Disease

From: The Gray Book

Sheep pox lesions on underside of tail of a sheep

Recovered case of lumpy skin disease. The scars are called “sitfasts”