8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

1/60

Stephen Younkin

Daniel WaldenChelsea Dunning

Tim Kirchner

Stephanie Rossow

Zoe Trent

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

2/60

TelevisionMagazines

Grocery Stores

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

3/60

Fad diets are diet plans that focus on

losing weight, usually in an unrealistic

amount of time, and often lacking one ofthe macronutrients. They attract a large

number of people who are looking for an

easy way to achieve a better physique.

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

4/60

Does this diet make some foods offlimits?

Does this diet promise huge weight lossin a short amount of time?

Are some foods labeled as Good andBad?

Does this diet exclude exercise?Do I have to buy specific foods from a

specific supplier? Is this plan temporary?

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

5/60

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

6/60

How it works: Phase 1: Induction

Phase 2: Ongoing weight loss

Phase 3: Pre-maintenance

Phase 4: Maintenance

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

7/60

On the menu Eggs, meat, fish (all proteins)

Olive oil, butter, cheese, olives

Lettuce, cucumber, tomato, broccoli, avocado

(most vegetables)

Artificial sweeteners (such as Splenda)

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

8/60

Off the menu Sugar and baked goods

None in Phase 1, but added back in later phases

Starchy vegetables, like corn and sweet peas

Bread, pasta, potato

Fruit

Alcohol Nuts

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

9/60

How it works 3 Phases

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

10/60

On the menu Lean meats and shellfish

Meat substitutes and tofu

Eggs, cheese, nuts, and beans

Vegetables

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

11/60

Off the menu Bread, rice, potatoes, pasta (none in Phase 1, but

added back in later phases)

Fruit (none in Phase 1, but added back in later

phases)

Baked goods

Sugar

Alcohol

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

12/60

How they work Restricting carbohydrates causes the body to go

into a metabolic state called ketosis.

The person gets energy from ketones, which are

little carbon fragments created by the

breakdown of fat stores.

In ketosis you feel less hungry.

Ketosis can cause health problems

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

13/60

Unhealthy metabolic state (ketosis)

Kidney failure

Osteoporosis and kidney stonesHigh cholesterol

Cancer

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

14/60

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

15/60

One size doesnt fit all If a low carb diet is used it must be tailored to

the individual to avoid the hazardous side

effects.

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

16/60

3 academic medical centers307 participants with mean age of 45.5 years and a mean BMI of36.1 kg/m(2)Low carbohydrate diet vs. low fat dietResults:

Weight loss was approximately 11 kg (11%) at 1 year and 7 kg

(7%) at 2 years.No differences in weight, body composition, or bone mineraldensity at any time.

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

17/60

First 6 months Diastolic blood pressure

Triglyceride levels

Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels

Successful weight loss can be achieved with either

a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet when coupled

with behavioral treatment.

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

18/60

Beliefs

Return to the lifestyle and diet for which we have

been genetically designed

Diets and lifestyles are much more divergent

due to the agricultural revolution

Highly processed synthetic diets have led to

overweight and obesity epidemic

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

19/60

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

20/60

whole, natural, fresh foods; avoid highly processed and high-glycemic-load foods

diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and berries; low in refine grains andsugar; nutrient-dense, low-glycemic-load fruits and vegetables such asberries, plums, citrus, apples, cantaloupe, spinach, tomatoes, broccoli,cauliflower, and avocados are best

Increase consumption of omega-3 fatty acids from fish, fish oil, and plantsources

Avoid trans-fats entirely; limit intake of saturated fats. Eliminate friedfoods, hard margarine, commercial baked goods, packaged andprocessed snack foods.

Increase consumption of lean protein-skinless poultry, fish, game meats

and lean cuts of red meat (cuts with the words round or loin are generallylean. Avoid high-fat dairy and fatty, salty processed meats such as bacon,

sausage, and deli meats Incorporate olive oil/and/or non-trans-fatty acid canola oil into the diet Drink water Participate in daily exercise from various activities

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

21/60

Paleo contained 2-3 times more fiber

1.5-2 times more poly and monounsaturated fats

4 times more omega-3 fats

60-70% less saturated fats

2-3 times more protein

3-4 higher potassium 4-5 times lower sodium

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

22/60

Study examined the long-term effects of

the Paleo diet in domestic pigs upon

weaningExamine risk factors for disease after 15

months Glucose tolerance

Post-challenge insulin response Plasma C-reactive protein

Blood pressure

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

23/60

Paleo group weighed 22% less and had

43% lower subcutaneous fat thickness

mid sternum Insulin sensitivity significantly higher

Insulin response significantly lower

Mean of C-reactive protein 82% lower

Diastolic blood pressure 13% lower

Strongest explanatory variable-diet

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

24/60

Jnsson et al. Nutrition & Metabolism 2006 3:39

doi:10.1186/1743-7075-3-39

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

25/60

Average insulin area under the curve from 0-120 minutes

was significantly lower by 47% in Paleolithic group afterintravenous bolus of glucose (0.5 g/kg body weight) at age17 months

Jnsson et al. Nutrition &Metabolism 2006

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

26/60

The removal of a harmful substance(as a poison or toxin)or the effect

of such.

SchaefferJ, Spring cleansing: assing the benefits and risks of detox diets, Todays Dietician,2008 May 8. 34:38

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

27/60

Substances that have entered the bodythrough bad habits (ie smoking) or

through additives or preservatives in

food

Schaeffer Et al

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

28/60

Endogenous toxins

Exogenous toxins

Accumulate in liver through filtration

Toxic factors influenced by ethnicity, age,disease, environment, lifestyle, drugs,genetic variation, dietary factors

Bennett P, Working up the toxic patient: practical interventions and stratigies

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

29/60

Juice fast

10 day fast-lemon juice

-cayanne pepper

-maple syrup

-salt-water

SchaefferJ Et al, Spring cleansing: assessing the benefits and risks of detox diets

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

30/60

2 T Lemon Juice (approximately of alemon)

2 T of Organic, grade b maple syrup

-USDA classification1/10 t of cayenne pepper powder

-most effective if put into a capsule andtaken while drinking mixture

10 oz of distilled water-6 x per day (must have 60 oz of mixture

daily)Themastercleanserecipe.org, 2010

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

31/60

Decreased insulin response to glucose loadafter long period of food restriction

Hypertrophy of pancreatic islets (insulin ismost effective in small amounts)

More glucose administered to rats resultedin lower insulin levels in the plasma

Ishii Y, Ohta T, Sasase T, Morinaga H, Miyajima K, Kakutani M. Effects ofFood Restriction on Pancreatic Islet in SpontaneouslyDiabetic Torii Fatty Rats. J Vet Med Sci. 2010; Sep 22

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

32/60

Activation of pancreatic islet cells uponrapid ingestion of food after prolongedfasting

Can lead to life-threatning electrolyteimbalances

Reports of being fatigued, depressed, anddisoriented

Ishii Y, Ohta T, Sasase T, Morinaga H, Miyajima K, Kakutani M. Effects ofFood Restriction on Pancreatic Islet in Spontaneously DiabeticTorii Fatty Rats.J Vet Med Sci. 2010; Sep 22

Schaeffer J, Spring cheansing; assessing the benefits and risks of detox diets

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

33/60

Hepatic= liver

3 phase process

-detoxification

-creating conjugates

-efflux proteins

Amacher DE, A toxicologists guide to biomarkers of hepatic response. 2002; Human & Exper Toxicol 21:253-262

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

34/60

The body is naturally equipped to

remove toxins via sweat, urine, feces, and

hepatic detoxification.

Heilbron LK,Journl of Clin Nutr, 2005; (81);69-73

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

35/60

Vague and ill defined

Misleading and inaccurate

Cell rejuvination occurs on its own by

doing nothing at all

Not evidenced based

ShaefferJ, Spring cleansing: assessing the benefits and risks of detox diets. Todays Dietician. 2010, May 8. 34-38

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

36/60

Avoid laxitivesAdequate fluid intakeExercise25-38 g dietary fiber to maintain colon

healthAdequate Vitamin D, folate, methionineModeration of ethanolWeight controlProbioticsDavis CD, MilnerJA. Gastrointestinal microflora, food components and colon cancer prevention. J Nutr Biochem, 2009

Oct;20(10);743-52 Epub 2009 Aug 27

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

37/60

Negative energy balance leads to weight

loss

Increasing physical activity helps reach a

negative balance

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

38/60

To lose 1 lb per week, 500 kcal per day

must be eliminated from the body

To lose 2 lbs per week, 1000 kcal per day

must be eliminated from body

This is challenging to do safely by diet

alone, physical activity makes it possible

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

39/60

125lbs 155 lbs 185 lbs

Weight Lifting 90 112 133

Elliptical Trainer 270 335 400

Computer Work 41 51 61

Swimming: breaststroke 300 372 444

Running: 6 mph (10 min/mile) 300 372 444

Walk: 4.5 mph (13 min/mi) 150 186 222

Tennis: general 210 260 311

Sleeping 19 23 28

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

40/60

Helps Control weight Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease Improve mental health and mood

Strengthen bones and muscles Reduce risk of some cancers (colon and breast) Reduce risk of type 2 diabetes Reduce risk of stroke Reduce risk of metabolic syndrome Increase chances of living longerU.S. department ofHealth and Human Science.Health Benefits of Physical ActivityA Review of the

Strength of the Scientific Evidence. 2008

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

41/60

Effect of Exercise on 24-Month Weight Loss

Maintenance in Overweight Women

Jakicic, Marcus, Lang,Janney. Effect of exercise on 24-month weight loss

maintenance in overweight women. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 1550-1559.

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

42/60

To reduce risk of chronic disease: 30minutes of activity most days of the week

To manage weight: 60 minutes of activity

most days of the weekTo prevent weight regain after loss: 90

minutes of activity most days of the weekHealth benefits increase with intensity

and length of activityDietary Guidelines for Americans. Key Recommendations. 2008.

http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/chapter4.htm

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

43/60

Adults should get 120 minutes per weekof moderate intensity activity, or 75minutes of vigorous intensity activity

Additional health benefits if adults get300 minutes of moderate intensityactivity, or 120 minutes of vigorousintensity activity

Muscle strengthening activities shouldbe done two days per week

http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/factsheetprof.aspx

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

44/60

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

45/60

It is the position of the American Dietetic

Association that successful weight

management to improve overall health for

adults requires a lifelong commitment to

healthful lifestyle behaviors emphasizing

sustainable and enjoyable eating practices

and daily physical activity.

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

46/60

Assessment

Diagnosis

Intervention

Monitoring and Evaluation

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

47/60

Prevent/stop weight gain

Improve health

Modify eating and exercise behaviors

Improved eating, exercise, and other

behaviors

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

48/60

Other diets

Low fat/reduced energy diet

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

49/60

Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. Foster GD, WyattHR, HillJO, Makris AP, Rosenbaum DL, Brill C, Stein RI,Mohammed BS, Miller B, Rader DJ, Zemel B, Wadden TA, TenhaveT, Newcomb CW, Klein S

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679559. Accessed October 3, 2010. Bennet, P, Working up the toxic patient: practical interventions and treatment strategies 13 th Internatl Symposium of The Institute of

Functional Medicine Amacher DE, A toxicologists guide to biomarkers of hepatic response. 2002; Human & Exper Toxicol 21:253-262. Davis CD, Milner JA. Gastrointestinal microflora, food components and colon cancer prevention.J Nutr Biochem, 2009

Oct;20(10);743-52 Epub2009 Aug 27 Heilbron LK,Journl of Clin Nutr, 2005; (81);69-73 Ishii Y, Ohta T, Sasase T, Morinaga H, Miyajima K, Kakutani M. Effects ofFood Restriction on Pancreatic Islet in Spontaneously

Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats.J Vet Med Sci. 2010; Sep 22 Themastercleanserecipe.org, copyright 2010 Shaeffer J, Spring cleansing: assessing the benefits and risks of detox diets. Todays Dietician. 2010, May 8. 34-38 Johnstone AM,Horgan GW, Murison SD, Bremner DM, Lobley GE. Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and

weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:44-45 WebMD Medical Reference. High Protein, Low Carb Diets. 2010. Available at: http://women.webmd.com/guide/high-protein-low-

carbohydrate-diets. Accessed September 23, 2010. OKeefeJH, Cordain L. Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to

become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer. 2004; Mayo Clin Proc;79:101-108. Jonsson T, Ahren B, Pacini G, SundlerF, Wierup N, Steen S, Sjoberg T, Ugander M, Frostegard J, Goransson L, Lindeberg S. A

Paleolithic diet confers higher insulin sensitivity, lower C-reactive protein and lower blood pressure than a cereal-based diet indomestic pigs. 2006; Nutr Metab (Lond);3:39.

Bennet, P, Working up the toxic patient: practical interventions and treatment strategies 13 th Internatl Symposium of The Institute ofFunctional Medicine

Amacher DE. A toxicologists guide to biomarkers of hepatic response. 2002; Human & Exper Toxicol 21:253-262. Davis CD, Milner JA. Gastrointestinal microflora, food components and colon cancer prevention.J Nutr Biochem, 2009

Oct;20(10);743-52 Epub2009 Aug 27 Heilbron LK,Journl of Clin Nutr, 2005; (81);69-73 Shay, Shobert, Seibert, Thomas. Adult weight management: translating research and guidelines into practice. J Am Acad Nurse

Pract. 2009; 197-206. Johnston C. Uncle Sams diet sensation: MyPyramidan overview and commentary. MedGenMed. 2005;78. Jakicic, Marcus, Lang,Janney. Effect of exercise on 24-month weight loss maintenance in overweight women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;

1550-1559. Helen M. Seagle, MS, RD (consultant, Denver, CO); Gladys Witt Strain, PhD, RD (Weill College of Medicine of Cornell University,

New York, NY); Angela Makris, PhD, RD (consultant, Huntingdon Valley, PA); Rebecca S. Reeves, DrPH, RD (Behavioral MedicineResearch Center, Houston, TX). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Weight Management.Journal of the AMERICANDIETETIC ASSOCIATION. 2009; 330-331: 333.

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

50/60

Fad Diets and what RDs

And medical professionals

Say.

Professional Issues in

Dietetics

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

51/60

A: B:Gluconeogenesis Hydrolysis

What is the metabolic state achieved by reducing caloric

intake from carbohydrates, causing the body to fuel brainand organ systems with carbon fragments from fat break-

down?

C: D:Peristalsis Ketosis

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

52/60

Ketosis

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

53/60

A: B:Millennium Diet Paleo Diet

What diet resembled similar practices of the diets

Of hunter/ gatherers?

C: D:Native American Diet Arcadian Diet

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

54/60

Paleo Diet

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

55/60

A: B:30 minutes daily 120 minutes daily

According to the 2005 dietary guidelines forAmericans, what amount of physical

Activity is needed to maintain weight loss?

C: D:90 minutes daily 40 minutes 3 times per

week

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

56/60

A: B: 120 minutes daily

According to the 2005 dietary guidelines forAmericans, what amount of physical

Activity is needed to maintain weight loss?

C: D:90 minutes daily

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

57/60

90 minutes

daily

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

58/60

A: B:Sweat, urine and feces Breath

How does the body naturally rid itself of toxins?

C: D:Tear ducts Mucus membranes

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

59/60

Sweat,

Urine, and

Feces

8/8/2019 Fad Diet 2010 Ppt

60/60

Great Job!!!!Great Job!!!!

Thank you for playing!Thank you for playing!