Factors of Shipping Accident at Nigeria Column-ZUE EDIT (1)

8/10/2019 Factors of Shipping Accident at Nigeria Column-ZUE EDIT (1)

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Marine Accidents Issue:

The Factors Of Shipping Accidents At Nigeria

Nurul Afiqah binti A. Manja. (212809)

Muhammad Nurhamzah bin Bakri .(212810)

Harikrishnan pillai a/l Chandran (212876)

Muhammad Firdaus bin Lasnang. (213350)

Zuraini binti Aziz.(213408)

Abstract

This paper focuses on the human, environemnt cause and prevention and management on

shipping accident in Nigeria. An accident most focus about shipping accident. Although, the

technological development and legislative for control and at the safety at sea. In this discussion

identifies the human and enviroment factors as the weakness link in maritime safety system.

Firstly, in the literature review evaluate the safety measures by human error the term of related

with quantity, quality and assessibility boat operation and organization or staff. Then, the

marine shipping accidents also be cause by the enviroment such as weather. Shipping

accidentare many and complex. Reduced ship maneverability in connection with large scale is

another contributing of factor in shipping accidents case. In the finding this paper got it the

natural condition, techinial failure, route condition, shipping factor and cargo factor related in

the influence of the shippping accidents in waterways. The type of shipping accidents usually

related with collision, breaking up, grounding, standing breakdown of the ship underway, and

fire or explosion accidents.

Regarding of the marine accidents issue the prevention and management existence as the

improvement to prevention of the maritime transport method. The risks of shipping is high so the

important ways with increase the safety standart.

This paper conclude that, marine accident included the ship is on maritime safety to mustconsiderable water tarnsportation activties to coressponding the goverment attention about

regulation. It is therefore recommendation the government country should intervene by the safety

measure put in place by operaors and institutional in areas and accesses the level of

infrastructure inquantity, quality, and accessibility to boat users the level of infrastures. It is

because the shipping marine can give impacts on marine environment and security in operation

managements.



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1.0 Introduction

Regarding marine safety 1998 defines of the

marine accident is involving a vessel

operation navigable water which the loss oflife or injury to any person on board the

vessel.

The marine accident resulted in the

maritime industry efforts to improve the ship

system, ship constructuion reability and

onboard operation to aiming reduce of

marine accident. This topic trying to

descripe the new technologies are not

esstial for the safety at the sea. From thefinding the human factor and enviroment

factor is the major issue element cause of

the marine accident.

Firstly the human error factor as the

common cause of ship accidents is identified

and all the factor with related to human error

at sea. This aspect is related eith different of

human behavior are treated which the

pattern of the behaviour, which can berecognized and quite unique to bring the risk

model. Then the environment factors also

contributed the shipping accident in the

waterways. It is because the condition or

wheather influnce the shipping movement.

So this cause can be challenges for shipping

to fighth whith the natural condition.

Although the development have the power

to control and handling the navigation of

ships.

As, the prevention improvement the

this study decided that culture management

can enchance crew team cohesion, upgrade

communication level and improve the

quality of the working enviroment, the

safety at workplace.

The marine accident this study also

considered the dangerous situation of sea

based on human factor and used a web basesimulator to develop applications in

navigation and ship handling area with

different grades of difficulty and risk.

Analytical Human factros analysis and

classification system is a mechanism for

identifying latent human error in shipping

accidents.

In Nigeria waters to ensure safety of

shipping marine there is lack of enforcementon the part of executing agenies. It is

similiarlly distrurbing when the cause of

ship capsizing in the country are reaptedly

common requiring little government

intervention to avart the but without

necessary official concentred effort to

reverse the ugly trend of loss of enormous

resources. Although, the government has

provided provided the policy framework of

safety still failure to handling shipping

accident.

However, in the woldwide of the

policy to prevetion marine shipping

accidents and protection of seamen and the

other marine employyees the Nigerian

Merchant Shipping Act have the role

important to controlled and handling

accidents in waterways. It was recomenden

amongst others that the need for and

enforced coast guard agency should be on

ground to check mate operataion along the

Nigeria coastal environment and penalties

be place on defauliers of coastal

environmental regulation.



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2.0 Literature review

This study for literature review discused

about the shipping accidents that text our

resource by someone text written toconsider the critical poits of currents

knowledge including the finnding as the

theoretical and methodology contribution to

a particular topic.

A.B Alexopoulos and etc in

University of the Aegean Greece (July,

2001) classified that 60% accident occurredwithin port limit and 20% is coastline. Also

involved the port infrastructure and

facilities, another accident is cause of fire on

board. But the most important cause of

accident is human error with 25%, followed

by weather condition 16%. Other than that,

have lacked relevant information and other

cause is combination of human error and

weather conditions.

Bob-Manuel (2002), observe that

human error was a main factor of shipping

accident or capsizing. He also state the

another factor is overloading the freight.

Egbuh (2006), also state that the accident

can reduce when minimize the period of

exposurelike the number of trips of boat per

day, wave data, detailed study about wave pattern, and developing ways to encounter

dangerous wave.

The Nigerian Association of Master

Mariners (NAMM) in 2009 identify that

poor pilotage service, lack of adequate

lighting system at port, failure to sound

signal, inappropriate speed of the ship, light

and shape off. Another cause is poor

selection and maintenance of course,

insufficient attention to weather, insufficient

maintenance, inspection or handling fuel oil.

In addition, the United State Coast

Guard (USCG,2005) state the number one

cause of accident is caused by improper

loading or overloading the freight. USCG

statistic shows that 61% of accident were

caused by improper vessel operation, 21%cause by alcohol, 14% turbulent water, and

12% improper vessel loading.

3.0 Methodology

The methodology is the specific method

amd ways may derived to interpret and solve

the differents problem and issue within the

scope of particular. From the study this issue

the data collection taken by secoundry data

such as journal, newspapers, internet web

site, and books. Study carried out is use

method qualitative analysis. To know more

information the issue and preventation of the

shipping accidents issue at Nigeria.

There are several method was taken

to make this paper. The accident data were

collected from different sources such as the

daily newspapers, reports of Department of



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Shipping (DOS). This paper administers got

the information from the rsecondry resource

to know about data collection by owners,

boat drivers, boat users, boat builders, boat

engine mechanics, local government

officials, maritime workers union, the

marine police, traditional regulators and

staff of federal government agencies for

maritime affairs. The reference from

journals was blended by personel

observations on marine infrastructure and

on-the-spot assessment of the quantum of

maritime activities. The accident are analyze

according to different variables such as

vehicle type, time distribution, spatialdistribution, weather conditions, nature of

casualties and others.

4.0 Implementation

Though marine accidents are universally

known to be responsible for bringinginternational conventions into place, the

Directorate General of Shipping (DGS),

Government of India, also finds these as

useful inputs for improving management

systems, enhance quality and for making

efficient quality management system to be

effective. In this regard the new Director

General of DGS, GautamChatterjee pointed

out that case studies on maritime accidents

could turn out to be useful if it is

participative and bring about a more realistic

approach to ship operations.

It is possible to improve the quantity

and quality of available data on marine

casualties. However, this will require a

concerted international effort. The focus of

marine casualty investigations must be

changed to emphasize data that is useful for

analyzing casualties for the purpose of

preventing recurrences. The role of human

factors is essential to this analysis.

The maritime accident will decrease

are by improvement of maritime traffic

environments. Firstly, improve of the traffic

safety facilities. In order to improve thesecurity and operational efficiency of

maritime traffic, improvement is being

implemented for beacons that correspond to

changes in the maritime traffic environment

such as improving the maintenance of ports

and ocean routes, and accelerating ship

traffic. As of the end of 2009, 5 393 beacon

groups are being managed. In 2009, the

improvement and strengthening of traffic

control or information provision system and

prevention of maritime accidents in

congested water areas that applied new

information technology for starting AIS

(Automatic Identification System) in the

Kanmon Passege advancement and

augmentation of existing beacons in Tokyo

Bay, and installation of 610 LED (light-

emitting diode) light sources were

implemented.

Secondly, focus on maritime safety

dissemination by spreading of the principle

of prevention. In order to prevent maritime

accidents, it is important to raise the



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awareness of maritime accident prevention

in maritime participators, marine leisure

lovers, and each citizen. Therefore,

compliance with maritime laws and

enforcement of safe operation have been

instructed through opportunities such as

maritime accident prevention seminars and

guidance visits to ships. Also, newsletters

were issued with explanation of the

summary and analysis results of accidents

investigation reports that were publicized by

the Japan Transport Safety Board, and were

widely distributed to maritime participators.

With regard to cases of sinking of

recreational fishing vessels, and in relationto the opinions stated to the Director

General of the Fisheries Agency, Ministry of

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

regarding the enhancing and strengthening

of training sessions that target recreational

fishing vessel operators, a newsletter has

been issued that features accident cases of

recreational fishing vessels and ferryboats,

and should contribute to the materials used

in the same training sessions.

Thirdly, ensuring safe operation of

boats and ships by strengthening of

operational duty inspections. The

inspections were targeting passenger ships

and cargo ships, audits are carried out based

on the Maritime Transportation Law and

Coastal Shipping Law, and efforts have beenmade to improve auditing methods and

enhance the system. Next, implementation

of the transport safety management system.

Based on the “Transport Safety

Management System” introduced in October

2006, a safety management system was

established by the operators which was

taken action by management executives to

on-the-site workers as a whole. The country

carried out the evaluation for transport

safety management to 1137 companies by

the December 2009 to confirm the status of

implementation.

Besides that, they were augmentation

of safety measures for small vessels by

promotion of safety measures for pleasure

boats. Through guidance visits to ships and

maritime accident prevention seminars, the

Japan Coast Guard has implemented

detailed guidance and edification catering to

the proper procurement of weather and

hydrographic information as well as the

compliance of leisure to maritime laws, all

corresponding with leisure purposes. The

National Police Agency has focused on

water areas with heavy maritime traffic

outside ports, seaside resorts frequented by

many swimming visitors, and water areas

with active marine leisure sports. In addition

to carrying out safety guidance with police boats, efforts have been made to ensure

water safety through patrols with the

collaboration of police aircrafts, cooperation

and collaboration with local and relative

organizations, and by improving the marine

leisure environment, instructing safety

measures for marine leisure providers, and

holding activities for marine leisure users to

raise awareness of safety.

In addition to investigating measures

that primarily impact human reliability,

measures to improve equipment reliability

should also be similarly examined. Once

sufficient information has been developed



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on the impact of prospective measures on

equipment and human reliability, their

overall impact on the risk of collision and

grounding should be established. These risk

analyses can be accomplished by forming

event trees using the previously developed

fault trees and reliability information. This

will also be an interactive process to

determine the overall impact of various

measures, implemented to varying degrees.

5.0 Finding

Shipping accident is a term generally used

for any accident results in financial loss,

either in life and/or property or both. (Akten,

1982)

The reasons for shipping accidents

are many and complex. Increased sizes of

ships to achieve economies in transport costs

are one of the primary reasons. Bigger size

brings corresponding increases in cargo and passenger capacity hence when an accident

or a casualty occurs, the risk of life and

property immediately becomes higher.

Reduced ship maneuverability in connection

with larger scale, which ultimately is a

function of increased risk, is another

contributing factor in marine accidents.

(Chapman and Akten, 1998)

There may be several causes forshipping accidents. In broad terms these are

natural conditions, technical failures, route

conditions, ship-related factors,human or

personal errors and cargo related factors.

• Natural conditions could be natural

phenomena such as current, tide and

tidal stream, severe wind, reduced

visibility (fog, heavy snow and rain),

storm seas, darkness etc. affecting

the ship or those controlling her.

• Technical failures are shortcomingswithin the ship, such as corrosion,

steering failure, engine failure, or

hull failure arising from defective

materials or construction, or by the

shore-based installations, such as

aids to navigation.

• Route conditions may include

navigational error like over reliance

on inaccurate nautical charts, chartsof suspect reliability or based upon

old surveys, narrow channels with

abrupt and angular windings,

allowing for very limited

maneuverability and exposed to

dense marine traffic, such as the

Lokoja, Nigeria, anchorage

contiguous to traffic separation

lanes, confined marine areas with

insufficient sea-room as well as

navigational hazards such as shoals,

reefs, wrecks etc.

• Ship-related factors could be the

weakness of a ship, associated with

her larger size, hence less

maneuvering capability and stability

or draught constraints.

• Human errors may include, interalia, a lack of adequate knowledge

and experience, technical inability,

bad look-out, not paying proper

attention to procedures and rules,

carelessness in commanding a ship,

misinterpretations of radar



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information, fatigue and lack of

alertness, overworking, tiredness,

insufficient rest periods, etc.

• Cargo-related factors mostly

include dangerous goods and heavycargoes; i.e. their hazardous

characteristics (oils, chemicals,

nuclear substances), the place/

compartment they are stowed

onboard ships (on deck or under

deck), and degree of diligence that

such cargoes need (grain, timber), all

of which are related to ships’

seaworthiness.

Any accident may have more than

one cause. Nevertheless, statistical analyses

on the basis of the main causal trends

explicitly reveal that human errors, though

declining marginally, continue to be the

major cause for all shipping accidents -

being almost 80 percent. In other words,

“the acts or omissions of human beings playsome part in virtually every accident,

including failures, like structural or

equipment ones, which may be the

immediate cause.” (ISF and ICS, 1996)

6.0 Conclusion

From of of the shipping accidents in the

Nigeria are generally caused by human and

environment factors which the marine

accidents in the sea, on the coast and along

the inland waterways. Also the main of

technological is the importance items to help

and supported the marine safety. In case, the

Northern Nigeria are generally caused by

the overloading, overcrowding, wreks along

the water channels, night salling without

adequate light, absence of river marks and

lack enforcement of safety regulations by

goverments agencies. So, the government

responsible to implementation of the

enforcement of Cabotage Act should not be

limited to the activities on coastal waters.

It is to measure the crewmen to

control and handling the poor maintenance

of the ship, engine and equipment

malfuction and harsh weather condition for

navigation of sea or waterways.Then to the

reduce the marine accidents the role of

policy also important as the legislative or

guideline. The goverment agency

responsible for maritime safety and

administration in the country. It is also

responsible for the implementation of the

provision of Cabotage Policy. Which the

policy responsible to protection of the small

company ships. The prevention and themanagemant of shipping accidents very

important delivery of international trade

connection.

Then, this study can conclude most

of the reason that responsible for the current

shipping accident in Nigeria has been

revealed. The impacts of these accidents on

Nigerian coastal environment, national

economy,national image and live and property were also highlighted. The various

of findings also revealed that majority of the

marien accident in Nigeria are widely

caused due to hman error and evironment

even though the current of emergency

response in Nigeria is relatively low.



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