FACETS OF PURPOSEFUL VOCABULARY INSTRUCTION
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Transcript of FACETS OF PURPOSEFUL VOCABULARY INSTRUCTION
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FACETS OFPURPOSEFUL VOCABULARY INSTRUCTION Provide rich and varied language experiences
discussion, focused attention on words, being read to, wide and frequent reading
Teach word-learning strategies Using context, using morphology (word parts), using a
dictionary
Foster word consciousness Awareness, interest in words and their meanings,
understanding of communicative power of language
Teach individual words (Graves, 2006)
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PURPOSE FOR TEACHING To understand a specific text better
To learn a specific concept and its label
To improve comprehension of texts in general
To increase one’s understanding of some aspect of generative word knowledge
To improve writingNagy & Heibert, 2007, presentation
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WORD HIERARCHY
(Beck, McKeown, 1985)
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CRITERIA FOR WORD SELECTION Word Knowledge
prior knowledge necessary understanding
Frequency & Distribution rate of occurrence in
English text
Importance reading comprehension
(particular selection, general comprehension)
content-specific achievement
Utility outside of particular
school context instructional potential generativity morphology (word
parts) semantic-relatedness
(categories of meaning)
Conceptual difficulty
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CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTY Known concept that
can be expressed with a one-word synonym or familiar phrase Often found in narrative
text Often can be learned
from context or understand essential meaning of text without deep word knowledge
altercation (fight) apologize (to say you’re
sorry)
Unknown concept that can be learned from available experiences & information (background knowledge)
naive independence embarrassment nostalgia elation
(Nagy, Anderson, & Herman, 1987 adapted from Hiebert, 2008, presentation)
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CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTY Unknown concept
requiring learning of new factual information or related system of concepts Less likely to be learned
from context Understanding meaning
often necessary for comprehension of academic text
Often more abstract Often polysemus (having
multiple meanings)
divide (as boundary between drainage basins)
democracy
periodic sentence
(Nagy, Anderson, & Herman, 1987 in Hiebert, 2008, presentation)
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How would you teach these words?(1) synonym, phrase, or picture (2) prior experiences (3) providing new information
revolution
amcheesecake
puzzled
staccato constellation
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MORPHOLOGICAL FAMILIES Morpheme – smallest unit of meaning
bases, rootsprefixessuffixes
(http://www.wordworkskingston.com/)
"Morphological knowledge is a
wonderful dimension of the child's uncovering of "what's in a word," and one of the least
exploited aids to fluent comprehension" (Wolf,
2007, p. 130).
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QUESTIONS WORTH ASKING Is this word unknown?
Is this word critical to understanding (the particular text, the particular subject matter)?
Is this a word students are likely to encounter again (in sophisticated language use, in this particular subject, in other domains)?
Is this word conceptually difficult (abstract, new concept, multiple meanings)?
Does this word have high instructional potential (morphology, connections to other words, word learning)?
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CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE DIRECT VOCABULARY INSTRUCTION (MARZANO, 2004)
Effective vocabulary instruction does not rely on definitions.
Students must represent their knowledge of words in linguistic and nonlinguistic ways.
Effective vocabulary instruction involves the gradual shaping of word meanings through multiple exposures.
Teaching word parts enhances students’ understanding of terms.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE DIRECT VOCABULARY INSTRUCTION (MARZANO, 2004)
Different types of words require different types of instruction.
Students should discuss the terms they are learning.
Students should play with words.
Instruction should focus on terms that have a high probability of enhancing academic success.
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RATE YOUR PRACTICE Rate your current vocabulary instruction
according to the characteristics of effective vocabulary instruction.
+ My instruction demonstrates this characteristic consistently and intentionally.
√ My instruction demonstrates this characteristic on occasion and/or with some intention.
- My instruction demonstrates this characteristic rarely.
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QUICK INTRODUCTION Learning new words for known concepts in text
During read-aloud Before students read text
Read-aloud Provide known synonym/descriptive phrase after the
word (without disrupting the narration)
Prior to student reading Display or quick note with target word and known
synonym/descriptive phrase Preview descriptions provided in textbooks
(supplement as necessary)
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CONTEXT-RELATIONSHIP Learning new words representing known
concepts
1. Create a brief paragraph that gives the meaning of the word.
2. Follow the paragraph with a multiple-choice item that checks students’ understanding of the word.
3. Show the paragraph, read it aloud, and read the multiple-choice options.
4. Pause to give students a moment to answer the item, provide the correct answer, and discuss the word and any questions they have.
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WORD INTRODUCTIONCommon Components from Experts1. Student Friendly Explanations
Characterize word and typical use Explain meaning in everyday language
2. Teacher-Created Contexts Develop instructional contexts that provide
strong clues to meaning Examples, Non-examples
3. Active Engagement with Words Short, playful, lively opportunities for
students to interact with words and meanings right away
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BUILDING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY: THE SIX-STEP METHODMarzano, R. (2004). Building background knowledge for academic achievement. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Marzano, R. (2005). Building academic vocabulary: Teacher’s manual. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
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BUILDING ACADEMIC VOCABULARYA SIX-STEP PROCESS
Massed Practice
initial word learning
Distributive Practice
periodically
all previous words
4. Engage students in word activities5. Discuss words6. Engage student “play” with words
1. Introduce word Student friendly descriptions, examples,
explanations, images, etc. Must connect to students’ prior knowledge
2. Students generalize meaning3. Students create nonlinguistic representation
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STUDENT FRIENDLY EXPLANATIONS RESOURCES
Oxford Dictionary of American English Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English The Free Dictionary.com The Collins English Cobuild Dictionary
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ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH WORDS Consider curiosity Questions
Why would a person have a curiosity for hiking in a jungle?
Example or Non-example? Which do you think people
might have a curiosity about? Hiking in a jungle or hiking
in a desert? Riding on a cruise ship or
riding in a row boat?
Finish the idea After watching the movie
advertisement, they had a curiosity to see the movie because _____.
Have you ever…? Have you ever had a
curiosity to learn something new?
Choices If what I say might be
something people have a curiosity for, say curiosity”…
Reading an adventure book Trying a new candy Picking out white socks at the
store
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STUDENT RESPONSESANITA ARCHER
What good instructional practices did you observe?
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APRIL’S VIDEO - 2 GROUPS
A’s – Observe the steps from vocabulary planning guide that are used
B’s – Observe the response techniques that are used
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637 percentile pts.
higher than… …students who kept repeating definitions.
421 percentile pts.
higher than… …students who were using the terms in a sentence.
Students who used imagery to learn vocabulary, on average, performed…
# of studies
(Pickering, 2007, ASCD presentation)
RESEARCH ON IMAGERY AS ELABORATION
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MASSED VS. DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE 24 focused practices to achieve 80%
competency
Massed Practice
Distributed Practice
(Marzano, Pickering, & Pollock, 2001, p. 67)
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MASSED & DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5
Important Assumption:“Learning” implies that students can recall, understand, and use information for the long term.
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FREQUENT STUDENT SELF-ASSESSMENT
Students self-rate level of word knowledge. Encourages student reflection, discussion
1 I’ve never heard this word before.
2 I’ve heard this word, but I don’t really know what it means.
3 I know the general meaning of this word, though I cannot specifically define it.
4 Whether spoken or written, I know this word well and understand its meaning.
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STUDENT-CREATED DICTIONARIES Students maintain a collection of words
and elaborative information that is periodically reviewed, expanded, and shared.Synonyms, antonyms, semantically-related
words, pictures, authentic text, etc.
Various formsTeacher-created template, note cards, matrix,
using table of contents, electronic databaseTeacher-generated lists, student-generated
lists
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ASCD. (2005). Building Academic Vocabulary: Student Notebook. Retrieved
September 20, 2006, from http://shop.ascd.org/productdisplay.cfm?productid=105154e
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WINK BooksWords I Need to Know
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VOCABULARY MATRIX
< , >, ≤
Word Description
Word Parts Related Words
Visual
inequalitya relationship that is not equal
prefix: in- (not)root: equalsuffix: -ity (changes from adj to noun)
equalityequationequalinoperableinedibleintolerableIndependentjovialityindividualityneutrality
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Vocabulary Rings
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Provoke/Vocabogram
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Word StormA-B C-D E-F G-H
I-J K-L M-N O-P
Q-R S-T U-V-W X-Y-Z
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INSIDE-OUTSIDE CIRCLE Pass out cards to every student. (Duplicate
cards can be used.) Number off students by 1 (outside) and 2
(inside) Match up so that each person is facing a partner. Outside circle shares their word or definition;
inside circle provides answer SWITCH CARDS, outside circle rotate left
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Word WallActivities
Exit Slip / Admit SlipWord HuntMr. & Mrs. PickySynonym or Antonym
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I HAVE… WHO HAS…? Students practice pronouncing words,
speaking clearly, and reinforcing definitions.
Pass out cards randomly. Ex. I have a right triangle who has an angle that
is less than 90 degrees. Who has…?
Students respond as prompted.
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50 points 50 points 50 points
100 points
100 points
200 points
Pyramid Game
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motor trolley rail
harbor cargo
journey
50 points 50 points 50 points
100 points
100 points
200 points
Pyramid Game Unit Theme?
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Interview a Word Select key words important to understanding a
concept or story. Divide your class into teams. Give each team a word and a list of questions. Have students “become” the word and answer
the questions. In front of the group, one person on the team
asks the questions. The team takes turns answering while everyone else listens.
After listening, the class tries to guess the word.
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VOCABULARY CONTINUUM Encourage student discussion and
elaborative processing of meaning among synonyms or related words.
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VOCABULARY CONTINUUM mistake error blunder
hatedislike loatheabhor
adore cherish blunder
Encourage student discussion!
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CLASSIFYING Provide students with vocabulary cards
Have students place cards into categories label the categories see how other groups classified their cards or regroup
cards using a different criteria
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VOCABULARY – ALIVE WRITING Provide a list of terms for students to use in a
single related piece of writing.
For Example:Use 15 of the 20 terms listed above
in a meaningful paragraph, story, poem or letter to convince me of your understanding. Put a check mark next to the terms you choose and underline them in the writing.
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Write a paragraph using the words listed above in the word bank to describe the graph that is shown at the right.
intercept slope decreasing
parallel constant intersection
increasing quadrant perpendicular
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NAME THAT CONCEPT!1. Partner A: Provide clues to your partner
without using the actual words, derivatives, or rhymes.
definitions, examples, descriptions, contexts
2. Partner B: Name the concept or component or say “pass” to move on to the next item.
Goal: Successfully communicate all items in one minute.
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Encourage Word Consciousness & Excitement
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Word of the Day
What is the purpose???
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GAMES Apples to Apples Balderdash Boggle Charades Listen Up! Mad Gab Outburst
Oodles Password Scattegories Scrabble Taboo Upwords Win, Lose, or Draw
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IDIOMS & METAPHORIC EXPRESSIONS
Colors Dogs Cats Body Parts Farm Animals Baseball
Football Space Sky Numbers Food Insects