FACET Circuitos 2 Parte 1
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Transcript of FACET Circuitos 2 Parte 1
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Instructors Guide
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SECOND EDITION
First Printing, July 2003
Copyright March, 2003 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopied, recorded, or
otherwise, without prior written permission from Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a
commitment on the part of Lab-Volt Systems, Inc. The Lab-Volt
F.A.C.E.T.
software and
other materials described in this document are furnished under a license agreement or a
nondisclosure agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms
of the agreement.
ISBN 0-86657-228-7
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and F.A.C.E.T.
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All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Other trademarks and trade
names may be used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and names or
their products. Lab-Volt System, Inc. disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade
names other than its own.
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Lab-Volt License Agreement By using the software in this package, you are agreeing to
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THIS PAGE IS SUPPOSE TO BE BLANK
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i
Table of Contents
Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation............................................................... 1-1
Inventory of Workstation ........................................................................................................ 1-1
Minimum Computer Requirements.................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment and Supplies..................................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment Installation ............................................................................................................ 1-1
Software Installation ............................................................................................................... 1-1
Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum................................................................ 2-1
Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 2-2
Screen Buttons ........................................................................................................................ 2-3
F.A.C.E.T Help Screens and Resources.................................................................................. 2-4
Internet Access ........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Instructor Annotation Tool...................................................................................................... 2-5
Student Journal........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Assessing Progress .................................................................................................................. 2-6
Real-Number Questions and Answers .................................................................................... 2-8
Recall Values in Text ............................................................................................................ 2-10
Safety .................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Section 3 Courseware ............................................................................................................. 3-1
Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator.................................................................................... 3-1
Exercise 1 AC Waveform Generator Familiarization.......................................................... 3-3
Exercise 2 Generator Impedance ......................................................................................... 3-6
Unit 2 AC Measurements ..................................................................................................... 3-11
Exercise 1 AC Amplitude Measurement............................................................................ 3-13
Exercise 2 Measuring With an Oscilloscope ..................................................................... 3-17
Exercise 3 Measuring and Setting Frequency.................................................................... 3-20
Exercise 4 Phase Angle...................................................................................................... 3-24
Unit 3 Inductance.................................................................................................................. 3-29
Exercise 1 Inductors........................................................................................................... 3-31
Exercise 2 Inductors in Series and in Parallel.................................................................... 3-36
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ii
Unit 4 Inductive Reactance .................................................................................................. 3-49
Exercise 1 Inductive Reactance ......................................................................................... 3-50
Exercise 2 Series RL Circuits ............................................................................................ 3-57
Exercise 3 Parallel RL Circuits .......................................................................................... 3-62
Unit 5 Transformers ............................................................................................................. 3-71
Exercise 1 Transformer Windings ..................................................................................... 3-73
Exercise 2 Mutual Inductance............................................................................................ 3-78
Exercise 3 Transformer Turns and Voltage Ratios ............................................................ 3-81
Exercise 4 Transformer Secondary Loading...................................................................... 3-87
Unit 6 Capacitance................................................................................................................ 3-99
Exercise 1 Capacitors....................................................................................................... 3-101
Exercise 2 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel................................................................ 3-105
Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance .............................................................................................. 3-113
Exercise 1 Capacitive Reactance ..................................................................................... 3-114
Exercise 2 Series RC Circuits .......................................................................................... 3-121
Exercise 3 Parallel RC Circuits........................................................................................ 3-126
Unit 8 Time Constants ........................................................................................................ 3-135
Exercise 1 RC Time Constants ........................................................................................ 3-137
Exercise 2 RC and RL Wave Shapes ............................................................................... 3-142
Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers ................................................. A-1
Appendix B Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs) .........................................................B-1
Appendix C Board and Courseware Troubleshooting....................................................... C-1
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iii
Introduction
This Instructor Guide is divided into three sections and the appendices. It provides a unit-by-unit
outline of the Fault Assisted Circuits for Electronics Training (F.A.C.E.T) curriculum.
Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation contains a list and description of
equipment and materials required for all units in this course of study as well as installation
instructions.
Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum provides a description of the courseware
structure, instructions on getting started with the multimedia presentation, and an explanation of
student-progress assessment methods.
Section 3 Courseware includes information that enables the instructor to gain a general
understanding of the units within the course.
The unit objective Unit Fundamentals questions and answers A list of new terms and words for the unit Equipment required for the unit The exercise objectives Exercise Discussion questions and answers Exercise Procedure questions and answers Review questions and answers CMs and Faults available Unit Test questions and answers Troubleshooting questions and answers (where applicable)
Appendices include the questions and answers to the Pretest and Posttest plus additional specific
information on faults and circuit modifications (CMs).
Please complete and return the OWNER REGISTRATION CARD included with the CD-
ROM. This will assist Lab-Volt in ensuring that our customers receive maximum support.
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iv
THIS
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SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY
AND INSTALLATION
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THIS
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation
1-1
SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION
Inventory of Workstation
Use this section to identify and inventory the items needed.
Minimum Computer Requirements 100% compatible Windows
PC with Windows98 second edition or newer, NT, 2000, Me or XP;
Pentium class CPU, (Pentium II or newer); 126 MB RAM; 10 GB HDD; CD-ROM drive; SVGA
monitor and video card capable of 32-bit color display at 1024 x 768 resolution and sound
capabilities.
Equipment and Supplies The following equipment and supplies are needed for AC1 Fundamentals:
Quantity Description
1 F.A.C.E.T. base unit
1 AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
1 Multimeter
1 Oscilloscope, dual trace
1 Generator, sine wave
1 Student Workbook
1 Instructor Guide
Equipment Installation
To install the hardware, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.
Software Installation
Third Party Application Installation
All applications and files that the courseware launches, or that are required for the course should
be installed before the courseware. Load all third party software according to the manufacturers'
directions. Install this software to the default location and note that location. (Alternatively, you
can install this software to a different location that you designate.) Remember to register all
software as required.
No third-party software is required for this course.
Installation of Courseware and Resources
To install the courseware and resources, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) and
Gradepoint 2020 (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation
1-2
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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T
CURRICULUM
-
THIS
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-1
SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T CURRICULUM
Overview F.A.C.E.T curriculum is multimedia-based courseware. The curriculum gives students hands-on
experience using equipment and software closely associated with industry standards. It provides
students with opportunities for instruction in academic and technical skills.
All courses are activity-driven curricula. Each course consists of several units containing two or
more exercises. Each unit begins with a statement explaining the overall goal of the unit (Unit
Objective). This is followed by Unit Fundamentals. Next is a list of new terms and words then
the equipment required for the unit. The exercises follow the unit material. When students
complete all the exercises, they complete the Troubleshooting section and take the Unit Test.
The exercises consist of an exercise objective, exercise discussion, and exercise procedures. The
Exercise Conclusions section provides the students with a list of their achievements. Every
exercise concludes with Review Questions. Available circuit modifications (CMs) and faults are
listed after the review questions. Additional specific information on CMs and faults is available
in Appendix B.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-2
Getting Started
Desktop
After the Tech-Lab System is installed, the TechLab icon appears on the desktop.
1. Click on the TechLab icon.
2. The student clicks on LOGON and selects his or her name.
3. The student enters his or her password and clicks on OK. (If he or she is creating a password,
four alphanumeric characters must be entered. The system will ask for the password to be
entered again for verification. Keep a record of the students' passwords.)
4. The previous two steps are repeated until all members of the student team have logged on.
Click on Complete and then Yes.
5. When the Available Courses menu appears, students click on the course name.
6. A window with the name of the course and a list of units for that course appears. Students
click on the unit name. The unit title page appears and the students are ready to begin.
Selecting Other Courses and Exiting the Courseware
1. Clicking on Exit when in a unit returns the student to the list of units for that course.
2. If students wish to select another unit, they click on it.
3. If students wish to exit F.A.C.E.T, they click on the X symbol in the upper right corner.
4. If students wish to select another course, they click on the Course Menu button. The
Available Courses menu screen appears. They may also exit F.A.C.E.T from this screen by
clicking on the LOGOFF button.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-3
Screen Buttons
If you click on the F.A.C.E.T logo on the top right of the unit title page the About screen
appears. It acknowledges the copyright holder(s) of video and/or screen-capture material used in
the topic.
The Menu button calls these menus:
when on an exercise menu screen, it calls the Unit Menu.
when on an exercise screen, it calls the Exercise Menu.
when on a unit screen, it calls the Unit Menu.
The Bookmark button marks the current screen. A student can click on the button at any time in
the lesson. The second time the student clicks on the button, the page displayed when the button
was first clicked will return to the screen. Any bookmarks used during a lesson are not saved
when the student logs out of the lesson.
The Application Launch button opens third-party software.
Click on the Resources button to view a pop-up menu. The pop-up menu includes access to a
calculator, a student journal, new terms and words, a print current screen option, the Lab-Volt
authored Internet Website, and a variety of F.A.C.E.T help screens.
The Help button aids students with system information. On certain screens the Help button
appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the Help button will access Screen Help
windows (context-sensitive help).
The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students will have unrestricted access to all
search engines and web sites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.
Use the Exit button to exit the course.
The right arrow button moves you forward to the next screen. The left arrow button moves you backward to the previous screen.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-4
F.A.C.E.T Help Screens and Resources
There are three ways to access F.A.C.E.T help screens and other resources.
System Help Students access System Help by clicking on the Help button at the bottom of the screen when the
button does not appear to be depressed. The menu selections access a variety of system help,
navigation, and information windows.
Screen Help On certain screens, the Help button appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the
Help button will access Screen Help windows. This is information specific to the content of that
particular screen.
Resources Students click on the Resources button to access the following windows.
Calculator
F.A.C.E.T 32-Bit Microprocessor Help
F.A.C.E.T Analog Communications Setup Procedure
F.A.C.E.T Digital Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T Electronics and Troubleshooting Help
F.A.C.E.T Fiber Optic Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T Math Help
Internet Link
New Terms and Words
Print Current Page
Student Journal
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-5
Internet Access
There are two ways for students to access the Internet:
The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students have unrestricted access to all search
engines and websites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.
The Resources button pops up a menu that includes access to the Lab-Volt
authored Internet website. If students wish to access this site when they are not in
the lesson, then they must go to http://learning.labvolt.com.
NOTE: The Lab-Volt Internet site does not have content-filtering
software to block access to objectionable or inappropriate
websites.
Instructor Annotation Tool
The annotation tool gives the instructor the ability to add comments or additional information
onscreen. Refer to the Tech-Lab and GradePoint 2020 Installation Guide for detailed
information.
Student Journal
The student journal is an online notebook that each student can access while they are logged into
TechLab. The journal allows students to share notes with other students in their workgroups.
When used in conjunction with GradePoint 2020, the instructor may post messages, review, edit,
or delete any journal note.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-6
Assessing Progress
Assessment Tools
Student assessment is achieved in several ways:
Exercise questions Unit tests Pretest and Posttest Troubleshooting questions
Exercise and Troubleshooting Questions
Throughout the unit material, exercise discussion, exercise procedure, and troubleshooting
sections there are several types of questions with instant feedback. These questions occur in the
following formats:
Multiple choice True-false Real-number entry
In most cases, when your students encounter a question set, they must answer these questions
before continuing. However, there are cases where students may progress to the next screen
without answering the questions. Lab-Volt recommends that you encourage your students to
complete all questions. In this way, students reinforce the material that's presented, verify that
they understand this material, and are empowered to decide if a review of this material is
required.
Review Questions
At the end of each exercise, there are review questions. The student receives feedback with each
entry. Feedback guides the student toward the correct answer.
Unit Tests
A unit test appears at the end of each unit. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions with
the option of having feedback. The Tech-Lab System defaults to no feedback, but the instructor
can configure the test so that students receive feedback after taking the test. You can randomize
questions in the unit test. Use the Tech-Lab Global Configurator to make feedback available,
randomize questions, and select other configuration options if desired. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-7
Pretest and Posttest
Every course includes a pretest and a posttest. These are multiple choice tests. Refer to the Tech
Lab Quick-Start Guide for detailed information on how to record student competency gains.
Grading
Student grades are based on exercise questions, troubleshooting questions, a unit test, and a
posttest. The default weighting value of the unit test and the threshold for passing the unit test
can be adjusted by using the Global Configurator of the Tech-Lab System. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.
Student Progress and Instructor Feedback
Unit progress is available through the Unit menu. The Progress window allows the instructor and
student to view the percentage of the unit completed, number of sessions, and time spent on that
unit. The Progress window shows whether the Unit Test was completed. If the test was
completed, it indicates whether the student passed based on the scoring criteria.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-8
Real-Number Questions and Answers
Throughout F.A.C.E.T courses students may encounter real-number questions such as the one
shown below. Answers to real-number questions are graded correct if they fall within an
acceptable tolerance range.
The answer to the question posed in the illustration above does not involve a recall value from a
previous question. It appears in the Instructor Guide (IG) as shown in the box below.
The information in the IG tells you where the question is located and the range of acceptable
answers. In this case, the acceptable answers fall within the range of the nominal answer plus or
minus 5 percent tolerance: (15 5%).
Location: Exercise Procedure page:
se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a
VS = Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: V1
Nominal Answer: 15.0
Min/Max Value: (14.25) to (15.75)
Value Calculation: 15.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 5
Correct Plus Tolerance = 5
This is the name the computer uses internally
to identify the input value. In this case, 14.5
will be stored under the name V1.
NOTE: The recall value V1 is not the same as
the voltage V1. The recall label does not
appear onscreen.
In this case, the answer to this question is not
based on a value recalled from a previous
question. Therefore, the Value Calculation is
equal to the Nominal Answer.
The word "true" tells you that the tolerance is
calculated as a percent.
e1p1 stands for
Exercise 1 Procedure screen 1
The computer
saves this input
value so that it can
be recalled for use
in later questions.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-9
A second example (shown below) illustrates an answer that the computer grades using a value
recalled from a previous question.
When a real-number question is based on a recall value from a previous question, the Min/Max
Value shown in the Instructor Guide is based upon a calculation using the lowest and highest
possible recall value. It represents the theoretical range of answers that could be accepted by the
computer. (It is not the nominal answer plus or minus the tolerance.)
To find the actual range of answers that the computer will accept onscreen, you must use the
actual recall value (14.5 in this example) in your calculations; see below.
NOTE: After four incorrect answers, students will be prompted to press to insert the
correct answer if this feature has been enabled in the configuration settings. When the question is
based on a value recalled from a previous question, answers obtained using the Insert key may
not match the nominal answers in this guide.
Location: Exercise Procedure page:
se1p5, Question ID: e1p5c
IT = mA
Recall Label for this Question: I1
Nominal Answer: 9.091 *Min/Max Value: (6.477) to (11.93)
Value Calculation: #V1#/1650*1000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 25
Correct Plus Tolerance = 25
Since the value for #V1# is 14.5, the
computer will accept answers in the
following range as correct:
14.5/1650*1000 25% or
8.79 25% or
6.59 to 10.99
This calculated range is different from the
Min/Max Value shown in the IG, which
was based upon a calculation using the
lowest and highest possible recall value.
Any letter enclosed in "#" signs refers to a
recall value from a previous question.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-10
Recall Values in Text
Sometimes numbers displayed on screen are values recalled from input on previous screens.
Because these numbers are recall values, they will change for each student.
The Instructor Guide lists the recall label in place of a number in this question.
The value of 10
was recalled
from a previous
screen.
Location:Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c
IR2 = VR2/R2
= #V4#/3.3 k = mA
Recall Label for this Question: I1
Nominal Answer: 2.818
Min/Max Value: (2.489) to (3.164)
Value Calculation: #V4#/3.3
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 4
Correct Plus Tolerance = 4
This is a
recall label
for a value
recorded in a
previous
question.
The correct
answer will
depend on the
value the student
recorded in the
previous question.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-11
Safety
Safety is everyones responsibility. All must cooperate to create the safest possible working
environment. Students must be reminded of the potential for harm, given common sense safety
rules, and instructed to follow the electrical safety rules.
Any environment can be hazardous when it is unfamiliar. The F.A.C.E.T computer-based
laboratory may be a new environment to some students. Instruct students in the proper use of the
F.A.C.E.T equipment and explain what behavior is expected of them in this laboratory. It is up to
the instructor to provide the necessary introduction to the learning environment and the
equipment. This task will prevent injury to both student and equipment.
The voltage and current used in the F.A.C.E.T Computer-Based Laboratory are, in themselves,
harmless to the normal, healthy person. However, an electrical shock coming as a surprise will
be uncomfortable and may cause a reaction that could create injury. The students should be made
aware of the following electrical safety rules.
1. Turn off the power before working on a circuit.
2. Always confirm that the circuit is wired correctly before turning on the power. If required,
have your instructor check your circuit wiring.
3. Perform the experiments as you are instructed: do not deviate from the documentation.
4. Never touch live wires with your bare hands or with tools.
5. Always hold test leads by their insulated areas.
6. Be aware that some components can become very hot during operation. (However, this is not
a normal condition for your F.A.C.E.T. course equipment.) Always allow time for the
components to cool before proceeding to touch or remove them from the circuit.
7. Do not work without supervision. Be sure someone is nearby to shut off the power and
provide first aid in case of an accident.
8. Remove power cords by the plug, not by pulling on the cord. Check for cracked or broken
insulation on the cord.
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AC1 Fundamentals Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum
2-12
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SECTION 3 COURSEWARE
SECTION 3 COURSEWARE
-
THIS
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-1
UNIT 1 THE AC WAVEFORM GENERATOR
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Operate a basic ac waveform generator by using equipment provided.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a
Is the waveform shown an ac or dc waveform?
a. ac
b. dc
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf6, Question ID: f6a
Does this ac waveform (square wave) display four complete cycles of a repeating pattern?
a. yes
b. no
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-2
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
alternating current (ac) - a flow of electricity that first increases to maximum, then decreases to
zero, reverses polarity, and reaches maximum in the opposite direction.
waveform - the shape of an electric wave as the amplitude is graphed over time.
amplitude - the level, or magnitude, of an alternating voltage or current.
cycle - one complete alternation of an ac current or voltage.
frequency (f) - the number of complete cycles in one second of alternating voltage or current;
measured in hertz (Hz).
impedance (Z) - the total opposition a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current at a given
frequency.
ac waveform generator - an electronic device that produces ac voltage of a desired frequency,
wave shape, and amplitude.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Multimeter
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-3
Exercise 1 AC Waveform Generator Familiarization
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Operate an ac waveform generator by using equipment provided. Verify results by observing
generator waveforms on the oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a
Suppose the range of control is set to X100 and the frequency control is set to 20. The output
frequency is
a. 200 Hz
b. 2000 Hz
c. 20 kHz
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d6, Question ID: e1d6a
Look at the generator symbols on the AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. Is the waveform
generator internal or external?
a. internal generator
b. external generator
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a
While observing the oscilloscope, increase the generator frequency control. Does the number of
cycles displayed increase or decrease as the frequency is increased?
a. increase
b. decrease
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1
1. The controls that adjust frequency on an ac generator are the frequency and
a. range controls.
b. amplitude controls.
c. function controls.
d. vertical controls.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2
2. When the range (multiplier) control of a generator is set to X10 and the frequency control is
set to 20, the output frequency is
a. 2000 Hz.
b. 20 Hz.
c. 200 Hz.
d. 20,000 Hz.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3
3. The amplitude control on an ac generator is usually labeled
a. MULTIPLIER.
b. FUNCTION.
c. RANGE.
d. LEVEL.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4
4. Which statement is not characteristic of a typical ac generator?
a. All are capable of generating ac waveforms.
b. All can vary the frequency of the waveform produced.
c. All can vary the amplitude of the waveform produced.
d. All are capable of generating a dc waveform.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5
5. When the range (multiplier) control of a generator is set to X1K and the frequency control is
set to 10, the output frequency is
a. 1000 Hz.
b. 10 kHz.
c. 100 Hz.
d. 1.0 kHz.
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-5
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-6
Exercise 2 Generator Impedance
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the output impedance of an ac waveform generator. Verify results with an
oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a
If RL decreased in value from 100 to 50, would the output voltage across RL increase or decrease?
a. increase
b. decrease
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a
VOPEN CIRCUIT = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 10.0
Min/Max Value: (9.9) to (10.1)
Value Calculation: 10.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a
To measure the generator output impedance, adjust RL so that the loaded generator output
voltage is half of the open circuit voltage output. Is the output load resistance (RL) equal to the
internal generator resistance (RS)?
a. yes
b. no
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-7
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p2, Question ID: e2p2a
5. Connect the channel 1 (X10) probe across R1 and R2. Do R1 and R2 represent the generator's
load (RL)?
a. yes
b. no
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a
RL =
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 50.0
Min/Max Value: (35) to (65)
Value Calculation: 50.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1
1. The load (RL) equals the output impedance (RS) of the generator when the
a. loaded output voltage equals the open circuit output voltage.
b. loaded output voltage is half of the open circuit output voltage.
c. open circuit output voltage is half of the loaded output voltage.
d. loaded output voltage is twice the open circuit output voltage.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2
2. The loaded output voltage of a generator is always
a. greater than the open circuit voltage.
b not dependent on the open circuit voltage.
c. equal to the open circuit voltage.
d. less than the open circuit voltage.
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-8
Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3
3. A 50 load resistor is connected to a generator with an open circuit voltage of 10 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 50. The generator's output voltage is a. 10 Vpk-pk.
b. 5 Vpk-pk.
c. 20 Vpk-pk.
d. 3.3 Vpk-pk.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4
4. A generator has an open circuit voltage of 10 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 600. What value of external load resistor would result in a 5 Vpk-pk output?
a. 600 b. 30 c. 60 d. 300
Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5
5. The output impedance of the generator shown is
a. 600. b. 60. c. 500. d. 50.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-9
UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
Alternating voltage and current differ from direct voltage and current because alternating voltage
and current
a. maintain a constant polarity.
b. change in level and polarity.
c. never change level or polarity.
d. are not measured in volts or amperes.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2
One complete repetition of an ac waveform is called
a. the amplitude.
b. a cycle.
c. the frequency.
d. polarity.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3
If a 20 kHz sine wave is needed on the output of an ac generator and the multiplier control is set
to X100, the frequency control should be set to
a. 20.
b. 10.
c. 100.
d. 200.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4
A generator has an open circuit voltage of 5 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 50. What value of external load resistor would result in a 2.5 Vpk-pk output?
a. 50 b. 25 c. 5 d. 500
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5
A 600 load resistor is connected to a generator with an open circuit voltage of 20 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 600. The generator's output voltage isa. 20 Vpk-pk.
b. 25 Vpk-pk.
c. 10 Vpk-pk.
d. 6.6 Vpk-pk.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator
3-10
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6
What type of waveform does not change polarity with time?
a. sine wave
b. square wave
c. dc wave
d. triangle wave
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7
The controls that adjust frequency on an ac generator are the frequency and
a. amplitude controls.
b. multiplier controls.
c. function controls.
d. vertical controls.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8
When the loaded output voltage of a generator is half of the open circuit output voltage, the
external load is
a. much greater than the output impedance of the generator.
b. twice the output impedance of the generator.
c. half of the output impedance of the generator.
d. equal to the output impedance of the generator.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9
Which control on a generator determines the type of output waveform?
a. amplitude
b. function
c. range
d. frequency
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10
Which control on a generator adjusts the level of the output waveform?
a. function
b. frequency
c. amplitude
d. range
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-11
UNIT 2 AC MEASUREMENTS
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Take amplitude, frequency, and phase measurements of ac waveforms by using an oscilloscope.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf6, Question ID: f6a
Which of the following ac instruments can be used to measure the amplitude, frequency, and
phase shift of ac waveforms?
a. multimeter
b. oscilloscope
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a
As in a circle, one complete cycle of a sine wave equals 360 degrees. One fourth of a cycle is
a. 180 degrees.
b. 90 degrees.
c. 270 degrees.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-12
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
phase angle - the angle of separation between two ac waveforms of identical frequency.
peak-to-peak value - amplitude between opposite peaks of an ac waveform
(Vpk-pk = Vpk x 2).
peak value - maximum amplitude in either polarity of an ac waveform
(Vpk = Vpk-pk/2).
effective value (rms) - an ac value that produces the same heating effect in a resistor as an
equivalent dc value does.
average value (avg) - the value obtained by dividing the sum of a number of quantities by
the number of quantities. For sine waves, Vavg = 0.637 x Vpk.
period - time required for an ac waveform to complete one cycle (T = 1/f).
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Multimeter
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-13
Exercise 1 AC Amplitude Measurement
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure the amplitude of ac waveforms by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with a
multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d1, Question ID: e1d1a
If the peak-to-peak value is 15 Vpk-pk, the peak voltage is
a. 15 Vpk.
b. 30 Vpk.
c. 7.5 Vpk.
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a
The rms value of a sine wave measuring 10 Vpk on an oscilloscope is
a. 7.07 Vac.
b. 7.07 Vpk-pk.
c. 7.07 Vpk.
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d8, Question ID: e1d8a
The average value of a sine wave measuring 10 Vpk on an oscilloscope is
a. 6.37 Vpk.
b. 6.37 Vavg.
c. 12.7 Vavg.
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d10, Question ID: e1d10a
Vrms = Vrms
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 4.44
Min/Max Value: (4.351) to (4.529)
Value Calculation: 4.44
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 2
Correct Plus Tolerance = 2
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-14
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a
Vpk-pk
Vpk = = Vpk
2
Recall Label for this Question: Vpk1
Nominal Answer: 3.0
Min/Max Value: (2.7) to (3.3)
Value Calculation: 3.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 10
Correct Plus Tolerance = 10
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2c
Vrms = Vpk x 0.707 = Vrms
Recall Label for this Question: Vrms1
Nominal Answer: 2.1
Min/Max Value: (1.89) to (2.31)
Value Calculation: 2.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 10
Correct Plus Tolerance = 10
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2e
Vavg = Vpk x 0.637 = Vavg
Recall Label for this Question: Vavg1
Nominal Answer: 1.9
Min/Max Value: (1.71) to (2.09)
Value Calculation: 1.900
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 10
Correct Plus Tolerance = 10
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-15
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a
8. Disconnect the X10 probe from the circuit. Turn on the multimeter and set it for ac voltage
measurement. Connect the multimeter across R1, then measure the voltage.
VR1 = Vac
Recall Label for this Question: Vrms2
Nominal Answer: 2.1
Min/Max Value: (1.68) to (2.52)
Value Calculation: 2.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 20
Correct Plus Tolerance = 20
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a
9. Compare your multimeter reading of #Vrms2#V with your oscilloscope values, shown above.
The multimeter displays values in
a. peak-to-peak.
b. peak.
c. rms.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1
1. The effective value of an ac waveform is the
a. peak-to-peak value.
b. peak value.
c. rms value.
d. average value.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2
2. The peak value of an ac waveform is
a. twice the peak-to-peak value.
b. half of the peak-to-peak value.
c. 0.707 of the peak-to-peak value.
d. 0.637 of the peak-to-peak value.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-16
Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3
3. The rms value of a sine wave is
a. half of the peak-to-peak value.
b. twice the peak value.
c. 0.637 of the peak value.
d. 0.707 of the peak value.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4
4. When measuring the peak-to-peak value of an ac waveform on the oscilloscope, measure from
the
a. top of a peak to the bottom of a valley.
b. top of a peak to the top of a valley.
c. bottom of a peak to the top of a valley.
d. bottom of a peak to the bottom of a valley.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5
5. Most digital multimeters display the
a. peak-to-peak value of a sine wave.
b. peak value of a sine wave.
c. rms value of a sine wave.
d. average value of a sine wave.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-17
Exercise 2 Measuring With an Oscilloscope
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure voltage by using an oscilloscope and determine current and impedance by using Ohm's
law. Verify results with information found in this exercise.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a
The circuit shown uses 10 resistor R2 as the current-sensing resistor. If the voltage across R2 is 50 mVpk-pk, what is the circuit current?
I = V/R2 = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: IT
Nominal Answer: 5.0
Min/Max Value: (4.95) to (5.05)
Value Calculation: 5.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a
Placing the oscilloscope input directly across a component, as shown,
a. shorts out R2 and L2.
b. provides an accurate circuit voltage display.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-18
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p2, Question ID: e2p2a
I = mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 17.2
Min/Max Value: (12.04) to (22.36)
Value Calculation: 17.200
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a
VR1 = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 8.0
Min/Max Value: (5.6) to (10.4)
Value Calculation: 8.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1
1. The oscilloscope measures
a. voltage only.
b. voltage and current only.
c. voltage, current, and impedance.
d. current only.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2
2. The oscilloscope ground clip and the generator common
a. are independent of one another.
b. are of opposite polarity.
c. are virtually the same point.
d. cannot be connected together.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-19
Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3
3. To measure, with an oscilloscope, the voltage drop across an ungrounded component in a
system with common grounds,
a. place the probe directly across the component being measured.
b. use the ALT-INVERT method.
c. place the probe in series with the component being measured.
d. use the ADD-INVERT method.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4
4. To measure circuit current with the oscilloscope,
a. use a current-measuring inductor.
b. place the probe in series with the circuit.
c. use a current-sensing resistor.
d. divide the source voltage by the generator impedance.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5
5. To determine circuit impedance,
a. divide the source voltage by the measured circuit current.
b. measure directly with a multimeter.
c. divide the source voltage by the generator impedance.
d. assume it is always a constant 50.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 7 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-20
Exercise 3 Measuring and Setting Frequency
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure and set frequency by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with information found in
this exercise.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d4, Question ID: e3d4a
To set the generator frequency to 100 Hz, adjust the frequency control on the generator so that
the period (T) of the waveform trace on the oscilloscope equals
a. 1 ms.
b. 10 ms.
c. 10 .
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d6, Question ID: e3d6a
A waveform trace on the oscilloscope has a measured period of 0.7 ms. The frequency is
a. 1.43 kHz.
b. 1.42 Hz.
c. 14.3 kHz.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-21
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p3, Question ID: e3p3a
4. Set the time base control on the oscilloscope to 0.1 ms/div. Adjust the frequency of the
generator for a waveform cycle that is seven divisions wide along the horizontal axis (time axis).
T (period) = ms
Recall Label for this Question: T
Nominal Answer: 0.7
Min/Max Value: (0.49) to (0.91)
Value Calculation: 0.700
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p3, Question ID: e3p3c
1
f = = Hz
T
Recall Label for this Question: f
Nominal Answer: 1429.0
Min/Max Value: ( 1000) to ( 1858)
Value Calculation: 1429.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p4, Question ID: e3p4a
6. Compare your calculated value of frequency (#f# Hz) with the frequency read from the dial of
the generator. The two frequencies do not agree. What method do you think results in the closest
setting of the correct frequency?
a. generator dial
b. oscilloscope (period)
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-22
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se3r1, Question ID: e3r1
1. The period (T) of a waveform is
a. equal to the frequency.
b. the reciprocal of the amplitude.
c. the reciprocal of the frequency.
d. unrelated to the frequency.
Location: Review Questions page: se3r2, Question ID: e3r2
2. The frequency of a waveform is
a. equal to the period.
b. unrelated to the period.
c. the reciprocal of the period.
d. unrelated to time.
Location: Review Questions page: se3r3, Question ID: e3r3
3. What is the period of a 2 kHz sine wave?
a. 2 ms
b. 200 s
c. 5 ms
d. 500 s
Location: Review Questions page: se3r4, Question ID: e3r4
4. What is the frequency of a sine wave having a period of 250 s?
a. 4 kHz
b. 2.5 kHz
c. 250 Hz
d. 5 kHz
Location: Review Questions page: se3r5, Question ID: e3r5
5. The period is the
a. number of waveform cycles that occur in one second.
b. time it takes a waveform to go from maximum positive value to maximum negative value.
c. time it takes a waveform to complete one cycle.
d. time it takes a waveform to go from maximum positive value to zero amplitude.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-23
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-24
Exercise 4 Phase Angle
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Measure phase angle by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with information found in this
exercise.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se4d4, Question ID: e4d4a
Suppose the channel 1 oscilloscope display is adjusted so that one cycle is exactly 8 divisions
wide. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use CH 1 as the reference)?
a. 80
b. 45
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se4d6, Question ID: e4d6a
Is the sine wave displayed on CH 2 leading or lagging the reference sine wave displayed
on CH 1?
a. leading
b. lagging
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p2, Question ID: e4p2a
6. Make certain the oscilloscope trigger source control is set to CH 1. Switch the vertical mode to
ALT. Set both channel ground references to the center graticule line. Is the phase angle between
the input (CH 1) and output (CH 2) waveforms approximately zero?
a. yes
b. no
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p2, Question ID: e4p2c
7. Slowly turn potentiometer R2 completely counterclockwise (CCW). Did a phase shift occur?
a. yes
b. no
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-25
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p3, Question ID: e4p3a
8. Switch the vertical mode to CH 1 (display CH 1 only), and adjust the time base and variable
time base controls on the oscilloscope so that one cycle of the waveform is exactly 8 divisions.
How many degrees does each horizontal division represent?
a. 80
b. 45
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p5, Question ID: e4p5a
Phase angle = (d)(45/div)
= degrees
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 72.5
Min/Max Value: (50.75) to (94.25)
Value Calculation: 72.500
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p5, Question ID: e4p5c
11. Is the output (CH 2) waveform leading or lagging the reference (CH 1) waveform?
a. leading
b. lagging
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se4r1, Question ID: e4r1
1. What waveform is usually used as a reference for measuring phase angle?
a. the output waveform
b. the input waveform
c. the line voltage waveform
d. the oscilloscope calibrator waveform
Location: Review Questions page: se4r2, Question ID: e4r2
2. When the reference waveform is 8 divisions wide (horizontally) on the oscilloscope, how
many degrees does each division represent?
a. 90
b. 80
c. 45
d. 36
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-26
Location: Review Questions page: se4r3, Question ID: e4r3
3. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use channel 1 as the reference)?
a. 45 lagging
b. 90 leading
c. 45 leading
d. 90 lagging
Location: Review Questions page: se4r4, Question ID: e4r4
4. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use channel 1 as the reference)?
a. 90 leading
b. 90 lagging
c. 45 leading
d. 45 lagging
Location: Review Questions page: se4r5, Question ID: e4r5
5. When you measure phase angle, both waveforms must be
a. of identical frequency.
b. of identical amplitude.
c. square waves.
d. different frequencies.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-27
UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
A sine wave has a period (T) of 1 ms. The frequency is
a. 1 ms.
b. 100 Hz.
c. 1000 Hz.
d. 10 ms.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2
One complete cycle of a sine wave equals
a. 360.
b. 270.
c. 180.
d. 90.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3
The degree of separation between two sine waves of the same frequency is the
a. amplitude.
b. period.
c. phase angle.
d. root mean square.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4
The time required for an ac waveform to complete one cycle is the
a. amplitude.
b. period.
c. phase angle.
d. root mean square.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5
The reciprocal value of the period equals the
a. phase angle.
b. peak value.
c. period.
d. frequency.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 2 AC Measurements
3-28
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6
Measuring a waveform from the top of a peak to the top of a valley on the oscilloscope
accurately measures
a. peak-to-peak amplitude.
b. peak amplitude.
c. the effective value.
d. the waveform period.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7
The peak value of a 10 Vpk-pk sine wave is
a. 10.0 Vpk.
b. 5.0 Vpk.
c. 7.07 Vrms.
d. 6.36 Vavg.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8
The reciprocal value of the frequency equals the
a. frequency.
b. phase angle.
c. period.
d. peak current.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9
The peak value multiplied by 0.707 is the rms value of
a. sine waves only.
b. sine waves and square waves.
c. square waves only.
d. sine waves and triangle waves.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10
The oscilloscope directly measures
a. current only.
b. voltage and current.
c. voltage only.
d. voltage, current, and impedance.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-29
UNIT 3 INDUCTANCE
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Describe the effect of inductance on a circuit by using an oscilloscope.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf2, Question ID: f2a
What type of circuit would produce the greatest cemf?
a. dc circuit
b. ac circuit
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a
Which wire configuration would result in the greatest inductance value?
a. coil of wire
b. straight piece of wire
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a
What value of inductance would result in a lower circuit current for any one frequency?
a. 5 mH
b. 10 mH
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
-
AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-30
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
inductance (L) - one property of a conductor that opposes change in current flow.
counter electromotive force (cemf) - a voltage developed in an inductive circuit by alternating
current. The polarity of this voltage is, at every instant, opposite to that of the applied voltage.
inductor - a conductor, usually a coil of wire, wound to concentrate its magnetic field, which
produces a predicted measure of inductance.
henry (H) - unit of inductance. An inductance of one henry will produce one volt of cemf when
ac current of one ampere at one hertz is applied.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
Multimeter
Oscilloscope, dual trace
Generator, sine wave
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-31
Exercise 1 Inductors
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Describe the effect an inductor has on dc and ac circuits by using measured values. Verify results
with an oscilloscope and multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a
If inductance decreases, opposition to current flow will
a. increase.
b. remain the same.
c. decrease.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a
RL3 =
Recall Label for this Question: RL3meas
Nominal Answer: 42.0
Min/Max Value: (29.4) to (54.6)
Value Calculation: 42.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a
Idc = mA
Recall Label for this Question: Idcmeas
Nominal Answer: 15.0
Min/Max Value: (10.5) to (19.5)
Value Calculation: 15.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-32
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a
VL3dc = Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VL3meas
Nominal Answer: 0.656
Min/Max Value: ( .459) to ( .853)
Value Calculation: 0.656
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a
RL3cal =
Recall Label for this Question: RL3cal
Nominal Answer: 43.73 *Min/Max Value: (22.83) to (83.68)
Value Calculation: (#VL3meas#)/(#Idcmeas#/1000)
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a
9. Compare the coil resistance of RL3 (#RL3meas#), measured by using the resistance function of the multimeter and the calculated coil resistance of RL3cal (#RL3cal#). Based on this comparison, is inductor L3 producing cemf with constant dc current applied?
a. yes
b. no
* NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and
highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct
value.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-33
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9a
Iac = VR2 /R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iac
Nominal Answer: 12.6
Min/Max Value: (8.82) to (16.38)
Value Calculation: 12.600
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a
VL3ac = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL3ac
Nominal Answer: 7.5
Min/Max Value: (5.25) to (9.75)
Value Calculation: 7.500
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a
ZL3 =
Recall Label for this Question: ZL3
Nominal Answer: 595.2 *Min/Max Value: (310.9) to ( 1139)
Value Calculation: #VL3ac#/(#Iac#/1000)
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3
* NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and
highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct
value.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-34
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12a
15. Compare the coil resistance of RL3 (#RL3meas#) and the calculated coil impedance ZL3 (#ZL3#). Based on this comparison, is L3 producing cemf when ac current is applied? a. yes
b. no
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p16, Question ID: e1p16a
19. Does an increase of inductance increase or decrease circuit current?
a. increase
b. decrease
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p18, Question ID: e1p18a
21. What is the effect of an increase in frequency on circuit current?
a. remains the same
b. decreases
c. increases
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p20, Question ID: e1p20a
25. Does the circuit current lead or lag the inductor voltage?
a. lead
b. lag
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1
1. When constant dc is applied to an inductor, current flow is opposed by
a. cemf only.
b. coil resistance only.
c. cemf and coil resistance.
d. emf only.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2
2. When the CM is toggled off and on, what can you conclude about the inductance of L3 based
on the circuit current?
a. The inductance of L3 was reduced in value.
b. Changing the inductance of L3 had no effect on circuit current.
c. The inductance of L3 increased in value.
d. Changing the inductance of L3 decreased the circuit current.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-35
Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3
3. Decreasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor
a. decreases current flow.
b. increases cemf.
c. neither increases nor decreases the current.
d. decreases impedance.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4
4. In an ideal inductor,
a. voltage leads current by 90.
b. current leads voltage by 90.
c. voltage lags current by 90.
d. voltage and current remain in phase.
Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5
5. An increase in cemf produced by an inductor is seen as
a. a decrease in voltage drop.
b. an increase in circuit current.
c. an increase in impedance.
d. a decrease in the coil resistance.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 16 TOGGLE
CM 17 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-36
Exercise 2 Inductors in Series and in Parallel
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the total inductance of a circuit containing inductors in series and in parallel. Verify
results with an oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a
LT = mH
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 6.0
Min/Max Value: (5.94) to (6.06)
Value Calculation: 6.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a
What is the total inductance (LT) in the above circuit?
a. 2 mH
b. 4 mH
c. 1 mH
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-37
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a
LT = mH
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 4.7
Min/Max Value: (4.653) to (4.747)
Value Calculation: 4.700
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 1
Correct Plus Tolerance = 1
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a
VR2
Iac =
R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iacc
Nominal Answer: 12.6
Min/Max Value: (8.82) to (16.38)
Value Calculation: 12.600
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a
VL3ac = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL3acc
Nominal Answer: 7.5
Min/Max Value: (5.25) to (9.75)
Value Calculation: 7.500
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-38
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a
ZL3 =
Recall Label for this Question: ZL33
Nominal Answer: 595.2 *Min/Max Value: (310.9) to ( 1139)
Value Calculation: #VL3acc#/(#Iacc#/1000)
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p8, Question ID: e2p8a
LT = mH
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 9.4
Min/Max Value: (9.212) to (9.588)
Value Calculation: 9.400
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 2
Correct Plus Tolerance = 2
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a
12. Did adding the inductor in series increase or decrease total circuit inductance (LT)?
a. increase
b. decrease
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a
VR2
Iac = = mApk-pk
R2
Recall Label for this Question: Iac1
Nominal Answer: 7.6
Min/Max Value: (5.32) to (9.88)
Value Calculation: 7.600
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
* NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and
highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct
value.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-39
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11a
VLT = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VLT
Nominal Answer: 8.96
Min/Max Value: (6.272) to (11.65)
Value Calculation: 8.960
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a
ZLT =
Recall Label for this Question: ZLT
Nominal Answer: 1179.0 *Min/Max Value: (615.8) to ( 2256)
Value Calculation: #VLT#/(#Iac1#/1000)
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a
16. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition
(impedance) to current flow for the same signal input (VGEN)?
a. single inductor circuit
b. two-inductor series circuit
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a
LT = mH
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 2.35
Min/Max Value: (2.28 ) to (2.421)
Value Calculation: 2.350
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3
* NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and
highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct
value.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-40
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p16, Question ID: e2p16a
VR2
Iac =
R2
= mApk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: Iac2
Nominal Answer: 17.1
Min/Max Value: (11.97) to (22.23)
Value Calculation: 17.100
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p17, Question ID: e2p17a
VL = Vpk-pk
Recall Label for this Question: VL
Nominal Answer: 5.0
Min/Max Value: (3.5) to (6.5)
Value Calculation: 5.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 30
Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p18, Question ID: e2p18a
ZL =
Recall Label for this Question: ZL
Nominal Answer: 292.4 *Min/Max Value: (152.7) to (559.3)
Value Calculation: #VL#/(#Iac2#/1000)
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 3
Correct Plus Tolerance = 3
* NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and
highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct
value.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-41
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p19, Question ID: e2p19a
23. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition
(impedance) to current flow for the same signal input (VGEN)?
a. single inductor circuit
b. two-inductor parallel circuit
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p21, Question ID: e2p21a
24. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by pressing . Based on the
circuit's current change, was the new inductor added to the circuit in series or in parallel with L3
and L4?
a. series
b. parallel
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1
1. The total inductance of inductors in series is
a. determined from the reciprocal method.
b. the sum of the inductor values divided by two.
c. the sum of the inductor values.
d. the reciprocal of the sum of the inductors.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2
2. The total inductance of inductors in parallel is
a. determined from the reciprocal method.
b. the sum of the inductor values.
c. the sum of the inductor values divided by two.
d. the reciprocal of the sum of the inductors.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3
3. As more inductors are added in parallel,
a. circuit current increases.
b. impedance increases.
c. circuit current decreases.
d. inductance increases.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-42
Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4
4. As more inductors are added in series,
a. inductance decreases.
b. circuit current increases.
c. circuit current decreases.
d. impedance decreases.
Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5
5. Toggle the CM off and on by pressing . Based on the circuit current change, the unseen
inductor
a. was added in parallel.
b. had no effect on circuit current.
c. was added in series.
d. caused the circuit current to increase.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 17 TOGGLE
CM 16 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-43
UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
Inductance is the property of a conductor that
a. aids any change in current flow.
b. opposes change in current flow.
c. produces a magnetic field.
d. opposes unchanging current flow.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2
Increasing the number of turns on an inductor
a. decreases the inductance.
b. increases circuit current.
c. increases the inductance.
d. decreases impedance.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3
When dc is applied to an inductor, the only opposition to current flow is the
a. counter electromotive force (cemf).
b. changing impedance of the inductor.
c. frequency effect on the value of inductance.
d. resistance of the wire in the coil.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4
Two 10-mH inductors in parallel have a combined inductance of
a. 5.0 mH.
b. 20 mH.
c. 10 mH.
d. 3.3 mH.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5
A straight piece of wire has relatively little inductance because
a. it does not possess any inductive property.
b. the magnetic field is spread over a large area.
c. cemf is produced only in coils.
d. there is no core.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6
Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor
a. increases current flow.
b. increases the inductor impedance.
c. decreases the inductor impedance.
d. decreases the amount of cemf produced.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-44
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7
Two 7-mH inductors in series have a combined inductance of
a. 7 mH.
b. 3.5 mH.
c. 7.5 mH.
d. 14 mH.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8
Increasing the number of inductors in series
a. decreases total inductance.
b. increases circuit current.
c. increases impedance.
d. decreases cemf.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9
Increasing the number of inductors in parallel
a. decreases total inductance.
b. decreases circuit current.
c. increases impedance.
d. increases cemf.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10
The current in an inductor
a. leads the voltage by 45.
b. leads the voltage by 90.
c. lags the voltage by 90.
d. lags the voltage by 45.
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AC1 Fundamentals Unit 3 Inductance
3-45
TROUBLESHOOTING
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a
Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across R1, which is the output (VR1) of the full-wave
bridge rectifier. Are both alternations of the ac input waveform being rectified to dc pulses atthe
output?
a. yes
b. no
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2c
VR1 = Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: None
Nominal Answer: 6.93
Min/Max Value: (6.237) to (7.623)
Value Calculation: 6.930
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 10
Correct Plus Tolerance = 10
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3
6. The faulty component is
a. T1 (an open secondary coil).