Face&Scalp

TTHEHE FFACEACE AAND ND SSCALPCALP

PanjitPanjit ChunhabunditChunhabundit, Ph.D., Ph.D.Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, MahidolMahidol UniversityUniversity

DTAN 601 and DTAN 711 DTAN 601 and DTAN 711


Bones of the FaceBones of the Face

Most of the facial skeleton is formedMost of the facial skeleton is formedby 9 bones.by 9 bones.

4 paired:4 paired: -- nasal nasal -- zygomaticzygomatic-- maxillamaxilla-- palatinepalatine

1 unpaired:1 unpaired:-- mandiblemandible


Nasal BoneNasal Bone

MaxillaMaxilla

- form bridge of the noseform bridge of the nose-- when fracture, bones are displacedwhen fracture, bones are displaced

sideway and/or sideway and/or posteriorlyposteriorly

- consists of body, consists of body, zygomaticzygomatic,,frontal, palatine and alveolar processesfrontal, palatine and alveolar processes

-- contains the largest air sinuscontains the largest air sinus-- has 4 surfaces; nasal, orbital, has 4 surfaces; nasal, orbital,

infratemporalinfratemporal and anterior surfacesand anterior surfaces


Air sinusesAir sinusesFrontalFrontal

EthmoidalEthmoidal

MaxillaryMaxillary

SphenoidalSphenoidal


MandibleMandible- the largest & strongest facial bonethe largest & strongest facial bone-- the the symphysissymphysis mentimenti is fused is fused

from 1from 1--2 yrs.2 yrs.-- mental foramen is inferior to the mental foramen is inferior to the

2nd premolar tooth2nd premolar tooth


Fractures of the MandibleFractures of the Mandible

Common sites of fracture:Common sites of fracture:AA at at coronoidcoronoid process process (usually single)(usually single)

BB at the neck at the neck (may be associate with (may be associate with dislocation of TMJ)dislocation of TMJ)

CC at the angle at the angle (usually oblique and involve (usually oblique and involve socket of 3socket of 3rdrd molar)molar)

DD at the body at the body (frequently pass through the(frequently pass through thesocket of canine tooth)socket of canine tooth)


ZygomaticZygomatic BoneBone- form form infraorbitalinfraorbital marginmargin-- articulate with frontal, maxilla, articulate with frontal, maxilla,

sphenoid & temporal bonesphenoid & temporal bone


Common Fractures of the MaxillaCommon Fractures of the Maxilla

Le Fort ILe Fort I involves maxilla, involves maxilla, nasal septum & nasal septum & pterygoidpterygoid plate plate

Le Fort IILe Fort II from from posterolateralposterolateral partpartof maxillary sinus, through of maxillary sinus, through infraorbitalinfraorbital notch, notch, lacrimallacrimal bone bone to bridge of the noseto bridge of the nose

Le Fort IIILe Fort III through superior orbitalthrough superior orbitalfissures, fissures, ethomoidethomoid & nasal bones,& nasal bones,greater wing of sphenoid bonesgreater wing of sphenoid bones

Classified by Le FortClassified by Le Fort


Muscles of the FaceMuscles of the Face

General featuresGeneral features-- lie in subcutaneous tissuelie in subcutaneous tissue-- attach to skin of the faceattach to skin of the face-- do not move the facial skeletondo not move the facial skeleton-- develop from 2develop from 2ndnd branchialbranchial arch arch -- no distinct deep fascia, and superficial no distinct deep fascia, and superficial

fascia between attachment of muscles is fascia between attachment of muscles is loose loose


Groups of the Facial MusclesGroups of the Facial Muscles

1.1. Muscle of the forehead (1)Muscle of the forehead (1)

2.2. Muscles around the mouth (11)Muscles around the mouth (11)

3.3. Muscles around the eyelids (2)Muscles around the eyelids (2)

4.4. Muscles around the nose (4)Muscles around the nose (4)


Nerves of the FaceNerves of the Face

1.1. Sensory Nerve: Sensory Nerve: Trigeminal nerveTrigeminal nerve

2.2. Motor Nerve: Motor Nerve: Facial nerveFacial nerve


Trigeminal NerveTrigeminal Nerve


Facial NerveFacial Nerve


Distribution of the facial nerveDistribution of the facial nervefrom anterior border of the from anterior border of the parotid gland parotid gland


Arteries of the FaceArteries of the Face

1.1. Facial arteryFacial artery

2.2. Superficial temporal arterySuperficial temporal artery

3.3. Transverse facial arteryTransverse facial artery


Veins of the FaceVeins of the Face

1.1. SupratrochlearSupratrochlear veinvein2.2. SupraorbitalSupraorbital veinvein3.3. Facial veinFacial vein4.4. SuperfialSuperfial temporal veintemporal vein5.5. RetromandibularRetromandibular veinvein


Connections of the Facial VeinConnections of the Facial Vein

Connection withConnection with1.1. CarvernousCarvernous sinussinus through superior ophthalmic v.through superior ophthalmic v.2.2. PterygoidPterygoid plexusplexus through deep facial v.through deep facial v.


Danger Triangle of the FaceDanger Triangle of the Face


SSCALPCALP

SS = Skin= Skin CC = Connective tissue= Connective tissue AA = = AponeurosisAponeurosisLL= Loose = Loose areolarareolar tissue*tissue* PP = = PericraniumPericranium


Blood & Nerve Supplies of the ScalpBlood & Nerve Supplies of the Scalp


The EndThe End

Face&Scalp

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