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Transcript of Facade Technology
Debarpita MohapatraM. Arch (Technology)Student ID: 4114654
Facade Design (K14FCT)Solar Shading with Integrated PV
2Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
Abstract:
Façade plays an important role when wetalk about tall buildings. It behaves like theskin, an element of the building and evenan integrated part of structure. Thebuilding skin varies with the change ofclimatic zones very similarly like ourclothing habits.For an example, in cold climates,insulation, thermal break, vapor barrierbecomes an integrated part of the façadesystem while for Tropical climates, rainbecomes the threat for the interiorenvironment and structure. Rain screensare must to create a protective screen.
Façade plays an vital role for internalclimatic conditions, which are again relatedto energy consumption in terms of aircirculation inside, internal temperature,lighting conditions etc. And it also can havea major contribution for the generation ofalternative energy resources like solarpower generation.A simple shading device can also beintegrated with sustainable featuresresponding to the local climate system andbuilding form with the use of latesttechnology available. At same time it alsoshould serve as a design element making itan integrated part of the built form.
Introduction:
In Advanced Tall Building (ATB) module, wein a group of three, are exploring theoption of Climate, Culture and Context indesigning a high-rise. Our preferred site isSingapore over the available option ofLondon and Abu Dhabi. The reason behindwas the climatic condition of the regionand the Site also seemed to be quiteinteresting, sandwiched by high risetowers at two sides and very busy roads onthe other sides separating it fromKampong Lang, a historically preservedzone in Singapore. At the same timeSingapore is a key development pointwhen it comes to high-rise.
Our project is ‘Super Mix-use Mega SkyGardens’ in the garden city ‘Singapore’.
Most of the tall buildings designed thesedays are wrapped with an external skinonly being an design feature withoutresponding to the climate nor evenstructural element.
In this scheme, we are attempting tocreate a naturally ventilated and litbuilding following the footprints oftraditional Malaya house. This contributesa lot to the energy consumption. At thesame time we are focused on on-siteenergy generation and self watersufficiency with rain water harvestingsystem.
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EQUATOR
SINGAPORE
Site:The site is at Beach Road inSingapore, some 150+ kilometersNorth of Equator.
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MALAYSIA
SINGAPORE
MALAYSIA
MALAYSIA
INDONESIAINDONESIA
THAILAND
VIETNAMCAMBODIA
PHILLIPINES
SITE - BEACH ROAD
MARINA BAY
M A L A Y S I A
41.8 km
AREA = 710 km2
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 5
Net migration rate (2010) : 4.79 migrant(s)/1,000populationSource from:http://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/net-migration-wb-data.html
Non-Residents (Short-term permits):
Tourism, Trade, Work…
Chinese Malays Indians Others
Ethnic Composition(%) of the Resident PopulationSource from:http://toolserver.org/~al/visualizer4wm.php?page=Demographics_of_Singapore&project=en.wikipedia.org&tpl=visualizer&id=1&ct=col&title=Ethnic+composition+%28%25%29+of+resident+population&columns=all&width=1000&height=500
Cultural diversity:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 6
Restaurants &Clubs
@Clark Quay
SITE
Singapore Flyer
National
Museum
Laser Shows
@Marina Bay
Shopping District
@Orchard Rd
Ceremonial Event
@Marina Bay
Kallang
Sports Hub
The
Esplanade
City Life:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 7
Kampong Glam District (1819)
Park View Tower (2002)
Gateway Towers (1990)
Site Surrounding:The is surrounded by Gateway towers (byI M Pei) on its South-East side and GatewayPlaza on it’s North-West side. KampongGlam is in the North-East side and isseparated by Ophir Road.
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 8
View from Site:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 9
Site
GatewayTowers
ParkviewTower
Site
ParkviewTower
Site Section:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 10
Hottest day--31 ℃
12:00 21st Jul.
Coolest day --27 ℃
12:00 21st Dec.
N N
Shadow Analysis:
The site is shaded by the buildings nearby,mostly by Parkview Plaza. But theNorthern and Southern corners are notgetting any shadow. Our building ispositioned in the Southern corner of thesite and goes higher than all the buildingsaround with a height of 173.2 meters.
So at this point, shadow in the top mostpart of the building is not at all an issue.
Shadow is required in every seasons, eveneach level of building are needed to beshaded in order to decrease the internaltemperature.
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 11
Climate:
Being too close to Equator, Singapore hasTropical hot and humid climate.
The temperature remains almost constantthrough out the year with slight variationsin Summer and Winter.
Rain can be expected throughout the year,all day. The annual average rainfall is 2340mm.
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 12
AUTUMN (Sep - Oct - Nov) SPRING (Mar - Apr - May)
Summer Wind – South
Max Speed = 5.5 m/s
Winter Wind – North
Max Speed = 8.3 m/s
Autumn Wind – South-East
Max Speed = 5.5 m/s
Spring Wind – North
Max Speed = 5.5 m/s
SUMMER (June - July - August) WINTER (Dec - Jan - Feb)
Wind Analysis:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 13
Traditional Malay House:
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Agenda:
Responding to the Cultural and Context,our aim was to create large green spacesat a height, maintaining the available greenspace on ground.
We are in the process to create mega skygardens at different levels in this 150+meter Super Mix-use Tower with specificusage as well as creating buffer zonesbetween levels.
Going little bit higher than the adjacentbuildings we are creating a 360 degreeviewing gallery at the top with a big gardenand public recreational facilities.
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 15
Floor Layout:
Office Floor
Sports Garden
Ground Floor/Site Layout
Apartment Floor
Private Garden
360 Viewing Deck :
At a height of 173.2 meters, we haveprovided a 360 degree triangular viewinggallery from where you can get fantasticviews of Marina Bay Area, Kallang Basinand the whole city, looking over GatewaysTowers and Parkview Plaza. The climaticanalysis of Singapore says that, out of 12hours of daylight period, direct sunlight isavailable for an yearly average of 5.7 hoursper day. Being too close to Equator, theSun mostly remains over head. Ecotectanalysis says, during the harshest hours ofthe day, Sun makes an angle of about 62degrees. At the same time Singapore isquite famous for it’s Rain. Heavyunexpected rain with thunder storm isquite common everyday.
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360° Viewing Gallery
Building Section
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360 Viewing Deck :
The climatic condition gives the challengeto make the Viewing deck usable all thetime throughout the day. Our main agendais to create Mega Sky Gardens for thepublic at different levels. And this top mostgarden houses restaurants, cafeterias anda large public garden at lower level, belowthe viewing deck.
In the process of achieving Bioclimaticfeatures, the shading device over theviewing gallery can be designed in adifferent way to be fitted with photovoltaicpanels for solar energy generation as wellas it can also act as a large rain watercollector to make the building self watersufficient.
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Bio-Climatic Features:
The high solar radiation intensity inSingapore encourages the use ofphotovoltaic for onsite energy generation.And in tall buildings roof-top in particularis highly efficient with maximum solar gain.
Also the rainwater could be collected withprovision of rain water collectors. Thisrainwater can only be filtered and storedat each individual levels to be used forplanters, cisterns and washing clothes.
Solar Power Generation Rain Water Harvesting
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 19
Solar Shading:
Here the shading is supported by I-sectionsat a regular interval of 5 meters. Asecondary dia-grid support system overthe main structure holds the rotatable PVpanels which are again coupled with solartrackers and rain sensors.
The solar trackers increase the efficiency ofonsite energy generation by 30-50% andthose are again linked with rain sensors toclose the PV panels to protect the visitorson the gallery from the infamousSingapore rain.
Once closed during rain, the shade acts asa giant rain water collector to make thebuilding water self sufficient.
A
C
DB
Source: Author
Floor Plan
Section thru Viewing Deck
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 20
Ventilation Strategy:
Source: Author
Rainy Day:During the rain, the rain sensors does automaticallyclose the solar panels. At this point, the air flowsfrom outside to inner courtyard through the viewingdeck at human body level. In Hot and Humid climatesit is necessary to make the air flow at body level toabsorb sweat and making the body to feel cold.
Sunny Day:During sunny day, the solar panels do rotate followingthe position of the Sun with the help of Solar tracker.The opening in the roof acts like a vent and air flowsfrom both outside and inner courtyard because ofthe temperature difference, again passing at humanbody level.
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Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 21
Daylight Strategy:
At a height of 172.3 meters, the viewingdeck gets unobstructed daylight. Being soclose to equator the intensity of Sun is alsotoo harsh. The place from where one isgoing to see the whole city, GLARE is a bigproblem.To overcome with this, the light is filteredthrough the dia-grid structure of roof,rotatable photovoltaic's and low Irondouble glazed façade system.
Source: Author
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50°
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 22
Rotation Principle:
The PV fixed here rotates around the axisby 50 degrees. The angle has bee n derivedfrom the ecotect analysis of the solarposition over the year in Singapore tooptimize the solar gain by 30-50%.
Source: Author
50°
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 23
Rotation Principle:
The PV fixed here rotates around the axisby 50 degrees. The angle has bee n derivedfrom the ecotect analysis of the solarposition over the year in Singapore tooptimize the solar gain by 30-50%.
The Summer and Winter Sun angle inSingapore is almost equal with a differenceof 1 degree.
With a diagrid secondary support, thephotovoltaic panels can be rotated in East-West direction over the triangular plan ofthe viewing deck.
SUM
MER
WIN
TER
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 24
Detail at A :
1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Aluminum C-section as Purline. 3. Aluminum ridge sheet. 4. Powder coated aluminum frame.5. LED light eye lid at Night6. Two piece aluminum pressure plate and cap.7. Powder coated aluminum frame.8. M.S. Box section as Tie Beam.9. M.S. Plate to support aluminum purline.10. Low Iron double glazed unit.11. RCC Beam, 600 x 450 mm 12. M.S plate to keep the I-sections in Position.
Model Photograph
Detail at D
Source: Author
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 25
View
Legend:1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Aluminum C-section as Purline. 3. Aluminum ridge sheet. 4. steel plate5. LED light eye lid at Night6. Two piece aluminum pressure plate and cap.7. Powder coated aluminum frame.8. M.S. Box section as Tie Beam.9. M.S. Plate to support aluminum purline.10. Low Iron double glazed unit.11. M.S plate to keep the I-sections in Position.
Source: Author
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 26
Detail of Gutter:
1. Rubber Gasket : The gasket creates a windproof seal also avoid the friction between aluminum frame and PV supporting frame 2. Aluminum cill3. Aluminum plate to support. 4. Aluminum section supporting aluminum cill and gutter profile.5. L- angle. 038 x 076 mm6. L- angle. 152 x 102 mm7. 100 x 800 mm aluminum gutter profile.
Glazing Fixing Detail:
1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. M.S. Box section as Tie Beam.3. Powder coated aluminum frame. 4. Low Iron double glazed unit.5. Aluminum spacer block.6. Aluminum setting block.7. Two piece aluminum pressure plate and cap.8. Rubber Gasket
Source: Author
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 27
Detail at B:
1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. M.S C-section as Tie Beam. 3. Roofing sheet. 4. Aluminum gutter profile.5. M.S L-angle to support roofing sheet6. Syphonic drainage7. 50mm dia drainage pipe8. Powder coated aluminum frame.9. Low Iron double glazed unit.10.
Detail at D
Model Photograph
Source: Author
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 28
View
Legend:1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. M.S C-section as Tie Beam. 3. Roofing sheet. 4. Aluminum gutter profile.5. M.S L-angle to support roofing sheet6. Syphonic drainage7. Powder coated aluminum frame.8. Low Iron double glazed unit.
Source: Author
29Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
Detail at C:
1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Low iron double glazed unit.3. 200 x 80 mm box section 4. Powder coated aluminum frame.5. Two piece aluminum pressure and cap.6. 12 mm thick Wooden Skirting.7. M.S. hinge plate.8. 50 mm dia M.S. Hinge pin.9. Aluminum framing.10. ACP sheet.11. RCC Beam, 600 x 450 mm 12. Plaster.
Source: Author
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 30
View
Legend:1. I- Section fabricated portal frame 2. Low iron double glazed unit.3. 200 x 80 mm box section 4. Powder coated aluminum frame.5. Two piece aluminum pressure and cap.6. 12 mm thick Wooden Skirting.7. M.S. hinge plate.8. 50 mm dia M.S. Hinge pin.9. Aluminum framing.10. ACP sheet.11. RCC Beam, 600 x 450 mm 12. Plaster.
Source: Author
31Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
Construction Detail:(Supporting Member)
1. I- Section fabricated portal frame.2. 10 mm thick M.S base plate.3. M.S. upper hinge plate.4. 50 mm dia M.S. Hinge pin.5. M.S. lower hinge plate.6. 10 mm thick M.S base plate.7. Wooden Flooring8. 10 mm dia anchor bolt.9. RCC slab
Model Photograph
Source: Author
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 32
Detail at D:(Photovoltaic Panel)
1. 0.81 x 0.81 m. PV Panel.2. Aluminum frame : Rebated and carries PV panel.3. 20 mm diameter hole for electrical wiring.4. 10 mm thick steel plate welded to aluminum frame.5. 2.5 mm diameter hole for air pressure release.6. 10 mm thick steel plate to rotate PV assembly.7. 75 mm diameter steel pipe to rotate PV assembly.
Model Photograph
Source: Author
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 33
Concrete Floor-slab Details:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 34
Physical Model:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 35
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 36
Model Photograph
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 37
Model Photograph
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 38
Model Photograph
The rotation of PV panels allows the diffuseddaylight to the viewing deck creating aninteresting play. This is one of the reason toavoid the secondary membrane for rainwaterprotection by exposing all the components ofthe roof and allowing the light to pass through.(Inspiration: Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion)
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 39
Solar Tracker:
Solar Trackers, track the motion of the Sunacross the sky to maximize the output ofsolar panels in terms of energy generation.These can increase the electricitygeneration by 30-50%.
Suntrack:
The Suntrack website indicates that, withthe integration of Solar Tracker system tothe PV system, the electricity generationcan be increased by an average of 30-50%,where as the energy consumption by it isvery minimal.
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 40
Rain Sensor:
With the use of rain sensor, we canautomate the opening and closing systemwithout any human interference. With thismechanism there is also no requirement ofanother membrane underneath thephotovoltaic panels for water proofing.
Some brand names available:- VELUX Electronic Controls- Yelof pty
Syphonic Drainage:
Syphonic drainage is a very simple process.Unlike traditional roof drainage, which isdesigned to flow part full, a syphonicsystem operates at full capacity, whenwater is sucked or syphoned from the roofdown into the drain at high velocity.(Source: www.fullflow.com)
Debarpita Mohapatra
Eman Y. Ismail
Rahul R. Suralkar
Mariyam Ahmadi
Zaragoza Bridge PavilionZaragoza, Spain
Case Study:
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New Mathematics Theatre 1
Engineering Science Learning Center 2Construction Site Visit:
51Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT)
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 52
SOLAGLAS, Coventry 1
Crown Aluminium Limited, Glucestershire 2Factory Visit:
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 54
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 55
Facade Design and Technologies (K14FCT) 56
References:
- Cladding of Buildings, Alan J. Brookes and Maarten Meijs,2008, Taylor & Francis, Oxon- Façade Construction Manual- Modern Construction Handbook- External Components, Michel McEvoy, 1994, Pearson Education Limited, Essex
http://solartracker.greenwatts.info/http://www.suntrack.es/english/home.htmlhttp://www.allaboutdoors.com/product_info.php?products_id=1522010http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Sections/UB_dim.htm