FABRICATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ...fiber by hand layup method for investigation of the...
Transcript of FABRICATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ...fiber by hand layup method for investigation of the...
FABRICATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
HYBRID NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES
(Jute/Banana/Glass)
M. Harikrishna, K.Ajeeth, S,Ranganatha and C.Thiagarajan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and
Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, TN, India.
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: The natural fibre composites are finds vital role in research and engineering
application. The natural fibres such as banana, sisal, bamboo, jute, coir, linen etc have high
strength, specific strength, better dimensional stability and mechanical properties, eco-
friendly, availability, low cost and biodegradable as compared with synthetic fibres. This
paper presents the fabrication and experimental property study on jute/banana/glass fibres
reinforced hybrid composites. The results of the mechanical properties such as tensile
strength, impact strength and flexural strength are reported. Three different layers of the
hybrid composites are fabricated by hand layup method. The test was carried out using the
universal testing machining and Charphy impact machine as per the ASTM standard. It has
been observed that the jute-glass-banana fibres reinforced hybrid composites shows superior
properties and used as an alternate material for synthetic fiber reinforced composite materials.
Keywords: Natural fibres, Banana fibre, Jute fibre, tensile strength, impact strength and
flexural strength.
1. Introduction
Composite substances are vital engineering substances due to their extraordinary mechanical
properties. Composites are materials in which the desirable properties are obtained by
separate materials.fibres are combined by mechanically or metallurgically binding them
together. Each of the components retains its structure and characteristic, but the composite
generally possesses better properties [1-5]. Ramachandran et al presented the experimental
study of bamboo using banana fibre reinforced polymeric composites [6]. Boopathi et al
reported the fabrication and property evaluation of Banana-Hemp-Glass Fiber Reinforced
Composites [7]. Juan Pablo Vitale et al evaluated the failure mode maps of natural and
synthetic fiber reinforced composite sandwich panels [8] and the results were compared with
analytical and experiment. Fatma Omrani reported the Mechanical properties of flax-fibre-
reinforced preforms and composites: Influence of the type of yarns on multi-scale
characterisations [9]. Rosamaria Codispoti et al investigated Mechanical performance of
natural fiber-reinforced composites for the strengthening of masonry[10]. Ramesha et at
presented the processing and mechanical property evaluation of banana fiber
reinforced polymer composites[10].
This project deals with the fabrication of a composite material in order to find out the strength
of the material using the banana and the sisal fibre. The fabrication is done with the help of
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 15 2018, 685-696ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
685
hand layup process. Also the various mechanical tests are conducted on the fabricated
material. Finally the results of the tests and the strength of the material are discussed and
reported.
2. Experimental details
2.1. Materials
The fabrication of the hybrid composites are prepared by using sisal-banana fiber and glass
fiber by hand layup method for investigation of the mechanical properties [6-7]. The raw
banana fiber and sisal fiber are supplied by Anakaputhur weavers association, Chennai India.
The glass fiber, epoxy resin (epoxy 758) and hardener (HY911) are purchased from M/s. K.
Mohan company, Chennai, India.
2.2. Fabrication of hybrid composites
The three different combinations of the natural fibre composite laminates are fabricated using
hand layup method. The first laminate having the compositions of Banana-Glass -Jute,
second laminate have a composition of Jute-Banana-Glass and the third composite laminate
have the composition of Glass-Jute-Banana are shown in figures. The epoxy resin and the
hardener are mixed in the proportion of 10:1. The care must be taken so that the resin does
not cure in the curing pot itself. Initially the natural fibers are dried with sunlight for 5 to 6
hours. The size of the fabricated laminate is restricted to 300×300×10 mm. Then the three
sets hybrid laminate was cured under the loaded condition for 24 hours with the help of the
weight press. The raw banana and sisal fibers used in for fabrication of composite laminates
are presented in Fig.1 and Fig. 2. The fabricated
composite laminates are given Fig.3 .
Figure 1 Raw Banana fiber Figure 2 Raw sisal fiber
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
686
Figure 3 Fabricated laminate plates
2.3. Mechanical Properties of Composites
2.3.1. Tensile test
As per the ASTMD638 specification of tensile testing, the test specimens were prepared.
Three specimens namely Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana are
used to carry the tensile behavior of hybrid laminates. The test has been carried out on the
universal testing machine, by means of applying load on the specimen until its get failure and
the results are observed. These methodologies are followed for remaining specimen in the
different composite laminate and other laminate specimens to get the mean tensile strength.
The tensile test specimen after fracture of Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-
Jute-Banana fibers reinforced epoxy composites are presented in Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig 6.
Figure 4. Tensile test specimen after fracture (Banana-Glass - Jute)
Figure 5. Tensile test specimen after fracture (Jute-Banana-Glass)
Figure 6. Tensile test specimen after fracture (Glass-Jute-Banana)
2.3.3. Impact test
The three different combinations of the hybrid composite laminates are prepared from
banana, sisal and glass fiber reinforced composites for evaluating the impact load carrying
capacity of the material [8]. The three samples from each combination test specimens are
prepared from the laminate of hybrid composite as per the standard ASTM A370 and the
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
687
edges of the specimens are neatly finished and small ‘v” notches are also provided by using
power hack saw blade. During the test the maximum energy that can be stored to break the
specimens are noted for the entire specimen for analysis of results. The V notched impact test
specimen after fracture of Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana fibers
reinforced epoxy composites are presented in Fig.7, Fig 8 and Fig. 9.
Figure 7. Impact test specimen after fracture (Banana-Glass - Jute)
Figure 8. Impact test specimen after fracture (Jute-Banana-Glass)
Figure 9. Impact test specimen after fracture (Glass-Jute-Banana)
2.3.2. Flexural test
As per the ASTMD790 for flexural testing, the specimens are prepared from three different
combinations of the laminates to conduct the test. The three test specimens of each laminates
of banana, jute and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites are prepared and tested by
applying the 3 point flexural load with the help of same universal testing machine (UTM).
The results of flexural strength and displacement of each specimen are observed for result
comparison. The flexural test specimen before and after fracture of Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-
Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana fibers reinforced epoxy composites are presented in Fig.
10, Fig 11 and Fig. 12.
Figure 10. Fracture test specimen after fracture (Banana-Glass - Jute)
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
688
Figure 11. Fracture test specimen after fracture (Jute-Banana-Glass)
Figure 12. Fracture test specimen after fracture (Glass-Jute-Banana)
3. Result and discussions
The natural composites materials find many applications and growing day by day due to its
features like bio-degradable, recyclable and eco-friendly to the environment. The researchers
are contributing to make natural hybrid composite laminates to replace the alloy materials
and metal without affecting load carrying capacity and cost in the field of engineering and
technology [9-11]. The present experimental study, the banana and sisal fibers are hybridized
with glass fiber and prepared hybrid composite laminates. Then the test specimens are
prepared from the composite laminates as per ASTM standards and testing of materials has
been carried out under tensile, flexural and impact loading conditions by using universal
testing machine. The experimental results on mechanical properties of the tested composite
specimen are observed and presented in Table. 2.
a. Tensile test analysis
By using the universal testing machine (UTM) and the typical stress vs. strain curve
generated directly from the machine during tensile loading for the hybrid composites is
presented in Fig. 13, Fig 14 and Fig 15. From the figure it can be observed that the Jute-
Banana-Glass fiber reinforced composites are performing better than the other composites
tested which can withstand the tensile strength of 22.76 MPa followed by Banana-Glass -
Jute fiber reinforced composites can hold the strength of 20.93 MPa.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
689
Figure 13. Stress-strain curve of Banana-Glass - Jute
Figure 14. Stress-strain curve of Jute-Banana-Glass
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
690
Figure 15. Stress-strain curve of Glass-Jute-Banana
3.2 Flexural test analysis
The Table 1 shows the flexural strength of the hybrid composite laminates after the
experiments The load vs. displacement curve generated directly from the machine during
flexural loading for the hybrid composites is presented in Fig. 16, Fig 17 and Fig 18. From
the figure, it is asserted that the flexural load carrying capacity of banana-sisal-glass fiber
reinforced composites is better than glass-sisal-banana fiber reinforced composites and sisal-
banana-glass reinforced composites.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
691
Figure 16 Load vs displacement curve of Banana-Glass – Jute
Table. 1 Experimental results of the hybrid composite samples
Samples Tensile Strength
in Mpa
Flexural strength
in KN
Impact strength in
Joules
Banana-Glass - Jute 20.93 0.165 5.9
Jute-Banana-Glass 22.76 0.415 9.0
Glass-Jute-Banana 12.16 0.345 2.0
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
692
Figure 17 Load vs displacement curve of Jute-Banana-Glass
Figure 18 Load vs displacement curve of Glass-Jute-Banana
3.3 Impact strength analysis
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
693
The impact load carrying capacity of the fabricated hybrid composite laminates are carried
out in Charphy impact testing machine [13-14]. The loss of energy is found out on the
reading obtained from the impact testing machine. The impact strength comparison of
different hybrid composite samples is presented in Fig. 18. The results indicated that the
maximum impact strength is obtained from Jute-Banana-Glass fibers followed by Banana-
Glass - Jute and Glass-Jute-Banana reinforced hybrid composites which hold the impact
strength of 9 Joules, 5.9 Joules and 2 Joules.
Figure 19 Impact strength comparisons
4. Conclusions
The Banana-Glass-Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana fiber reinforced hybrid
composites are fabricated and the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural
strength and impact strength of these composites are estimated. The following conclusions
have been derived from the experimental investigations.
The Jute-Banana-Glass hybrid composites have more tensile strength than other
composites can withstand the tensile strength of 22.76 MPa followed by the Banana-
Glass-Jute reinforced composites which holds the value of 20.93MPa.
The maximum impact strength of the hybrid composites obtained from the Jute-
Banana-Glass laminate and the value is 9 Joules. .
The maximum flexural strength of 0.415kN hold by the Jute-Banana-Glass fiber
reinforced composites followed by Glass-Jute-Banana reinforced composites
laminates which is having the value of 0.345kN.
It is suggested that these Jute-Banana-Glass fibers reinforced hybrid epoxy
composites can be used as an alternate material for synthetic fiber reinforced
composite materials.
References
0
2
4
6
8
10
Banana+Glass+Jute Jute+Glass+Banana Glass+Banana+Jute
Impact strength in joules
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
694
1. M.Ramesh, Palanikumar K, Hemachandra Reddy K (2013), "Mechanical Property
evaluation of sisal-jute-glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites, Composites Part
B, Volume 48, Pages 1-9.
2. Velmurugan R, Manikandan V (2007), "Mechanical properties of Palmyra/glass fiber
hybrid composites, Composites Part A ,Volume 38, Issue 10, Pages 2216-2226.
3. M.Muthuvel, G.Ranganath, K.Janarthananand K. Srinivasan, (2013) "Characterization
Study of Jute and Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composite Material, International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology" Vol. 2 Issue 4.
4. Brahmakumar, M.Pavithran, C.Pillai (2005), "Coconut fiber reinforced polyethylene
composites: effect of natural waxy surface layer of the fiber on fiber/matrix interfacial
bonding and strength of composites " Volume 65, Issues 3–4, Pages 563-569.
5. Tara Sen, H. N. Jagannatha Reddy (2011), "Application of Sisal, Bamboo, Coir and
Jute Natural Composites in Structural Up gradation, International Journal of
Innovation, Management and Technology", Vol. 2, No. 3, Page 186-191.
6. M. Ramachandran, Sahas Bansal, Pramod Raichurkar, Experimental study of bamboo
using banana and linen fibre reinforced polymeric composites, Perspectives in
Science (2016) 8, 313—316.
7. R. Bhoopathia, Ramesha, M Deepa, C, Fabrication and Property Evaluation of
Banana-Hemp-Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites, Procedia Engineering 97 ( 2014 )
2032 – 2041.
8. Juan Pablo Vitale , Gaston Francucci , Jian Xiong , Ariel Stocchi, Failure mode maps
of natural and synthetic fiber reinforced composite sandwich panels, Composites: Part
A 94 (2017) 217–225.
9. Fatma Omrani, Peng Wang, Damien Soulat, Manuela Ferreira,Mechanical properties
of flax-fibre-reinforced preforms and composites, Influence of the type of yarns on
multi-scale characterisations, Composites: Part A 93 (2017) 72–81.
10. Rosamaria Codispoti , Daniel V. Oliveira , Renato S. Olivito , Paulo B.
Lourenço,Raul Fangueiro, Mechanical performance of natural fiber-reinforced
composites for the strengthening of masonry, Composites Part B 77 (2015) 74e83.
11. M. Ramesha., Sri Ananda Atreyaa. T, Aswina. U.S, Eashwara. H, Deepa. C
Processing and Mechanical Property Evaluation of Banana Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Composites, Procedia Engineering 97 ( 2014 ) 563 – 572.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
695
696