FABRICATION AND INVESTIGATION OF TENSILE … and Investigation of Tensile and Bending–Mechanical...

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 01–14, Article ID: IJMET_08_01_001

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=1

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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FABRICATION AND INVESTIGATION OF TENSILE

AND BENDING–MECHANICAL AND OXIDATIVE

BIODEGRADATION PROPERTIES OF HYBRID

NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED BIO-COMPOSITES

S P Jagadish

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, RYMEC, Karnataka, India

Dr. K R Dinesh

Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Karnataka, India

Dr. A Thimmana Gouda

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, RYMEC, Karnataka, India

Shivasharanayya Swamy

Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT

Natural fibers are gathering responsiveness from investigation to develop in polymer

composites due to their eco-friendly nature and adequate or acceptable. The aim of the present

research work was experimental investigation to evaluate various physical and mechanical

properties of hybrid natural fibre polymer composite (Epoxy with Jute, Banana, Sisal and Hemp

fibres) at different weight percentages (16 and 24) with epoxy resin. The properties of Jute,

Banana, Sisal and Hemp natural fibres were found to be good capacious to be used as

reinforcement in composite materials. The results of the experiments tackle, to guess timate various

physical and mechanical properties of natural fiber hybrid composites hemp fibres were presented.

Tests wereper formed on 100 kN servo hydraulic universal testing machine (UTM) under

displacement mode of control, enhance mechanical properties is main attentiveness of this study.

On the basis of comprehensive study the 24 wt% of hybrid natural fibres is found to be better

mechanical property compare to than other 16 wt% of hybrid natural fibres combinations. Also

Oxidative biodegradation test was also carried out according to ISO standard for the same

specimen to know the biocompatibility.

Key words: Jute, Banana, Sisal, Hemp fibres, Epoxy resin, Mechanical properties, SEM, Medical

application.

Cite this Article: S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya

Swamy, Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and Bending–Mechanical and Oxidative

Biodegradation Properties of Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites. International

Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 01–14.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=1

S P Jagadish, Dr. K R Dinesh, Dr. A Thimmana Gouda and Shivasharanayya Swamy


1. INTRODUCTION

Now a days worldwide researchers are stressful to implement the natural fibres in the medical field as

implant material instead of Corban polymer plates and alloy materials therefore from the literature review

shows that the natural fibres are rehabilitation or bio-material, not harmful or bio-compatible or toxic to

living tissue and also Yan Li et.al found that Sisal fibre has No robustness or health risk [1] ,Sisal fibre in

the form of particles or fibres used in orthopaedics as bone implants as a substitute material in place of

alloy materials [3,4,29-32] and also now a days Bio composites materials biopolymers and natural fibers

pre-owned as bone implants [2] these natural fibres have an environmentally friendly alternative propriety

of several attractive ascribe that include lower density, lower cost, non-toxicity, ease of processing, capable

of being renewed and repossess [5-7].

2. CONVENTIONAL VINTAGE OF NFPCS

Natural fiber properties are varied to each other according to the present work, because of different several

of fibers, sources, and moisture conditions. The interpretation, representation, of NFPCs be contingen on

some feature, like mechanical framework, fabric [9],inadequacy, [10],refers to the angle between the

direction of the helical windings of cellulose micro fibric [8], fumigant. Properties [13], measures [11],

physical properties [12], and also the interplay of a fiber accompanied by the matrix [25]. seeing that all

possible product in desire has defect star comparably draw backs of natural fiber reinforced polymer

composites are the connection at, between natural fiber and polymer matrix are, complication, situation

difficult taken inside reflection, as a result of the a quantity by which amounts differ or difference in

chemical assembly between these two juncture. This, escort inadequate to, stress bear throughout the time

of interface of the NFPCs Thus, the chemical behaviours for the natural fiber are compulsory. To attain

good interface properties, the reagent functional groups in the chemical treatments have capability to react

on the fiber assemblies and alter the fiber composition [15]. Natural fibers contain a or interface properties.

The reagent functional clusters in the chemical treatments have capability to react on the fiber structures

and alter the fiber composition [15]. Natural fibers include a hydrophilic. During, process of NFPCs,

weaker interfacial attachment occurs between hydrophilic natural fibre and hydrophobic polymer matrices

due to hydroxyl group in natural fibres. Due to could produce NFPCs with non-stable mechanical and

physical properties [16].

3. MATERIALS

3.1. Raw Materials

The natural fibers such as Sisal, Jute, banana and Hemp were extracted by the decorticating process and

The fibres are prepared by Mat type i.e. fibre placed in X&Y Direction or with +/- 0 to 900 orientation and

borrowed from Chennai-Tamilnadu and these fibres are used for to fabricate the 16% & 24% Hybrid

natural fibre polymer composites.

Figure 1(a) Sisal Fibre with Mat-Type Figure 1(b) Banana Fibre Mat –Type

Fabrication and Investigation of Tensile and Bending–Mechanical and Oxidative Biodegradation Properties of

Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites


Figure 1 (c) Jute Fibre with Mat type Figure 1 (d) Hemp Fibre with Mat type

Figure 1 (e) Aluminium Oxide

Figure 1 a, b, c, d, & e shows different natural fibre materials

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. Methodology for Hybrid Natural Fiber Composite

Coated composites were succeed, thrive, with the aid of four different natural fibers such as jute, hemp,

banana and sisal with bi-directional orientation in which a Vacuum Bag technique procedure was used to

consolidate four dissimilar, materials in a hybrid Natural fibre polymer composite

Characterization is carried out by Epoxy resin -LY556 as a matrix material and hardener HY 951[15,

16]with 04% Sisal fibers + 04% Jute fibers + 04% Hemp fibers + 04% Banana fibers = 16% of Natural

fibers are placed layer by layer or ply in the form of orthotropic i.e. stacking sequence is 0±90º fiber

orientation filled with 04% aluminium oxide is used as Filler material the purpose of adding filler is to

boost the strength and stability of laminate or specimen and by using Vacuum Bag technique& the samples

were prepared according ASTM standards for Tensile ASTM D-3039 and for Bending Tests specimens are

prepared by ASTM D-790. Similarly fabrication for 24% is carried out and testing is carried out. For

natural fiber reinforced composite the number of layers varied from 4 layers. The curing time was around

24hrs at normal room temperature



4.2. Experimentation

4.2.1. Tensile test

The ends of the specimen are finished by emery paper using file and file for tensile testing. There are two

different types of specimen are prepared, the first specimen consists of 16% Hybrid natural fibre polymer

composites and the second is of24% Hybrid natural fibre polymer composites. The specimen preparation,

sizes, gauge dimension and speeds are according to the ASTM D-3039 standard. The test was carried out

on the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and the surrounding temperature is 35ºC. A tensile test specimen

placing in the testing machine and applying load until it fractures. Due to the application of load, the

elongation of the specimen is recorded. Three more readings are taken and the average values are used for

presentation.

Figure (a) Figure (b)

Figure 2 (a & b) 16% & 24 %composition tensile specimen after testing

4.2.2. Flexural Properties

Flexural properties of 16% and 24% Hybrid natural fibre polymer composites filled with composites with

varying amounts of fillerAL2O3 are shown in Table 1.

Flexural modulus for 16% and 24% Hybrid natural fibre polymer composites exhibited n growing

tendency with increased filler content. The growth of flexural modulus was attributed to the boosted

interfacial interaction existed between the matrix and filler,

Figure 3 (a & b) 16% and 24% HNFPCM Bending Specimen’s after testing





Figure 4 (a & b) 16% & 24 % composition bending specimen after testing

4.2.3. Oxidative Biodegradation

4.2.3.1. Test Solution for the Oxidative Deprivation

For oxidative deprivation, the following solutions were proposed;

• Hydrogen peroxide and Water, e.g. 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, pharmacopoeia mark.

• Fenton’s reagent it is the dilute hydrogen peroxide solution and iron salts mixture, e.g.100µmol Fe² and 1

µmol H2O.

This stability range shall be specified, justified and reported.

Container & Number of test samples: Chemical grade glass wear had been used for the test. Three

samples were used for each test period. The samples were fully finished product. A different container

used for each sample& one blank used for each test period 1 Week.

Figure 5 Biodegrading Test Specimens



Fenton’s reagent solution

24% natural fibre hybrid polymer composite specimen

Figure 6 Specimens under Biodegrading Test in Fenton’s reagent solution

4.2.3.2. Size and shape of test samples

The size and shape of the test specimen samples for corrosion test were prepared according to ISO10993-

12.The size, shape and surface area of the specimen has been chosen in such that equilibrium with the ruin

solution and constant mass for the determination of the mass balances that reached in a satisfactory time.

4.2.3.3. Mass/volume ratio

The ratio of the mass of the test specimen to the volume of the test solution should be at minimum 1g:

10ml. The test specimens were fully immersed in the test solution.

The ratio 1g:10ml was used for selected for practical explanations when using this ratio, however, it

has considered that the release of ruin products can interfere with the advancement of ruin itself and can

influence the rate of the ruin and the equilibrium of the ruin reactions .

4.2.3.4. pH Range

If the pH test solution is significant, the pH shall be maintained in an appropriate range. The pH chosen

shall be appropriate site of indented use. Changes in the pH induced by physiological phenomena, e.g.

during an inflammatory response, shall be considered.

The pH shall be reported and justified in the test report.

It should be recognized that, if the pH value is not maintained in the appropriate range, the degradation

products generated might or might not be the same as those that occur under biological conditions.




5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1. Tensile Test Results

Table 1 Experimental results was Tabulated and shows (Graph) of Tensile Test 16% natural fibers

Sp.

No.

Peak Load

(Fmax) kN

Displacement

at Fmax

(mm)

Breaking

Load (kN)

Maximum

Displacement

(mm)

Area

mm2 Ultimate

Stress

(kN/mm2)

Elongation

%

Yield Stress

(kN/mm2)

Femur Bone

Tensile Strength

or Ultimate Stress

1 6.420 1.9 4.320 2.20 159.500 0.040 1.613 0.027

43.44±3.62 Mpa or

0.04344±0.00362

(kN/mm2)

2 6.700 2.3 4.320 2.700 159.500 0.042 1.980 0.027

43.44±3.62 Mpa or

0.04344±0.00362

(kN/mm2)

Table 2 Experimental results was Tabulated and shows (Graph) of Tensile Test 24% natural fibers

Sp.

No.

Peak Load

(Fmax) kN

Displaceme

nt at Fmax

(mm)

Breaking

Load (kN)

Maximum

Displacement

(mm)

Area

mm2 Ultimate Stress

(kN/mm2) Elongation

%

Yield

Stress

(kN/mm2)

Femur Bone Tensile

Strength or Ultimate

Stress

1 6.980 1.1 6.980 1.200 159.500 0.044 0.880 0.027

43.44±3.62 Mpa or

0.04344±0.00362

(kN/mm2)

2 6.860 5.500 40420 2.1500 159.500 0.043 15.765 0.027

43.44±3.62 Mpa or

0.04344±0.00362

(kN/mm2)




Figure (c) Figure (d)

Figure 7 (a,b,c,d) SEM Images for 16% Tensile test specimens



Figure 8 (a,b,c,d) SEM Images for 24%Tensile test specimens after the test




5.2. Bending Test Results

5.2.1. Bending Test Results For 16% HPCM

Table 3 Experimental results was Tabulated and shows (Graph) of Bending Test 16%HPCM.

Sl

No

Peak

Load

(Fmax)

kN

Displaceme

nt At Fmax

(mm)

Breakin

g Load

(kN)

Maximum

Displaceme

nt (mm)

C/S

Area

mm2

Bending

Strength

(kN/mm2)

Bending

Stress

(kN/mm2

)

Modulus

of

Elasticity

(kN/mm2)

Maximu

m

Bending

Moment

kN.mm

Femur

Bone

Bending

Strength

[14]

1 4.040 2.800 3.920 3.00 40.640 0.099 4.427 743.157 95.950 84.03±9.91

(Mpa) or

0.084±

0.00991(kN

/mm2)

2 4.020 1.900 3.980 7.800 40.640 0.099 4.405 1089.757 95.475

5.2.2. Bending Test Results For 24% HPCM

Table 4 Experimental results was Tabulated and shows (Graph) of Bending Test 24%HPCM

Sl

No

Peak

Load

(Fmax

) kN

Displace

ment At

Fmax

(mm)

Breaki

ng

Load

(kN)

Maximu

m

Displace

ment

(mm)

C/S

Area mm2

Bendi

ng

Stren

gth

(kN/m

m2)

Bending

Stress

(kN/mm2

)

Modulus

of

Elasticity

(kN/mm2

)

Maximu

m

Bending

Moment

kN.mm

Femur Bone

Bending

Strength [14]

1 4.100 2.400 3.980 3.200 40.640 0.101 4.493 879.893 97.375 84.03±9.91(Mpa)

or0.084±

0.00991(kN/mm2) 2 3.740 2.500 3.660 4.00 40.640 0.092 4.098 770.529 88.825

3 5.280 4.500 4.280 8.400 40640 0.130 5.786 604.336 125.400





Figure 9 (a,b,c,d) SEM Images For 16% HNFPC Bending Test Specimen after the test



Figure 10 (a,b,c,d) SEM Images for 24% HNFPC Bending Test Specimen after the test




2.8

2.9

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

Specimen-1 Specimen-2 Specimen-3

Weight in gms weight in gms

4.4

4.6

4.8

5

5.2

5.4

5.6

38 50 60 70

pH

va

luve

Temperature in oC

5.3. SEM ANALYSIS

The fracture surface of Hybrid natural Sisal, Hemp, Jute and Banana fiber composites are shown in the fig

7,8,9 & 10. It is observed from the fracture damage that fracture is of ductile type with appreciable plastic

deformation. The macrograph in the fig 7,8,9 & 10. Shows the image of tensile specimen made of 250mm

length of 24%Hybrid natural sisal, hemp, jute and banana fiber composites.

5.4. Oxidative Degradation Test Results

Figure 11 Figure12



Figure 13 (a,b,c,d) SEM images for Degradation test for 24% HNFPCM



6. CONCLUSION

The following conclusions were drawn base on the observation made from test results of tensile and

bending test, also on results of Oxidative Biodegradation test carried out on prepared Hybrid Natural Fibre

Reinforced Bio-Composites.

• Increase in fiber concentration the tensile strength of the specimen also increased. When fibre concentration

is less the matrix and fiber interface shows weak bonding. The incorporation of fibre into resin matrix

increases the hardness of the composite, which is related to strength and toughness. The close packing of

fibres in the compounds increases the density while resilience decreases. The composites made from 250

mm length of Hybrid natural sisal, hemp, jute and banana fibers show the maximum tensile strength and

good tear strength. Resin can successfully used as matrix in bio composites. Using different surface

modifications of fiber the strength of the composites can be increased. Finally conclude that 24%Hybrid

natural sisal, hemp, jute and banana fiber composites will have good mechanical properties compare to 16%

Hybrid natural Sisal, hemp, jute and banana fiber composites.

• Hybrid Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have beneficial properties such as low density, less

expensive and reduced solidity when compared to synthetic composite products, thus providing advantages

for utilization in commercial applications (automotive industry, buildings, Constructions, and medical

applications). Using natural fibers as reinforcement for polymeric composites introduces positive effect on

the mechanical behavior of polymers. This paper evaluates the characteristics and properties of hybrid

natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: mechanical and SEM images

• From experimental results fig 11 it is found that negligible amount of weight is increased or gained by

specimen hence to reduce the weight gained bio-compatible coating is necessary on the natural fibre hybrid

polymer composite

• From pH value in fig 12 it is found if we increase the temperature the pH value also increases, then the

solution is having normal pH value not turning to acidic nature.

7. SCOPE FOR FURTHER WORK

• For these Hybrid Natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials coating can be done by different bio-

compatible coating material

• Compare the Natural fiber properties to Ccorbon fibre, S-Glass fiber or E-Glass fiber and also to the widely

using biomaterial (SS316L) for Orthopaedic Implants especially for Femur Prosthesis.

• It is possible to conduct DME analysis to study the damping analysis, temperature that material can with

stand and stiffness of the material.

• Fatigue test can be carried out to measure the endurance limt that material posses.

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