FA & Endocrine Issues · 2018. 3. 12. · –decreases time to grow taller –before age 8y in girl...
Transcript of FA & Endocrine Issues · 2018. 3. 12. · –decreases time to grow taller –before age 8y in girl...
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FA & Endocrine Issues
Susan R. Rose, MD Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
& University of Cincinnati
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• Most children & adults with FA have an endocrine issue
– Related to FA itself or treatment
• Persons with FA should have an annual endocrine evaluation
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Endocrine
• Hormones – made in one part of body
– carried in the blood
– carry message to another part of body
• They control – childhood growth
– energy & stamina
– blood sugar
– bone mineral
– sexuality & fertility
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CCHMC FA endocrine database
Growing Adult height
number 78 42
female 43 19
age range 0.3-15.9y 13.5-31y
after HCT 22% 51%
FA type--FANCA 24 31
FA type--other 54 11
I will present data from 120 persons with FA enrolled in my database
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Outline of talk
• Hormones by age – Weight
– Glucose & insulin
– Growth/ Height
– Hypothyroidism
– Growth hormone deficiency
– Puberty/ Gonadal function
– Bone mineral
• Evaluation
• Therapy
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Weight
• Often below average
• Body mass index (weight adjusted for height)
– Children -0.2 SD (zero is average)
– Adults -1.0 SD
• Low weight for height (“failure to thrive”)
– Children 33%
– Adults 38%
• Overweight for height
– Children 11%
– Adults 2%
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Body Mass Index , CCHMC
(in SD units compared to average)
N N
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 5 10 15 20 25
Age (years)
BM
I S
D
N
N
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Factors affecting weight
• small appetite
• malabsorption
• increased calorie needs during illness
• low insulin secretion
– insulin deficiency leads to poor weight gain
– blood sugar rises, lose glucose in urine
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Glucose-insulin control
• The body’s ability to use nutrition
– Depends on insulin secretion
– Insulin influences growth & health
• After intake of meal
– There is a rise in glucose, then rise in insulin
• Normally, glucose does not change much
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Impaired insulin secretion (Elder 2008)
• Findings on oral glucose tolerance test
• In 39 children with FA – 8% -- diabetic
– 46% -- impaired glucose tolerance
– Insulin • fasting levels low
• initial insulin rise sluggish
• later high insulin after glucose in 72%
– consistent with beta cell dysfunction
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Glucose after oral glucose load (OGTT)
0 30 60 90 1200.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5FA-AGM
FA-NGT
REF
Minutes
Glu
co
se (
mm
ol/
L)
NGT AGM REF0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
*
^A
UC
GL
U
Elder 2008
Glucose area under curve OGTT Glucose
AGM, abnl glucose metabolism; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; REF, reference group
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Insulin after OGTT
0 30 60 90 1200
100
200
300
400
500
600FA-AGM
FA-NGT
REF
Minutes
Insu
lin
(p
mo
l/l)
NG
TAG
MREF
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
^A
UC
INS
Insulin area under curve OGTT Insulin
Elder 2008
AGM, abnl glucose metabolism; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; REF, reference group
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Postprandial glucose & insulin, CCHMC
0
50
100
150
200
250
50 100 150 200 250 300
Glucose
Insu
li
N
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Glucose/ Insulin
• Limited rapid insulin rise to food
– Is an inherent feature of FA
• Worse after androgen or steroid therapy, or after transplant
• Leads to
– impaired glucose tolerance, poor growth, overt diabetes mellitus.
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Outline of talk
• Hormones by age – Weight
– Glucose & insulin
– Growth/ Height
– Hypothyroidism
– Growth hormone deficiency
– Puberty/ Gonadal function
– Bone mineral
• Evaluation
• Therapy
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Height, CCHMC
• Parents’ heights normal
• 48% had low weight at birth
– can affect later growth
• Height not affected by transplant
• 60% were shorter than 3rd %ile
– for general population
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Height, CCHMC adults
• Women, 152 cm (5 ft), -1.8 SD
– Range
• 4 ft 6 in – 5 ft 5 in
• 137 - 167 cm
• Men, 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) -2.3 SD
– Range
• 4 ft 9 in - 5 ft 10 in
• 145 – 179 cm
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Height , CCHMC
(in SD units below average)
-6
-4
-2
0
2
0 5 10 15 20 25
Age (years)
He
igh
t S
D
N
N
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Outline of talk
• Hormones by age – Weight
– Glucose & insulin
– Growth
– Hypothyroidism
– Growth hormone deficiency
– Puberty/ Gonadal function
– Bone mineral
• Evaluation
• Therapy
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Hypothyroidism
• Thyroid hormone levels are often mildly abnormal in FA
– borderline low T4 or FT4
– borderline high TSH (values >3 are suspicious)
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Low thyroid function , CCHMC
N
N
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Free Thyroxine (ng/dL)
TS
H (
mU
/L)
N
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Thyroid Study (Eyal 2008)
• Placebo-controlled trial of thyroid therapy – supported by FA Research Fund
• Eight children with FA – TSH > 3 mU/L or FT4 in lowest 1/3 of normal range – treated for 7mo with thyroid hormone, 7mo with
placebo
• Growth rate was faster on thyroid hormone than on placebo
• Conclusion: – If FA children have borderline TFT’s, T4 therapy may
improve their growth
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Growth Velocity (GV) during placebo & thyroid
therapy (8 children with FA)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
placebo thyroid hormone
Treatment
Gro
wth
Velo
cit
y (
cm
/y)
Eyal 2008
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GH Deficiency (GHD)
• Only a rare patient with FA has GHD
– 12% have low GH peak
• But sometimes not short, or growing OK
• Among adults with FA
– GH & cortisol are not different from general population
– Not different by transplant status or by gender
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Outline of talk
• Hormones by age – Weight
– Glucose & insulin
– Growth
– Hypothyroidism
– GH deficiency
– Puberty/ Gonadal function
– Bone mineral
• Evaluation
• Therapy
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Pubertal timing
• Early onset of puberty
– decreases time to grow taller
– before age 8y in girl & 9y in boy
• Delay defined as
– no puberty in 12y girl or 13y boy
– no menstrual period yet in 14y girl.
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Gonadal function in FA
• Infertility in some men with FA
• Early menopause in some women with FA
• Related to FA itself or to transplant
• If testosterone or estradiol are low
– lower sex drive or low bone mineral
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Gonadal function, CCHMC adults
• High LH & FSH is seen in gonadal failure
– LH was high in 25%
• After transplant
– 43% of men
– 17% of women
– FSH was high in 43%
• After transplant
– 62% of men
– 17% of women
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Gonadal function , CCHMC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Luteinizing hormone
Fo
llic
ule
-sti
mu
lati
ng
ho
rmo
ne
N
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Bone mineral development
• Controlled by
– Nutrition
– Exercise
– Vitamin D, calcium
– Growth hormone
– Gonadal hormones
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Bone mineral by age
Peak BMD at about age 25y, then gradual decline
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Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
• BMD in FA (articles prior to ours) – in children after transplant
• BMD declined in 1st 6 months
– in 13 adults • osteopenia or osteoporosis compared to normal for gender
& age
• Dual photon X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) – overestimates osteopenia in small stature
• If scan through a smaller bone, lower total mineral
– Need to adjust for height age
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BMD, CCHMC adults
• BMD averages -0.8 SD
– However, if DXA result is adjusted for height, BMD is often normal
• Low BMD adjusted for height
– Children 3%
– Adults 13%
• Not significantly lower after transplant
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Bone Mineral Density by age, CCHMC
-4
-2
0
2
4
0 5 10 15 20 25
Age
DZ
A, Z
-sco
re f
or
ag
e
N
N
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Bone Mineral Density by height SD,
CCHMC
-4
-2
0
2
4
0 5 10 15 20 25
Age
DX
A, Z
-sco
re f
or
heig
ht
ag
e
N
N
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BMD in FA (Rose 2011)
• Our findings in children
– BMD in FA is normal
• if DXA result is adjusted for height age
– regardless of whether they had transplant
• We recommend
– Encourage adequate vitamin D & calcium intake
– Do DXA if after transplant or if hypogonadal
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Outline of talk
• Endocrine function
• Evaluation
• Therapy
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Annual evaluation
• Accurate height measurement
• 8am TSH, T4, FT4, cortisol
• Glucose & insulin after eating
• Other – GH stimulation tests, BA
• If on thyroid therapy & growth rate is slow
– MRI of head • If multiple deficiencies
– LH, FSH, estradiol or testosterone • If delayed puberty
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Therapies
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Diet
• adequate calories & regular exercise
• sufficient calcium & vitamin D
• avoid concentrated sweets
– complex carbohydrates
– instead of simple sugars
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Insulin
• If hyperglycemia
– post-prandial glucoses >180mg/dL
• Check blood sugars 2H after start of meal
– Use short-acting insulin at meals
• “cover” for carbs
• Long-acting basal insulin
– not needed if fasting glucoses are normal
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Thyroid hormone
• Use thyroid hormone therapy
– If TSH over 3mU/L (primary)
– Or if FT4 low with normal TSH (central)
• Treatment target
– TSH 0.5 - 2.0mU/L (if primary)
– FT4 in upper third of normal (if central)
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Growth hormone
• GH use in short child with FA – after HCT if child has GH deficiency
– not just for short stature or SGA
– Controversy
•use of GH before HCT, or in absence of GHD
• IGF-titration – Adjust GH dose to keep IGF-I mid-normal
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Depot Lupron
• In short child with puberty too early
– Suppress puberty for 3y
– Permits time to keep growing taller
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Estrogen
• In short girl without puberty
– Use low dose estrogen
– Avoid rapid increase in estrogen dose
• In woman without menstrual periods
– Use standard low dose estrogen/ progesterone (pill, patch)
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Testosterone
• In short boy without puberty
– Use low dose testosterone (shot, gel)
– Observe for pubertal progression for next 6m
• In man
– Use testosterone injections im every 2 weeks or testosterone gel applied to skin
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Bone therapy
• Adequate dietary calcium & vitamin D
• Elemental calcium:
– 800mg daily in young child
– 1000 to 1500mg in adolescent
– 1200mg in adult
• Vitamin D:
– 1000 to 1500 units daily
• Bisphosphonates
– if BMD low with fractures
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Summary • Children & adults with FA have risk for
– Weight low or high
– Sluggish insulin release
– Small stature
– Hypothyroidism
– GH deficiency
– Early or late puberty
– Low bone mineral after long steroid use or in delayed puberty
• Involve endocrinologist in starting therapy & follow-up endocrine care