F214: Communication, Homeostasis and Energy4.2.1 Kidney Failure and Testing

• outline the problems that arise from kidney failure and discuss the use of renal dialysis and transplants for the treatment of kidney failure • describe how urine samples can be used

to test for pregnancy and detect misuse of anabolic steroids

Kidney failure can be caused by:

•Diabetes mellitus (type I and type II sugar diabetes)

•Hypertension (high blood pressure)

•Kidney Infection

If the kidneys fail, excess water and urea cannot be removed, which will eventually lead to death

Kidney Failure: Treatment

Research TaskYour task is to create a poster (similar to the year 12 project week) that explains the following. You can use Biology 2 p60-62 to help you

•Dialysis including haemodyalysis and peritoneal dialysis•Kidney Trasnsplants

Success Criteria

• Your poster must contain:• The science behind Dialysis• The advantages and disadvantages of Kidney

Transplants• Appropriate diagrams

Questions

Using Cambridge Biology (p56-59) or OCR Biology (p50-51), answer the following as fully as you can:

1.How can urine be used to detect pregnancy? 2.How can urine be used to test for drug use in sports?

How can Urine be used to detect Pregnancy?

• Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) secreted by embryo• Found in urine 6 days after conception• Pregnancy tests contain monoclonal antibodies• Antibody is specific to hCG• Test strip soaked in urine• hCG attaches to antibody tagged with a blue bead • hCG-antibody complex moves up the strip until it attaches to

a strip of immobilised antibodies• This creates two blue lines- One to ensure the test is working,

the second to indicate pregnancy

How can Urine be used to test for drug use in sport?

• Anabolic steroids increase protein synthesis in cells• Causes build up of tissue in the muscles• Have a half life of 16 hours• Gas chromatography used to detect presence of steroids• Sample is vapourised with a solvent and passed down a tube• Absorption agent in tube lining is analysed to make a

chromatogram