Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers...
-
Upload
pieter-jan-jordaens -
Category
Business
-
view
135 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers...
![Page 1: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Extreme performance Increasing resilience and mitigating risk:
Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power
Pieter Jan Jordaens Business development & Innovation [email protected]
![Page 2: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
…
Content
Introduction Drivers for wind energy R&D Technological Evolution – technical challenge Risk mitigation pathways
Requirements with regard to sites: focus cold climate Testing & validation: focus cold climate
Wind turbine testing in general Climate chamber testing of transformers Case study in the climatic test chamber: focus cold climate
Liquid filled transformers Cast resin transformers
Conclusion
![Page 3: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
…
Introduction
Non-profit Belgian technology centre Mission: to support companies with implementing
technology innovations 160 engineers and scientists Multidisciplinary R&D and innovation projects
Mainly for Belgian companies (SME & Large) Also shared R&D projects with EU companies
High tech R&D infrastructure
![Page 4: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Competences
![Page 5: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
High-tech Test & Monitoring
Infrastructure
Processed Data
Insights &
Information
Shared R&D + Innovation projects
![Page 6: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Focus on extreme cold & hot temperature testing
![Page 7: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Focus on extreme cold & hot temperature testing
![Page 8: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Data from lab and field testing
Knowledge, insight and understanding
CAPEX OPEX Yield
![Page 10: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
100€/MWh (Target Dong Energy)
Drivers for wind energy R&D
![Page 11: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
100€/MWh (Target Dong Energy)
Drivers for wind energy R&D
![Page 12: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
𝑪𝒐𝑬 = 𝑪𝑨𝑷𝑬𝑿 + 𝑶𝑷𝑬𝑿
𝑨𝑬𝑷
Reliability
Reliability & Availability
Reliability means: ‘the ability of a system to perform a required function, under given environmental and operating conditions and for a stated period of time’ .
Downtime: lost revenue = 5.000-15.000 €/day
![Page 13: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Teesside Offshore Wind Farm – January 2014
![Page 14: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Teesside Offshore Wind Farm – January 2014
![Page 15: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Teesside Offshore Wind Farm – January 2014
![Page 16: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Teesside Offshore Wind Farm – January 2014
![Page 17: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Teesside Offshore Wind Farm – January 2014
![Page 18: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Transformers are key components in a wind farm
In the beginning: off the shelf distribution transformers failed Unusual duty cycle Environmental conditions
In the turbine: fire risks, leakage,
low frequency stress cast resin transformers, lightning, thermal stress,…
Technology matured by trail & error Offshore high voltage substation: Transformer failure: big financial impact No power production of wind farm (4,5 months - 1 year)
![Page 19: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
It takes time to reach a mature technology
![Page 20: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
It takes time to reach a mature technology
Brothers Wright – First flight 1903
Airbus – First flight - 2005
102 years of development
![Page 21: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1991 First offshore wind farm (nearshore) 450 kW turbines 4.95MW farm
22 years of development
2013 One of the latest offshore wind farms 6.5 MW turbines 325MW farm
![Page 22: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
36 8 3 10
Technological evolution
Time-to-market = important
![Page 23: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Technological evolution:
Optimization VS radical innovation
Nacelle installed transformer
Tower installed transformer
Platform installed transformer:
+36kV solutions – multi-MW
turbines
![Page 24: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Reliability = Key
Maintainability = Key
![Page 26: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How to increase resilience and
mitigate the Risk?
1) Design input based
on field experience and realistic requirements need for field data
![Page 27: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Overview environmental loads on wind turbines
![Page 29: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Overview environmental loads on wind turbines
![Page 30: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Belgian North Sea: Standard Offshore turbines Operating spec. temperatures: -10°C …+40°C
Northern Baltic Sea: CCV offshore turbines Operating spec. temperatures: -30°C …+40°C
Pori Offshore 1 Wind Farm – Northern Baltic Sea Arctic conditions -35°C
Onshore cold climate turbine – Mongolia : -50°C during winter night
![Page 31: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Offshore station – North Sea – extreme waves
![Page 32: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Offshore station – North Sea – extreme waves
![Page 33: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
9
10
4
8
5
1
2
6
7
3 Vibration Signals
Fundamental vibration modes
![Page 34: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
24.06.14 36
Belwind Winf Farm – 45 km from shore – North Sea Installation Alstom 6MW Haliade prototype
![Page 37: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Hot climate Wind Farm – temperature specification: +50°C Heat dissipation transformer, cooling drivetrain,…
![Page 38: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Hot climate Wind Farm – temperature specification: +50°C Heat dissipation transformer, cooling drivetrain,…
![Page 39: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Challenge: Wind turbines are installed word wide
Therefore, wind turbines are subjected to different environmental loads
![Page 40: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Design classification with regard to different climatic sites
Corrosive environment
Humidity & Rain
Strong gusts & heavy wind loads
Wave impacts; low freq. vibrations
Vibrations due to wind loads
(Extreme) cold temperatures: -40°C; -45°C
Ice-rain & icing
Heavy wind loads
Snow
Vibrations due to wind loads
(Extreme) hot temperatures : +45°C; 50°C;
Sand & dust
Vibrations due to wind loads
Solar radiation
Offshore wind turbines CCV wind turbines HCV wind turbines
![Page 41: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Which requirements?
1) Wintertime more good wind conditions
2) Fact by EON : wind turbines produce 11% more power at -10°C than at +20°C
![Page 42: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Climatic class EN 60076-11:
C1, C2, C3*
Which requirements?
![Page 43: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
2014 – extreme temperature events
Canada (Saskatoon) January 2014: -49°C
Chicago January 2014: -30°C
North China February 2014: -46°C
Mongolia: -50°C
Sweden 16/01/2014: -30°C USA: Polar vortex
causes cancellations of turbine maintenance tasks - 2014
![Page 44: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
How to increase resilience and
mitigate the Risk?
2) Test and validate all components and the full system for all possible operating
conditions to find weak links
![Page 45: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Also for extreme environmental conditions
Such conditions don’t occur often, but if they do they can have a big impact when not been taken into consideration
![Page 47: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Challenger disaster was caused by the failure of an "O-ring" seal in the solid-fuel rocket on the shuttle's right side. The seal's faulty design and the unusually cold weather, which affected the seal's functioning, allowed hot gases to leak through the joint”
![Page 48: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Environmental testing of transformers:
![Page 51: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Environmental testing of transformers
![Page 52: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Climate chamber testing of transformers
Why such test?
Transformers used in wind farm are far more exposed to (extreme) cold and/or hot temperatures than ‘conventional power plants’ due to their geographic location and their location inside the turbine
Example extreme event = cold start-up: thermal stress mechanical stress
To mitigate risk: prototype test (over-stress test, fatigue test) to check for leakage, cracks, performance,…
Simulation VS testing field data needed, time-to-market plays a role
Requested by certification body or customer as proof of safe & reliable operations in all conditions
![Page 53: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Climate chamber testing of transformers
Challenge?
Hi-tech infrastructure needed to cope with such tests
Multi-MW trend & Dimensions
External Lab VS in-house (freq. of such tests?)
Extreme temperatures / cooling power
![Page 54: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Climate chamber testing of transformers
Focus cold climate – Liquid Filled transformers
Storage test at -40°C: check for leakages/cracks on seals, thin plated cooling fins, bushings, cables,…
Cold start-up test at -30°C:
Check leakage/ cracks due to brittle material in combination
with pressure increase (thermal & mechanical stress)
Check natural cooling performance of transformer liquid during cold start-up
Paper EWEA: Cold start of a 5.5MVA offshore transformer
![Page 55: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Check leakage/ cracks due to brittle material in combination with pressure increase (thermal & mechanical stress):
Temperature influences the gas cushion (if used) and the liquid level of the transformer Internal pressure changes
The internal pressure and liquid level must stay within a certain range in order to guarantee optimal performance
Pressure peaks switch off transformer negative impact availability Pressure peaks brittle material exceptional mechanical stress
Worst case: interaction of the gas cushion/ liquid level can lead to negative impact on elasticity of the tank: unacceptable stress cracks & leakage risk
Mitigate this risk through simulation and testing
Climate chamber testing of transformers
Focus cold climate – Liquid Filled transformers
![Page 56: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Climate chamber testing of transformers
Focus cold climate – Liquid Filled transformers
Check natural cooling performance of liquid during cold start-up:
A design verification test was needed to proof that there was sufficient internal cooling during cold start-up events as simulating such an event is difficult and complex.
Due to the higher viscosity at low temperature of the used cooling liquids, the natural convection cooling of the internal windings may be limited in such way that the initial losses generated inside the transformers windings cannot be evacuated fast enough RISK !
![Page 57: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Approach -30°C Full load cold test on a 5,5MVA transformer
![Page 58: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Approach -30°C Full load cold test on a 5,5MVA transformer
![Page 59: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Approach -30°C Full load cold test on a 5,5MVA transformer
![Page 60: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Climate chamber testing of transformers
Focus cold climate – Cast Resin Transformer
Check for cracks at low temperature operations:
Thermal stress mechanical stress due to brittle materials.
OWI-Lab has set-up a partnership with HV-Lab KEMA Arnhem
to cope with cast resin transformer tests at extreme low temperatures: -40°C, -50°C, -60°C
![Page 61: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Example guideline thermal shock testing cast resin
Climate classes defined by IEC 60076-11 Class C1: the transformer is suitable for operation at ambient temperatures down to -5°C. (Exposed for storage & transportation: -25°C) Class C2: the transformer is suitable for operation at ambient temperatures down to -25°C (Exposed for storage & transportation: -25°C, -30°C or -40°C) Class C3*: the transformer is suitable for operation at -40°C, -50°C or -60°C
(storage & transportation: -40°C, -50°C or -60°C)
Climate chamber testing of transformers
Focus cold climate – Cast Resin Transformer
![Page 62: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Power electronics
Variable wind patterns
Transformer windings
subjected to a rapid increase
of heat
In low temperature operations/
cold start-up sequence: brittle windings
(= additional risk)
Cracks partial discharge
in concentrated area which can
not be dissipated = RISK
![Page 63: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
CONCLUSION:
Reliability = key to wind energy (offshore)
Fast increasing technological evolution
Wind turbines are installed at extreme climatic sites
Field data is needed to optimize requirements
Advanced component and system testing is becoming important in the strategy to mitigate risks
Case studies with regard to transformers and climate chamber testing indicate the importance to do so
![Page 64: Extreme performance: Increasing resilience and mitigating risk - Climatic tests for transformers integration with offshore wind power - CWIEME Berlin 2014 - Pieter Jan Jordaens](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051609/5478cdfdb379595e2b8b458a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Thank you for your attention!
www.owi-lab.be/
www.sirris.be
@OWI_lab
Group: Offshore Wind Infrastructure
Application Lab (OWI-Lab)