Extraversion and introversion 1

Extraversion and introversion

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Extraversion and introversion 2

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The trait of extraversion–introversion is a central dimension of human personality theories. The terms introversionand extraversion were first popularized by Carl Jung,[1] although both the popular understanding and psychologicalusage differ from his original intent. Extraversion tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior,whereas introversion is manifested in more reserved and solitary behavior.[] Virtually all comprehensive models ofpersonality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include the Big Five model, Jung's analyticalpsychology, Hans Eysenck's three-factor model, Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factors, the MinnesotaMultiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator.Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single continuum. Thus, to be high on one it is necessary tobe low on the other. Carl Jung and the authors of the Myers–Briggs provide a different perspective and suggest thateveryone has both an extroverted side and an introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other. Ratherthan focusing on interpersonal behavior, however, Jung defined introversion as an "attitude-type characterised byorientation in life through subjective psychic contents" (focus on one's inner psychic activity); and extraversion as"an attitude type characterised by concentration of interest on the external object", (the outside world).[2]

In any case, people fluctuate in their behavior all the time, and even extreme introverts and extraverts do not alwaysact according to their type.

Varieties

ExtraversionExtraversion is "the act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from whatis outside the self".[3] Extroverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, andgregarious. They take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities,public demonstrations, and business or political groups. Politics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fieldsthat favor extroversion. An extroverted person is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in timespent alone. They tend to be energized when around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they areby themselves.

IntroversionIntroversion is "the state of or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested inone's own mental life".[3] Some popular writers have characterized introverts as people whose energy tends toexpand through reflection and dwindle during interaction.[4] This is similar to Jung's view, although he focused onpsychic energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions make this distinction.The common modern perception is that introverts tend to be more reserved and less outspoken in groups. They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, using computers, hiking and fishing. The archetypal artist, writer, sculptor, engineer, composer and inventor are all highly introverted. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people, though he or she may enjoy interactions with close friends. Trust is usually an issue of significance: a virtue of utmost importance to introverts is choosing a worthy companion. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents.[5] They are more analytical before

Extraversion and introversion 3

speaking.[6] Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement,introversion having even been defined by some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulatingenvironment.[7]

Introversion is not seen as being identical to shyness or to being a social outcast. Introverts prefer solitary activitiesover social ones, whereas shy people (who may be extraverts at heart) avoid social encounters out of fear.[8]

AmbiversionAlthough many people view being introverted or extroverted as a question with only two possible answers, mostcontemporary trait theories measure levels of extraversion-introversion as part of a single, continuous dimension ofpersonality, with some scores near one end, and others near the half-way mark,[9] see the Big Five personality traits.Ambiversion is falling more or less directly in the middle.[3][10] An ambivert is moderately comfortable with groupsand social interaction, but also relishes time alone, away from a crowd.

MeasurementExtent of extraversion and introversion is most commonly assessed through self-report measures, althoughpeer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical [] or based onstatements.[] Which measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties andthe time and space constraints of the research being undertaken.Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect extrovert and introvert traits, such as outgoing, talkative,reserved and quiet. Words representing introversion are reverse coded to create composite measures ofextraversion/introversion running on a continuum. Goldberg (1992)[11] developed a 20-word measure as part of his100-word Big Five markers. Saucier (1994)[12] developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-wordmini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier’s original mini-markers have been found suboptimalwith samples outside of North America.[] As a result, a systematically revised measure was developed to havesuperior psychometric properties, the International English Mini-Markers.[] The International English Mini-Markershas good internal consistency reliabilities and other validity for assessing extraversion/introversion and other fivefactor personality dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistencyreliability of the Extraversion measure for native English-speakers is reported as .92, that for non-nativeEnglish-speakers is .85.Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexicalmeasures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, Talk to a lot of different people at parties orOften feel uncomfortable around others.[] While some statement-based measures of extraversion/introversion havesimilarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, their generallyemic development makes them less suited to use in other populations.[13] For example, statements asking abouttalkativeness in parties are hard to answer meaningfully by those who do not attend parties, as Americans areassumed to do. Moreover, the sometimes colloquial North American language of statements makes them less suitedto use outside America. For instance, statements like Keep in the background and Know how to captivate people aresometimes hard for non-native English-speakers to understand except in a literal sense.

Eysenck's theoryHans Eysenck described extraversion-introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive withother people. These behavioral differences are presumed to be the result of underlying differences in brainphysiology.[14] Extroverts seek excitement and social activity in an effort to heighten their arousal level, whereasintroverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to keep such arousal to a minimum. Eysenck designatedextraversion as one of three major traits in his P-E-N model of personality, which also includes psychoticism andneuroticism.

Extraversion and introversion 4

Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion was a combination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness andsociability. He later added several other more specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability. Thesetraits are further linked in his personality hierarchy to even more specific habitual responses, such as partying on theweekend.Eysenck compared this trait to the four temperaments of ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperamentsequating to extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion.[15]

Twin studies find that extraversion/introversionhas a genetic component.

Biological factors

The relative importance of nature versus environment in determiningthe level of extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies.Twin studies have often found a genetic component of 39% to 58%. Interms of the environmental component, the shared family environmentappears to be far less important than individual environmental factorsthat are not shared between siblings.[16]

Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability incortical arousal. He hypothesized that introverts are characterized byhigher levels of activity than extroverts and so are chronically morecortically aroused than extroverts. The fact that extroverts require moreexternal stimulation than introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other evidence of the"stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extroverts in response to a drop of lemon juice.[17]

Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to potentially rewardingstimuli.[] This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extroverts, since they will more intenselyfeel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extroverts can more easily learn thecontingencies for positive reinforcement, since the reward itself is experienced as greater.One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the frontal lobes of their brain and the anterior or frontalthalamus, which are areas dealing with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Extroverts havemore blood flow in the anterior cingulate gyrus, temporal lobes, and posterior thalamus, which are involved insensory and emotional experience.[18] This study and other research indicates that introversion-extraversion is relatedto individual differences in brain function.Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration, through its association with surgency.[]

BehaviorExtroverts and introverts have a variety of behavioral differences. According to one study, extroverts tend to wearmore decorative clothing, whereas introverts prefer practical, comfortable clothes.[19] Extroverts are likely to prefermore upbeat, conventional, and energetic music than introverts.[20] Personality also influences how people arrangetheir work areas. In general, extroverts decorate their offices more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby,and are more likely to put dishes of candy on their desks. These are attempts to invite co-workers and encourageinteraction. Introverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace to discourage socialinteraction.[21]

Humans are complex and unique, and because introversion-extraversion varies along a continuum, individuals mayhave a mixture of both orientations. A person who acts introverted in one situation may act extroverted in another,and people can learn to act "against type" in certain situations. Jung's theory states that when someone's primaryfunction is extroverted, his secondary function is always introverted (and vice versa).[1]

Extraversion and introversion 5

ImplicationsAcknowledging that introversion and extraversion are normal variants of behavior can help in self-acceptance andunderstanding of others. For example, an extrovert can accept her introverted partner's need for space, while anintrovert can acknowledge his extroverted partner's need for social interaction.Researchers have found a correlation between extraversion and self-reported happiness. That is, more extrovertedpeople tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts.[22][23] Other research has shown that being instructedto act in an extroverted manner leads to increases in positive affect, even for people who are trait-level introverts.[24]

This does not mean that introverts are unhappy. Extroverts simply report experiencing more positive emotions,whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be due to the fact that extraversion is socially preferable incontemporary Western culture and thus introverts feel less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, otherstudies have found that extroverts tend to report higher levels of self-esteem than introverts.[25][26] Others suggestthat such results reflect socio-cultural bias in the survey itself.[6][27]Wikipedia:Link rot Dr. David Meyers hasclaimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem, optimism, and extraversion. Meyers baseshis conclusions on studies that report extroverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the factthat the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with,"only measure happiness among extroverts.[6] Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily theirpsychological needs and problems, whereas extroverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on theouter world.[1]

Although extraversion is perceived as socially desirable, it is not always an advantage. For example, extrovertedyouths are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.[28] Conversely, while introversion is perceived as lesssocially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence[29] and "giftedness."[30][31] Formany years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, whichextroverts may find boring.[32] Career counselors often use personality traits, along with other factors such as skilland interest, to advise their clients.[33] Some careers such as computer programming may be more satisfying for anintroverted temperament, while other areas such as sales may be more agreeable to the extroverted type.Although neither introversion nor extraversion is pathological, psychotherapists can take temperament into accountwhen treating clients. Clients may respond better to different types of treatment depending on where they fall on theintroversion/extraversion spectrum. Teachers can also consider temperament when dealing with their pupils, forexample acknowledging that introverted children need more encouragement to speak in class while extrovertedchildren may grow restless during long periods of quiet study.

Regional variationSome claim that Americans live in an "extroverted society"[34] that rewards extrovert behavior and rejectsintroversion.[35] This is because the US is currently a culture of external personality, whereas some other cultures areperceived as cultures of character where people are valued for their "inner selves and their moral rectitude".[36] Othercultures, such as Eastern Europe, Japan and regions where Orthodox Christianity, Buddhism, Sufism etc. prevail,prize introversion.[6] These cultural differences predict individuals' happiness in that people who score higher inextraversion are happier, on average, in particularly extroverted cultures and vice versa.[37]

Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extroverted (more introverted) than thoseliving on the mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to beless extroverted than more recent arrivals. Furthermore, people who emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to bemore extroverted than people that stay on islands, and those that immigrate to islands.[38]

In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois score higher than the U.S. average on extraversion. Utah and the southeastern states of Florida and Georgia also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in

Extraversion and introversion 6

the United States are Maryland, New Hampshire, Alaska, Washington, Oregon and Vermont. People who live in thenorthwestern states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming are also relatively introverted.[39]

Extraversion, introversion, and happinessAs earlier stated, extroverts are often found to have higher levels of happiness and positive affect thanintroverts.[40][41][42] An influential review article concluded that personality, specifically extraversion and emotionalstability, was the best predictor of subjective well-being.[43] As examples, Argyle and Lu (1990)[44] found that thetrait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), waspositively and significantly correlated with happiness, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using thesame happiness and extraversion scales, Hills and Argyle (2001)[45] found that happiness was again significantlycorrelated with extraversion. Also, the study by Emmons and Diener (1986)[46] showed that extraversion correlatespositively and significantly with positive affect but not with negative affect. Similar results were found in a largelongitudinal study by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992),[47] which assessed 14,407 participants from 100areas of continental United States. Using the abbreviated General Well-Being Schedule, which tapped positive andnegative affects, and Costa and McCrae's (1986)[48] short version of the NE0's Extraversion scale, the authorsreported that extroverts experienced greater well-being at two points in time, during which data were collected: firstbetween 1971 and 1975, and later between 1981 and 1984. Furthermore, Larsen [49] and Ketelaar (1991)[50] showedthat extroverts respond more to positive affect than to negative affect, since they exhibit more positive-affectreactivity to the positive-affect induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the negative-affect induction.[51]

Possible reasons

Instrumental view

The instrumental view proposes that personality traits give rise to conditions and actions, which have affectiveconsequences, and thus generate individual differences in emotionality.[51][52]

•• Personality trait as a cause of higher sociability

According to the instrumental view, one explanation for greater subjective well-being among extroverts could be thefact that extraversion helps in the creation of life circumstances, which promote high levels of positive affect.Specifically, the personality trait of extraversion is seen as a facilitator of more social interactions,[40][51][53] sincethe low cortical arousal among extroverts results in them seeking more social situations in order to increase theirarousal.[54]

•• The social participation theory

According to the social participation theory, more frequent participation in social situations creates more frequent,and higher levels, of positive affect. Therefore, it is believed that since extroverts are characterized as more sociablethan introverts, they also possess higher levels of positive affect brought on by social interactions.[55][56][57]

Specifically, the results of Furnham and Brewin's study (1990)[42] suggest that extroverts enjoy and participate morein social activities than introverts, and as a result extroverts report higher level of happiness. Also, in the study ofArgyle and Lu (1990)[44] extroverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social activities, andto be more likely to participate in social activities such as: party games, jokes, or going to the cinema. Similar resultswere reported by Diener, Larsen [49], and Emmons (1984)[58] who found that extroverts seek social situations moreoften than introverts, especially when engaging in recreational activities.However, a variety of findings contradict the claims of the social participation theory. Firstly, it was found that extroverts were happier than introverts even when alone. Specifically, extroverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone or with others, or whether they live in a vibrant city or quiet rural environment.[41] Similarly, a study by Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992)[47] showed that although extroverts chose social jobs relatively more frequently (51%) than nonsocial jobs compared to introverts (38%), they were happier than introverts

Extraversion and introversion 7

regardless of whether their occupations had social or nonsocial character. Secondly, it was found that extroverts onlysometimes reported greater amounts of social activity than introverts,[58] but in general extroverts and introverts donot differ in the quantity of their socialization.[41] Similar finding was reported by Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux(2008),[59] who found that extroverts and introverts both enjoy participating in social interactions, but extrovertsparticipate socially more. Thirdly, studies have shown that both extroverts and introverts participate in socialrelations, but that the quality of this participation differs. The more frequent social participation among extrovertscould be explained by the fact that extroverts know more people, but those people are not necessarily their closefriends, while introverts, when participating in social interactions, are more selective and have only few close friendswith whom they have special relationships.[45]

•• The social attention theory

Yet another explanation of the high correlation between extraversion and happiness comes from the study by Ashton[60], Lee, and Paunonen (2002).[61] They suggested that the core element of extraversion is a tendency to behave inways that attract, hold, and enjoy social attention, and not reward sensitivity. They claimed that one of thefundamental qualities of social attention is its potential of being rewarding. Therefore, if a person shows positiveemotions of enthusiasm, energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorably by others and he or she gains others'attention. This favorable reaction from others likely encourages extroverts to engage in further extrovertedbehavior.[61] Ashton [60], Lee, and Paunonen's (2002)[61] study showed that their measure of social attention, theSocial Attention Scale, was much more highly correlated with extraversion than were measures of reward sensitivity.

Temperamental viewTemperamental view is based on the notion that there is a direct link between people's personality traits and theirsensitivity to positive and negative affects.[40][50][51]

•• The affective reactivity model

The affective reactivity model states that the strength of a person's reactions to affect-relevant events are caused bypeople's differences in affect.[50][62] This model is based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory by Jeffrey AlanGray, which states that people with stronger behavioral activation system (BAS) are high in reward responsivenessand are predisposed to the personality trait of extraversion, while people with a stronger behavioral inhibition system(BIS) are lower in reward responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality trait of neuroticism andintroversion.[63] Therefore, extroverts are seen as having a temperamental predisposition to positive affect sincepositive mood induction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extroverts are more prone to react topleasant effects.[][50][62][64][65] For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000).[66] found in two consecutive studies thatpeople with more sensitive BIS reported higher levels of average negative affect, while people with more sensitiveBAS reported higher levels of positive affect. Also Zelenski [67] and Larsen [49] (1999)[51] found that people withmore sensitive BAS reported more positive emotions during the positive mood induction, while people with moresensitive BIS reported more negative emotions during the negative mood induction.•• The social reactivity theory

The social reactivity theory alleges that all humans, whether they like it or not, are required to participate in socialsituations. Since extroverts prefer engaging in social interactions more than introverts, they also derive more positiveaffect from such situations than introverts do.[41][44][58] The support for this theory comes from work of Brian R.Little, who popularized concept of "restorative niches". Little claimed that life often requires people to participate insocial situations, and since acting social is out of character for introverts, it was shown to harm their well-being.Therefore, one way to preserve introverts' well-being is for them to recharge as often as possible in places wherethey can return to their true selves - places Little calls "restorative niches".[68]

However, it was also found that extroverts did not respond stronger to social situations than introverts, nor did theyreport bigger boosts of positive affect during such interactions.[53][59]

Extraversion and introversion 8

•• Affective regulation

Another possible explanation for more happiness among extroverts comes from the fact that extroverts are able tobetter regulate their affective states. This means that in ambiguous situations (situations where positive and negativemoods are introduced and mixed in similar proportions) extroverts show a slower decrease of positive affect, and, asa result, they maintained a more positive affect balance than introverts.[69] Extroverts may also choose activities thatfacilitate happiness (e.g., recalling pleasant vs. unpleasant memories) more than introverts when anticipating difficulttasks.[70]

•• The set-point model aka affect-level model

According to the set-point model, levels of positive and negative affects are more or less fixed within eachindividual, hence, after a positive or negative event, people's moods tend to go back to the pre-set level. According tothe set-point model, extroverts' experience more happiness because their pre-set level of positive affect is set higherthan the pre-set point of positive affect in introverts, therefore extroverts require less positive reinforcement in orderto feel happy.[65]

•• Pleasure-arousal relation

A study by Kuppens [71] (2008)[72] showed that extroverts and introverts engage in different behaviors when feelingpleasant, which could be a potential explanation for underestimating the frequency and intensity of happinessexhibited by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens (2008)[72] found that arousal and pleasantness are positively correlatedfor extraverts, which means that pleasant feelings are more likely to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts.On the other hand, arousal and pleasantness are negatively correlated for introverts, resulting in introverts exhibitinglow arousal when feeling pleasant. In other words, if everything is going well in an extravert's life, which is a sourceof pleasant feelings, extroverts see such situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and goal pursuit,which brings about an active, aroused pleasant state. Yet, when everything is going good for introverts, they see it asan opportunity to let down their guard, resulting in them feeling relaxed and content.[72]

References[1] Jung, C.J. (1921) Psychologischen Typen. Rascher Verlag, Zurich – translation H.G. Baynes, 1923.[3][3] Merriam Webster Dictionary.[4][4] Helgoe, Laurie (2008). "Introvert Power: Why Your Inner Life is Your Hidden Strength". Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc.[5] Introversion (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_g2602/ is_0003/ ai_2602000328) Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale

Research, 1998.[6][6] Laney, Marti Olsen (2002). The Introvert Advantage: How to Thrive in an Extrovert World. Workman Publishing. ISBN 0-7611-2369-5.[7] Cain, Susan, Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking, Crown Publishing 2012: quoted by Szalavitz, Maia, "'Mind

Reading': Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts" (http:/ / healthland. time. com/ 2012/ 01/ 27/mind-reading-qa-with-susan-cain-on-the-power-of-introverts/ ) ( WebCite archive (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 66HhhW8xS)), TimeHealthland, January 27, 2012; and Cook, Gareth, "The Power of Introverts: A Manifesto for Quiet Brilliance" (http:/ / www.scientificamerican. com/ article. cfm?id=the-power-of-introverts& print=true) ( WebCite archive (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/66D9hOwIp)), Scientific American, January 24, 2012.

[8] All About Shyness (http:/ / psychcentral. com/ library/ shyness. htm) Meredith Whitten, Psych Central, 21 Aug 2001; Accessed 2007-08-02[9] The OCEAN of Personality (http:/ / allpsych. com/ personalitysynopsis/ trait_application. html) Personality Synopsis, Chapter 4: Trait

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External links• Secrets of a super successful introvert (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2012/ 02/ 06/ living/ successful-introverts-o/

index. html) Susan Cain article from CNN Living (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ LIVING/ )• TED talks – Susan Cain: The power of introverts (http:/ / www. ted. com/ talks/

susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts. html) talk by Susan Cain, author of Quiet: The Power of Introverts in aWorld That Can't Stop Talking (January 2012), talks about reasons we should celebrate and encourageintroversion

• Revenge of the Introvert (http:/ / www. psychologytoday. com/ articles/ 201008/ revenge-the-introvert) LaurieHelgoe's article about introversion published in Psychology Today (2010)

• General description of the types (http:/ / psychclassics. yorku. ca/ Jung/ types. htm) Jung's original article (1921)• BBC – The Human Mind – Personality (http:/ / www. open. edu/ openlearn/ body-mind/ psychology/

personality-user-guide) Description of introversion and extraversion, focusing on reward-seeking behavior• Changing Minds (http:/ / changingminds. org/ explanations/ preferences/ extravert_introvert. htm) Another

description of introversion and extraversion, taking a Jungian view• Extraversion (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_g2602/ is_0002/ ai_2602000236) Gale Encyclopedia of

Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.• Introversion (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_g2602/ is_0003/ ai_2602000328) Gale Encyclopedia of

Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.• USA Today article about CEO introverts/extroverts (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ money/ companies/

management/ 2006-06-06-shy-ceo-usat_x. htm)• Caring for Your Introvert (http:/ / www. theatlantic. com/ doc/ 200303/ rauch) Article in the Atlantic, March 2003• Ten Myths About Introverts (http:/ / www. carlkingdom. com/ 10-myths-about-introverts) Article by Carl King,

2009.• J. Wilt and W. Revelle review chapter on extraversion (http:/ / personality-project. org/ revelle/ publications/ wr.

ext. rev2. pdf)

Article Sources and Contributors 11

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