Tidally induced lateral dispersion of the Storfjorden overflow plume
Extrasolar Storms in High Defintion: Cloud Physics and ... · Extrasolar Storms in High...
Transcript of Extrasolar Storms in High Defintion: Cloud Physics and ... · Extrasolar Storms in High...
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Extrasolar Storms in High Defintion: Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Dynamics in Exoplanets
Dániel ApaiSteward Observatory and Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
University of ArizonaEarths in Other Solar Systems Team, NExSS
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Collaborators:Esther Buenzli (MPIA, SNF Fellow)Davin Flateau (LPL, NSF Fellow)Jake Hanson (Steward, ASU)Theodora Karalidi (Steward)Veselin Kostov (NPP Fellow)Hao Yang (Steward) Yifan Zhou (Steward)
Jacqueline Radigan (STScI)Stanimir Metchev (SUNY)Mark Marley (NASA Ames)Ari Heinze (SUNY)I. Neill Reid (STScI)Adam Burrows (Princeton)Caroline Morley (UCSD)Patrick Lowrance (SSC) Adam Showman (LPL)Glenn Schneider (Steward)Andrew Skemer (Steward)Peter Plavchan (SSC) Subhanjoy Mohanty (IC London)
Extrasolar Storms in High Defintion: Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Dynamics in Exoplanets
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Hot Jupiters Tidally locked, hot (>1,000 K), ~Jupiter-mass, complex temperature distribution
Directly Imaged Exoplanets 5-15 Jupiter mass, young, weakly irradiatednot tidally locked
Brown Dwarfs Masses ~3 to 70 Jupiter masses no irradiation, no host star
Ultracool Atmospheres
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Spectra of Ultracool
Atmospheres
Temperature & Gas-Phase Absorbers
Clouds+Haze
Surface GravityMetallicity
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e.g. Marley et al. 2002, 2007 PPV, 2010, 2012; Helling et al. 2008; Burrows et al. 2003, 2007, 2010, 2011; Barman et al. 2012ab; Baraffe et al. 2003; Morley et al. 2012, 2014
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LOWER TEMPERATURE
THINNER CLOUDS
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Temperature, Log g, Composition, Age, Vertical Mixing, Cloud Structure
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
Temperature, Log g, Composition, Age, Vertical Mixing, Cloud Structure
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
Temperature, Log g, Composition, Age, Vertical Mixing, Cloud Structure
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6 Hubble Space Telescope programsPI Daniel Apai, ~220 orbits
Cycle-8 Weather on Other Worlds PI Stan Metchev, 880 hours
Cycle-9 Extrasolar StormsPI: Daniel Apai 1,144 Spitzer hours + 24 HST orbits
Cycle-11 Weather on Other Worlds 2PI: Stan Metchev 540 Spitzer hours
Other HST programs ongoing(Buenzli, Radigan, Cushing, Patience)
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What is the physical cloud structure at the cloudy-cloud free (L/T) transition?
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H2OH2O
CH4
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Apai et al. 2013 ApJ
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Apai, Radigan et al. 2013 ApJ
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PCA: Only one type of cloud on the mean spectrum
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Apai, Radigan et al. 2013 ApJ
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Thin Cloud
Thick Cloud
Thin Cloud
ThinCloud
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Apai, Radigan et al. 2013 ApJ
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1) First spectral maps of an ultracool atmosphere2) Warm Thin - Cooler Thick clouds
3) Only a single type of thick cloud4) Spectral signature of the difference
Apai et al. 2013 ApJ; Buenzli et al. 2015
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How Do Clouds in L Dwarfs Differ from those in early T dwarfs?
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Yang, Apai et al. 2015 ApJ
Amplitude as a Function of Wavelength
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Yang, Apai et al. 2015 ApJ
Amplitude as a Function of Wavelength
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1) First spectral maps of L dwarfs2) No reduced amplitude in the water band3) High haze in L dwarfs, deeper clouds in L/T dwarfs
Yang, Apai et al. 2015 ApJ
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What is the Vertical Structure of the Cloud Layers?
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Different wavelengths probe different depths
Buenzli, Apai et al. 2012 ApJ
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Buenzli, Apai et al. 2012 ApJ
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Atmospheric Dynamics in Ultracool Atmospheres
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Apai et al. 2013 ApJ
Metchev et al. 2013; data from Artigau
Gillon et al. 2013
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Peach / Lakdawalla
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What Physical/Chemical Processes Drive the Light Curve Evolution in Brown Dwarfs?
Exploration of Atmospheric Dynamics in Brown DwarfsPI: Apai
(1,144 hour Spitzer + 24 HST orbits)
Extrasolar Storms
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
Apai et al., in prep.; Yang et al., in prep.
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Apai et al., in prep.; Yang et al., in prep.
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Apai et al., in prep.; Yang et al., in prep.
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
Apai et al., in prep.; Yang et al., in prep.
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How Accurately Can We Map Clouds From Lightcurves?
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
MCMC mapping code Assume heterogeneities are elliptical spots (e.g. Great Red Spot)
Number of spots Location on disk Size of spot Contrast ratio to background TOA Inclination of brown dwarf/ (exo)planet Limb darkening
Aeolus
Karalidi, Apai et al., submi2ed
Ability to model multiple layers simultaneously can be coupled to our pixelized Radiative Transfer model
can model time-evolving features
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Schneider and Vedovato Karalidi, Apai et al., submitted
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Schneider and Vedovato
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Photometry by Jake Hanson
Karalidi, Apai et al., submitted
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.5
Nor
mal
ized
flux
U-b
and
Karalidi, Apai et al., submitted
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.5
Nor
mal
ized
flux
U-b
and
Karalidi, Apai et al., submitted
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What Processes Set Cloud Thickness?
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LOWER TEMPERATURE
THINNER CLOUDS
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LOWER TEMPERATURE
THINNER CLOUDS
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Low-Gravity=Thick Clouds?
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HST Time-resolved High-Contrast Imaging of Exoplanets and Planetary-mass Objects
Zhou, Apai et al., in prep.
Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
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How Are Cloud Structure and Gravity Connected in Exoplanet and Brown Dwarf Atmospheres?
Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
Cloud Atlas - An HST Large Treasury Program(112 orbits, PI: Apai)
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Giant Exoplanet Phase Mapping with XAO Systems
Kostov & Apai 2013 ApJ
Discussion of the capabilities of future telescopes/instruments, ideal wavelengths/filters for observations, cadence, mapping techniques, limitations, etc.
Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
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b c
d
e
Apai et al. 2016
Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
VLT SPHERE Time-Resolved Observations of HR 8799bcde
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
Clouds in High Definition
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
Turnbull et al. 2006HDST Report, N’Diaye et al. 2015
Multi-hour long observations multi-epoch
Nature of planets from reflected light? Albedo vs Size?
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
time-resolved data on gas giants, ice giants, super-earths, earths
HDST Report, N’Diaye et al. 2015
rotation periods as a function of age and mass?ice cloud cover structure + infrared hotspots? haze distribution and evolution?atmospheric evolution?
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Extrasolar Storms Daniel Apai ATLAST Seminar 2015
talk in this series by N. Cowan on Mapping ExoEarths
HDST Report, N’Diaye et al. 2015
Atmospheric Compositional variations
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Summary
Vertical/Longitudinal Structure in a T6.5 Brown Dwarf (Buenzli et al. 2012)
Thin-thick cloud structures in L/T transition Brown Dwarfs (Apai et al. 2013 ApJ)
Rotational Mapping for Directly Imaged Hot Exoplanets: AO+JWST (Kostov & Apai 2013 ApJ)
MCMC-based Light Curve Mapping Tool Validated on Jupiter (Karalidi et al., submitted
Clouds: Major Challenge in Ultracool atmospheres
High-level haze in most L dwarfs; clouds deeper in L/T dwarfs (Yang et al. 2015)
Dynamic, rapidly evolving atmospheres (Apai et al., in prep.)
Time-domain observations are important for future LUVOIR telescopes!