Extraction of Biodiesel Using Jatropha

8/6/2019 Extraction of Biodiesel Using Jatropha

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EXTRACTION OF BIODIESELEXTRACTION OF BIODIESEL

USING JATROPHAUSING JATROPHA

SUBMITTED BY: NAVEEN CHANDRU.V


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INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:Every year the demand of energy is increasing. If the demand

continues at this rate in future we end up with the depletion ofconventional energy resources.

We are very much dependent on the petroleum fuels like petrol,Diesel, etc,. So there should be an effort has been to develop thealternative sources to the petroleum diesel.

Our seminar involves with regard to the manufacturing of Bio

Diesel from various vegetable oil including Jatropha. A research hasbeen carried out on the manufacturing of Bio Diesel and comparisonmade w.r.t the petroleum diesel in respect of cost benefits &advantages.


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What

is Bio Diesel ?What

is Bio Diesel ?

Bio Diesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids made from virgin orused vegetable oils ( both edible & non-edible) and animal fats. Themain commodity sources for Bio Diesel in India can be non- edible

oils obtained from plant species such as jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot),Pongamia Pinnata(Karanj), Calophyllum inophyllum(nagachampa),Hevca brasiliensis(Rubber) etc.

Bio Diesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any levelwith petroleum diesel to create a BioDiesel blend or can be used in its

pure form. Just like petroleum diesel, BioDiesel operates incompression ignition (Diesel) engine, which essentially require verylittle or no engine modifications because BioDiesel has propertiessimilar to petroleum diesel fuels.


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It can be stored just like the petroleum diesel fuel and hence does not

require separate infrastructure. The use of BioDiesel in conventional

diesel engines results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons,carbon monoxide & particulate matters. BioDiesel is considered clean

fuel since it has no sulphur, no aromatics & has about 10% built-in

oxygen, which helps it to burn fully. Its higher cetane number improves

the ignition quality even when blended in the petroleum diesel B20 ( a

blend of 20% by volume BioDiesel with 80% by volume petroleumdiesel) has demonstrated significant environmental benefits. Studies

conducted with BioDiesel on engines have shown substantial reduction

in particulate matter (25-50%). However, a marginal increase in nox (1-

6%) is also reported. HC and CO emissions were also reported to be

lower.

USA uses B20 and B100 BioDiesel. France uses B5 as mandatory

in all diesel fuel. It can be also be used as an additive to reduce the

overall sulfur content of blend and to compensate for lubricity loss due to

sulfur removal from diesel fuel.


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How BioDiesel sav

es energy ?How BioDiesel sav

es energy ?India ranks sixth in the world in terms of energy demand accounting

for 3.5% of world commercial energy demand in 2001. The energy

demand is expected to grow at 4.8%. The demand of diesel (HSD) is

increased from 39.81 million metric tons in 2001-02 to 52.32 million

metric tons in 2006-07 @ 5.6% per annum. Our crude oil productionas per the tenth plan working fro up is estimated to hover around 33-

34 million metric tons per annum even though there will be increases

in gas production from 86 million standard cubic meters per day

(2002-03) to 103 million standard cubic meters per day in (2006-07).

The estimated BioDiesel requirements for blending with petroleumdiesel for the period 2001-2007 is given below :


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Bio Diesel requirement for blendingBio Diesel requirement for blendingTable 1Table 1

Year Diesel demand

million tons

Bio Diesel requirement for blending

million tons

@5% @10% @20%

2001-02 39.81 1.99 3.98 7.9

2002-03 42.15 2.16 4.32 8.6

2003-04 44.51 2.28 4.56 9.1

2004-05 46.97 2.35 4.70 9.4

2005-06 49.56 2.48 4.96 9.9

2006-07 52.33 2.62 5.24 10.48


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AT YEAR 2001AT YEAR 2001--0303

0

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

@5% @10% @20%

2001-02 39.81

2002-03 42.15

Diesel in

Million tons

% of Blending of BioDiesel

Chart 1


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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

@5% @10% @20%

2003-04 44.51

2004-05 46.97Diesel in

Million

tons

% of Blending of BioDiesel

Chart 2


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

@5% @10% @20%

2005-06 49.56

2006-07 52.33

Diesel in

Million

tons

% of Blending of Bio Diesel

Chart 3


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Feasibility of producing BioDiesel as dieselFeasibility of producing BioDiesel as diesel

substitute:substitute:

Jatropha curcas has been found the most suitable tree specie for the

reasons summarized below:

It can be grown as a quick yielding plant even in adverse land situations Viz, degraded& barren lands under forest & non-forest use , dry & drought prone areas, marginal

lands & as a agroforesty crop.

The seeds of Jatropha are available during the non-rainy season.

Raising Jatropha plant & its maintenance creates jobs for the rural poor, particularly the

landless, in plantation and primary processing through expellers.

It has multiple uses & after the extraction of oil from the seeds, the oil cake left behindcan be used for Bio Gas production & is excellent organic manure, the bio mass of

Jatropha curcas enriches the soil & it can also be put to other uses.

Retains soil moisture & improve land capability & environment.

Jatropha adds to the capital stock of the farmers & the community, for sustainable

generation of income & employment.


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Country wise capacity ofthe BioDieselCountry wise capacity ofthe BioDiesel

plantsplantsTable 3Table 3

Country Number plants Total annual capacity

000 tons

Oils use

Austria 11 56.2 to 60 Used frying oil

Belgium 3 241

Canada 1

Czech republic 17 42.5 to 45 Used frying oil

Denmark 3 32

France 7 38.1

Germany 8 207


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Hungary 17 18.8

Ireland 9 5 Used frying oil

Italy 9 779 Sunflower oil

Nicaragua 1 Jatropha

Slovakia 10 50.5 to 51.5

Spain 1 0.5

Sweden 3 75

Switzerland 1 2

U.K 1

U.S.A 40 190 Used frying oil

Yugoslavia 2 5


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PRINCIPLE AND DETAILED OPERATION OFPRINCIPLE AND DETAILED OPERATION OF

BIODIESEL PRODUCTIONBIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Reaction raw materials:

1. Jatropha oil

2. Methanol (CH3OH)99%+Pure

3. Potassium hydroxide(must be dry)

Materials for Titration:

1. Isopropyl alcohol 99% + pure

2. Distilled water

3. Phenolphthalein solution (not more than a

year old, kept protected from strong light)

Chemical Reaction

(CnHn+2)COOH + CH3OH= H3C-OOC(CnHn+2) +

H2O


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STEPS INVOVLED IN EXTRCTIONSTEPS INVOVLED IN EXTRCTION

1. Filtering:

Filter the oil to remove solid particles. You may have to warm it up

a bit first to get it to run freely, 35 deg C should be enough.

2. Removing the water :

Heat the oil first to remove any water content. Waste oil will

probably contain water, which can slow down the reaction & cause

saponification( soap formation). The less water in the oil is better. Raise the

temperature to 100 deg C, hold it there & allow any water to boil off. Run

the agitator to avoid steam pockets forming below the oil & exploding,splashing hot oil.when boiling slows, raise the temperature to 130 deg C for

10 min. Remove heat & allow cooling.


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4. Basic titration:

Dissolve 1 gram of KOH in 1 liter of distilled or de-ionized

water (0.1% KOH solution). You can use phenolphthalein solution to get end

point, in a smaller beaker, dissolve 1 ml of dewatered oil in 10 ml of pureisopropyl alcohol. Warm the beaker gently by standing it in some hot water, stir

until all the oil dissolves in the alcohol and the mixture turns clear. Add 2 drops

of phenolphthalein solution. Using a burette, add 0.1% KOH solution drop by

drop to the oil alcohol phenolphthalein solution, stirring all the time, until the

solution stays pink for 10 seconds. This is the number of grams of KOH you will

need per liter of oil.

5. Preparing the potassium methoxide:

Generally the amount of methanol needed is 20% of the

jatropha oil by mass. The densities of these liquids are fairly close, so 20% of

methanol by volume should be about right. To be completely sure, measure out ahalf-liter of both fluids, weigh, & calculate exactly what 20% by mass is.

Different oils can have different densities depending on what type of oil is

originally was. The methanol is mixed in to a solution with the KOH, creating

potassium methoxide in an exothermic reaction. Keep all utensils the KOH

comes in contact with as dry as possible.


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6. Heating & Mixing:

Pre heat jatropha oil at 48-54 deg C & use a high speed propeller

coupled to an electric motor to work as a mixer. Adjust the speed of stirrer to get the

write effect of mixing & add the potassium methoxide to oil while stirring themixture. Stir the mixture for 50min-1 hr though the reaction will complete in 30 min.

The reaction will be better if we take longer duration Methyl esters will be separated

from the glycerin.

7.

Settling & Separation:Allow the solute to settle down for at least 8 hrs the Bio Diesel

(Methyl esters) will be floating on top while the denser glycerin will settle down at

the bottom of the container forming a hard gelatinous mass then care fully decant the

Bio Diesel. Alternatively you can drained by using transparent holes from bottom of

the container when glycerin gets solidified. If any Bio Diesel is left out the same can

be taken out easily. When once the glycerin is solidified.


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8. Glycerin :

It is a Bi product during a process of manufacturing Bio Diesel which gets

solidified below 38 deg C. Glycerin from fresh oil often remains liquid at a lower

temperatures. Reclaim glycerin is composted by allowing methanol can be removedfor reuse by condensing the vapors through a condensers. Glycerin is a bi-product

can be used for preparation of Medicines, Tinctures, Hand lotions, Wax e.t.c.

9. Soap residue :

The soapy residue suspended in a Bio Diesel due to the presence of Kpositive ions from the KOH can be removed by ensuring the dry contact surface for

potassium hydroxide.

10. Washing & Drying :

After the soap residue is removed the Bio Diesel can be stored for about 2

days to remove the left out soap residues to settle down before running the Bio

Diesel through a filtration system in to the vehicle fuel tank. Another method is

washing the Bio Diesel with any soap residue by using water for 2-3 times. Care

must be taken to had a small amount of dilute acetic acid before adding the water

which brings the PH value closer to the neutralization & drops out any suspended

KOH.


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COST ESTIMATION OF BIODIESELCOST ESTIMATION OF BIODIESELTABLETABLE

Cost (Rs) Assumption/Remarks

Cost of seed (Rs/Kg oil) 16.50 Seed Rs5/Kg. Oil yield 33% 3.28Kg seed for 1 Kg of oil

Cost of collection & oil

extraction

2.48 Losses 5% I.e, 1.05 Kg for 1Kg of

oil, extraction @ Rs.2.35/Kg

Transesterification cost 7.00 For 1000 ltr/day

Cost of BioDiesel 25.98

Less Byproduct(oil Cake) -2.50 2.5 Kg cake at a cost of Rs.1/Kg

Less Byproduct(Glycerol) -3.80 0,095 Kg at a cost of Rs40/Kg

Net cost of BioDiesel per Kg 19.68 As per our estimation

Net cost of BioDiesel per Ltr 16.73 Specific Gravity of oil is 0.85

Sale price of BioDiesel 20.00 Profit 12%(Rs2/ltr) transport

Rs.0.40/ltr & interest &

miscellaneous Rs 0.87/ltr

Cost of petroleum Diesel as

in crude oil stage

19.00 Excluding Excise/sales tax(based on

$65/barrel crude)


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COST OF PETROLEUM DIESELCOST OF PETROLEUM DIESELTABLETABLE

Cost element Cost/liter Remarks

Crude petroleum 24.00 CIF $ 65/BarrelCustoms duty 3.6 @15%

Ocean loss 0.276 @1%

Refinery transfer price 22.04Refinery & byproduct -0.45 Negative margins

Basic selling price 27.88

Road/Rail transport 0.45 Per liter

Ex-Depot price 28.33

VAT 3.25 @12%

Dealer commission 0.67 @600/KL & cess 70/KL

Selling price 30.78 @chennai


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COMPARISION STUDY OF BIODIESEL FROMCOMPARISION STUDY OF BIODIESEL FROM

VARIOUS SEEDS & PETROLEUM DIESEL INVARIOUS SEEDS & PETROLEUM DIESEL IN

SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE:SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE:

Sl.no Load on break drum(kg)

Dead wt spring load

Fuel

consumption

CC

Time taken for to

consume 10CC

Fuel

consumption

(Kg/hr)

Speed(rpm)

1. 1.25 0 10 67 0.936 1575

2. 4 1 10 51 1.244 1550

3. 7.5 2 10 40 1.587 1525

4. 9.85 4 10 34 1.867 1505

5. 13,35 4.5 10 27 2.357 1475

Economical speed test by using petroleum diesel:

Economical speed test by using diesel:

1. 1.25 0 10 72 0.962 1573

2. 4 1 10 55 1.344 1545

3. 7.5 2 10 42 1.617 1522

4. 9.85 4 10 32 1.767 1501

5. 13,35 4.5 10 30 2.157 1470


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CONNCLUSIONCONNCLUSION

BioDiesel has been manufactured successfully. The performance of the

engine is better with the Bio Diesel compare with petroleum Diesel. It

gives better better lubricating property and it emits very low quantity

of carbon dioxide. It does not create any air pollution compare withpetroleum Diesel.


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Extraction of Biodiesel Using Jatropha

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