EXTRACTING ORGANIC CAFFEINE IN A SMALL ROOM Martin the Morph-Man.
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Transcript of EXTRACTING ORGANIC CAFFEINE IN A SMALL ROOM Martin the Morph-Man.
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EXTRACTING ORGANIC CAFFEINEIN A SMALL ROOM
Martin the Morph-Man
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Overview
Caffeine may be isolated from coffee, tea and other aqueous
solutions by a simple acid-base extraction procedure
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Disclaimer• It is legal to extract compounds (e.g. caffeine) from a
wide range of natural sources
• It is NOT legal to extract compounds from some other sources, nor to possess those compounds obtained by any means
• This talk is for your general interest only
• You are urged NOT to apply the following procedures to any natural products
• You are encouraged to be aware of the legal implications of any extraction procedures performed without legal sanction
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Safety
Toxic Flammable Corrosive Environment
Dichloromethane Ethers Hydrochloric acid
DCM
Methanol Acetone Sodium hydroxide
Chloroform
Benzene Methanol Carbon tetrachloride
Ethanol Benzene
Toluene Toluene
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Theory: Caffeine and Alkaloid Chemistry
• Alkaloids are heterocyclic organic compounds - ring containing carbon and nitrogen
• May contain (non-ring) oxygen
• N and O confer acid/base properties
• Acid/base properties influence solubility in various solvents
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Theory: Acid-Base Extractions
Generally:
• N-atoms are charged positive in acid conditions and are neutral in basic (alkaline) conditions
• O-atoms are neutral in acid conditions and are charged negative in basic conditions
• Charged compounds are more soluble in polar solvents such as water & methanol
• Neutral compounds are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as ether and toluene
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Target compound
NAME : Caffeine
CHEMICAL NAME : 3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione
ALTERNATE CHEMICAL NAMES : 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine; 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine; coffeine
ALTERNATE NAMES : thein; guaranine; methyltheobromine; No-Doz
CHEMICAL FORMULA: C8H10N4O2
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 194.19
APPEARANCE: White hexagonal or needle-like crystals
MELTING POINT: 238ºC
SOLUBILITY: Water, Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone, Chloroform
LD50 Dog: 140mg/kg oral
LD50 Rat: 105mg/kg IV
LD Low (Lethal Dose): Human deaths reported at less than 4 grams oral.
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Technique• 1) Cook up• 2) Clarify• 3) Remove fatty impurities• 4) Make solution alkaline• 5) Extract alkaloids to organic solvent• 6) Separate organic from aqueous phase• 7) Repeat extraction to solvent (steps 5&6)• 8) Dry organic solvent• 9) Evaporate organic solvent• 10) Purify compound by recrystallisation, often from
another organic solvent
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Equipment
• Coffee/spice mill• Pyrex or stainless steel pans• Strainers, filter papers & funnels• Separating funnel• Drying dish & dryer• Measuring cylinders, pipettes etc
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Reagents
• Acid: Hydrochloric, citric, acetic
• Alkali: Sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide
• Solvents: Dichloromethane, methanol, diethyl ether, petroleum ether (Vietti™ lighter fluid)
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Precautions• Ventilation – toxic volatiles
• No flame – flammable volatiles
• Protective clothing – toxic or corrosive liquids
• Be discreet – solvent smells attract attention
- “loose lips sink ships”
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Step 1: Cook-up
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Step 2: Filtration
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Step 3: Defatting
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Step 4: Raise pH
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Step 5: Organic solvent extraction
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Step 6: Separation of phases
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Step 7: Rinse organic phase
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Step 8: Dry organic phase
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Step 9: Evaporation & crystallisation
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Mission successful!
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Extraction of anything in a small room
• Be careful• Be discreet• Be safe
Happy extractions and happy travelling!