Extinct and Endangered

8/17/2019 Extinct and Endangered

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Common Ion Efect & Its Industrial

Application

Name: - ZAFAR ALI

CMS ID: - !""

Department: - #I$%EC '"st Semester(

Instructor: - Ms) A*i*a Sar+ar


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INTRODUCTION

,en tere are no more animals o. a particular species le.t

ali/e0 tat species is said to 1e EXTINCT )

In te distant past0 se/eral species o. animals 1ecame e2tinct

trou3 NATURAL CAUSES) %ere mi3t a/e 1een a can3e in

te climate o. a particular re3ion0 and te plants or animals on

+ic te species li/ed could a/e died out 1ecause o. te

can3e in te +eater) $r one animal mi3t a/e 1een

destro4ed 14 anoter tat +as stron3er or .aster)

#ut e/er since HUMAN BEINGS a/e 1een on Eart0 and

especiall4 in te last undred 4ears0 animal species a/e

1ecome e2tinct 1ecause o. untin30 pollution0 or te

destruction o. te A#I%A% +ere te4 li/e) So man4 animals

are no+ in dan3er o. EXTINCTION)

An ENDANGERED SPECIE is an4 species in dan3er o. e2tinctiontrou3 all or a si3ni5cant portion o. its ran3e)

%oda40 man4 o. us are a+are tat certain animals0 suc as te

3iant panda and te polar 1ear0 are ENDANGERED SPECIES)

,at man4 mi3t not reali*e0 tou30 is tat te endan3ered

species list contains tousands o. species0 and te46re not all

animals) Indeed0 man4 o. te species 4ou6ll 5nd on te list are

plants7

Animals and plants tat are at ris8 o. 1ecomin3 e2tinct 1ecause

o. treats .rom can3in3 en/ironments or predators are

considered THREATENED OR ENDANGERED)

A THREATENED SPECIE is an4 species tat is li8el4 to 1ecome

an endan3ered species +itin te .oreseea1le .uture)

%an8s to concerned citi*ens and scientists +orld+ide0 man4

nations a/e passed LAWS to PROTECT AND CONSERVE

http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-does-a-species-become-endangered/http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-does-a-species-become-endangered/


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endan3ered species) Some la+s .or1id untin30 +ile oters

restrict land de/elopment or create special preser/es

as ENDANGERED SPECIES a1itats)

9n.ortunatel40 not all ENDANGERED SPECIES o1tain protection /iaspecial conser/ation la+s) In .act0 conser/ationists 1elie/e onl4

a /er4 .e+ o. te man4 treatened species 1ene5t .rom

protecti/e la+s0 +ile man4 more species .ace te treat o.

e2tinction +itout te pu1lic ta8in3 notice)

CA9SES $F E%INC%I$N

E2tinction o. an entire species can appen /er4 suddenl4 or3raduall4 o/er tousands o. 4ears)

Causes o. e2tinction are 1ot natural and man-made)

Man-made causes o. e2tinction include:

OVERHARVESTING AND OVERHUNTING) $/erar/estin3 is +en

umans ma8e use o. a species at a rate 3reater tan te

species can reproduce itsel.)

POLLUTION in te .orm o. cemicals and ener34 is anoter man-

made cause o. e2tinction)

HABITAT DESTRUCTION in/ol/es demolisin3 a natural

en/ironment0 tere14 displacin3 or +ipin3 out te or3anisms

tat li/ed tere) Destruction occurs trou3 clearin3 a1itats

.or a3ricultural purposes and trou3 acti/ities li8e minin3 and

lo33in3)

INTRODUCING NEW PREDATORS AND FOOD COMPETITORS) umans

a/e te a1ilit40 +eter intentionall4 or unintentionall40 to

introduce e2otic species into ne+ en/ironments +ere te4 are

a1le to pre4 on nati/e species or compete +it tem .or .ood)

%e process o. NATURAL EXTINCTION is slo+er tan man-made

e2tinction) Natural tri33ers .or e2tinction include climatic


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eatin3 and coolin30 can3es in sea le/els and currents0 acid

rain0 disease epidemics0 and te spread o. in/asi/e species)

HERE ARE NAME OF THREE ANIMAL SPECIES THAT MAY NOT

LIVE TO SEE 2016, THANKS TO HUMANS. THE WORLD WILDLIFEFUND RATES THESE SPECIES “CRITICALLY ENDANGERED”.

BLACK RHINO

AN ENDANGERED SPECIES

Scientifc Name: - Diceros bicornis

%e name rhino con;ures up te ima3e o. a preistoric 1east0 a u3e creature+it s8in o. armor) %is ima3e is not surprisin30 since tese intelli3ent andafectionate creatures a/e ina1ited te Eart .or ? .eet '.our meters( lon30 stands o/er ?)@ .eet '>meter( at te soulder0 and +ei3s up to 0== pounds '>!!= 83() It isreco3ni*a1le 14 its lon30 pointed0 preensile upper lip and t+o prominent orns0

te lon3est o. +ic a/era3es "= inces '@= cm() %e orn is made up o. millionso. ti3tl4 compacted air li8e 51ers)

%e 1lac8 rino is a .ormida1le er1i/ore) It ina1its countr4 +it tic8 co/er0

3rasslands0 or open .orest0 +ere it 1ro+ses on a +ide /ariet4 o. plants)

Causes o Endangerment

Overexploitation

9nli8e most lar3e mammals0 a1itat loss as not 1een a si3ni5cant .actor in

te decline o. rinos) Rater0 poaching .or teir orn as decimated rino

populations)

https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttps://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttp://www.bagheera.com/http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/class_glossary.htm#poachinghttps://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttps://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttp://www.bagheera.com/http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/class_glossary.htm#poaching


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%e /alue o. rino orn made it enormousl4 pro5ta1le to poac rinos and sell

tem on te 1lac8 mar8et) For e2ample0 in >=0 te t+o orns .rom a sin3le

1lac8 rino 1rou3t as muc as B@=0===) ust li8e poacin3 .or eephan! i/or40poacin3 .or rino orn is simpl4 too pro5ta1le .or man4 su1sistence .armers and

erders to resist)

HAWKSBILL-TURTLE


Scientific Name: -Eretmochelys imbricata

Hawksbills help maintain the health ofcora ree"#. As they remove prey such as sponges from the

reef's surface, they provide better access for reef fish to feed. They also have cultural significance

and tourism value. For example, for local residents in the Coral Triangle, the flow of visitors who come

to admire turtles is a vital source of income.

Causes o EndangermentLi8e oter sea turtles0 a+8s1ills are treatened 14 te loss o. nestin3 and

.eedin3 a1itats0 e2cessi/e e33 collection0 5ser4-related mortalit40 pollution0

and coastal de/elopment) o+e/er0 te4 are most treatened 14 +ildli.e trade)

SOUTH-CHINA-TIGER

http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/van_anim_elephant.htmhttp://www.bagheera.com/http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/van_anim_elephant.htmhttp://www.bagheera.com/


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Scientifc name: - Panthera

tigris amoyensis

Status: - EndangeredSpecies

South China tigers are a reminder that

the threat against the world’s tiger is

an urgent one. Today, South China

tigers are found in zoos and in South

Africa where there are plans to

reintroduce captive-bred tigers back

into the wild.

POPULATION

Beie$e% !o &e e'!inc! in !he

Wi%(

CAUSES OF ENDANGERMENT The destruction of their natural habitat is the reason of there almost extinction.

Hee !e N!"e #$ %&ee P'!(% S)e*+e, %&!(- %# &"!(. T&e W#'/

W+'/'+$e F(/ !%e %&ee )e*+e “*+%+*!'' e(/!(ee/”.

CORAL REEF


Coral ree.s are ome to "@ o. all marine li.e on te planet) In .act0 te /ariet4 o.

li.e supported 14 coral ree.s ri/als tat o. te tropical .orests o. te Ama*on or

Ne+ uinea) #ut +itout ur3ent action to address climate can3e0 pollution0

o/er5sin3 and oter treats tese 1eauti.ul and li.e-sustainin3 or3anisms could

disappear)

https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttps://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttp://www.bagheera.com/https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttps://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttp://www.bagheera.com/


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CAUSES OF ENDANGERMENT

Destructive fishing practices: These include cyanide fishing, dynamite fishing, and

bottom trawling. Bottom-trawling is one of the greatest threats to cold-water coral reefs.

Overfishing: This affects the ecological balance of coral reef communities, warping the

food chain and causing effects far beyond the directly overfished population.

Careless tourism: Careless boating, diving, snorkeling, and fishing happens around the

world, with people touching reefs, stirring up sediment, collecting coral, and dropping

anchors on reefs. Some tourist resorts and infrastructure have been built directly on top

of reefs, and some resorts empty their sewage or other wastes directly into water

surrounding coral reefs.

Pollution: Urban and industrial waste, sewage, agrochemicals, and oil pollution are

poisoning reefs. These toxins are dumped directly into the ocean or carried by river

systems from sources upstream. Some pollutants, such as sewage and runoff from

farming, increase the level of nitrogen in seawater, causing an overgrowth of algae,

which 'smothers' reefs by cutting off their sunlight.

Sedimentation: Erosion caused by construction (both along coasts and inland), mining,

logging, and farming is leading to increased sediment in rivers. This ends up in the

ocean, where it can 'smother' corals by depriving them of the light needed to survive.

The destruction ofmangrove forests, which normally trap large amounts of sediment, is

exacerbating the problem.

Coral mining: Live coral is removed from reefs for use as bricks, road-fill, or cement for

new buildings. Corals are also sold as souvenirs to tourists and to exporters who don'tknow or don't care about the longer term damage done, and harvested for thelive rock

trade.

Climate change: Corals cannot survive if the water temperature is too high. Global

warming has already led to increased levels of coral bleaching, and this is predicted to

increase in frequency and severity in the coming decades. Such bleaching events may

be the final nail in the coffin for already stressed coral reefs and reef ecosystems.

Western Prairie Fringed Orchid

http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/problems_fishing/destructive_fishing/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/problems_fishing/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/tourism/tourism_pressure/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/pollution/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/mangroves/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/mangroves/http://wwf.panda.org/?10626http://wwf.panda.org/?10626http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/climate_change/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/problems_fishing/destructive_fishing/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/problems_fishing/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/tourism/tourism_pressure/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/pollution/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/mangroves/http://wwf.panda.org/?10626http://wwf.panda.org/?10626http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/climate_change/


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Status: - Endangered

Species

Scientifc Name: -

Platanthera praeclara

The Endangered Species Coalition

estimates that there are only 172

populations of this plant, with

merely four with more than 1,000

plants. This is a wetland plant that

grows in “prairie potholes”, indents

left by glaciers in the recent ice

age, 20,000 years ago.

CAUSES OF ENDANGERMENT Fires, overgrazing, Global warming

and habitat fragmentation also have

contributed to the decline of the species.

%ANACE%9M

Scien!i)c Na*e+ , Tanace!-* &a!i#!anic-* Po%ech a!itat: It 3ro+s on dr4 roc84 slopes and at te 1ase o. mountains alon3 te

streams 1an8s) %e dominant

species .or tis a1itat are

Serepidium 1re/i.olium0

Rosa +e11iana and

ed4sarum .alconeri) CAUSES OF

ENDANGERMENT IN

PAKISTAN: -Erosion: %ose indi/iduals

+ic 3ro+ alon3 te stream

1an8 are afected as a result

o. erosion0 particularl4 in te

case o. 9ltar Nulla and

ande Nulla) In "== onl4

t+o indi/iduals +ere

o1ser/ed in ande /alle4

#altistan0 +ile in "==? and

"==@ no indi/idual could 1e o1ser/ed in ande /alle4) %e main reason .or tis

depletion +as mainl4 caused 14 Good)


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HERE ARE NAME/DETAIL OF THREE

EXTINCT SPECIES.Name: - "O"O #$%"

Status: - Extinct

%e com1ination o.

uman expl!"#"!$ and

introduced %pe&!e% si3ni5cantl

4 reduced dodo

!ird populations) ,itin >==4ears o. te arri/al o. umans

on Mauritius0 te oncea1undant dodo !ird +as arare 1ird)

%e last dodo !ird +as 8illedin >)

Altou3 te tale o. te dodo

!ird&s demise is +elldocumented0 no complete

specimens o. te 1ird +ere

preser/ed tere are onl4 .ra3ments and s8etces) %e dodo !ird is ;ust one o.te 1ird species dri/en to e2tinction on Mauritius) Man4 oters +ere lost in te

>t centur4 +en te dense Mauritian .orests +ere con/erted into tea andsu3ar plantations)

Name: - Lesser Bilby ( Macrotis leucura)

%e lesser 1il14 +as an ina1itant o. AustraliaJs driest deserts0 and

recorded as a li/in3 animal on ;ust a and.ul occasions 1et+een its

disco/er4 in >HH! and its e2tinction in te >@=s) It seems to a/e 1een

moderatel4 a1undant on Cooncerie Station in te summer o. >"0

+ere edle4 er1ert Finla4son collected a do*en specimens) %ese +ere

all cau3t 14 an A1ori3inal elper +o Kseldom returned +itout " or a.ter a mornin3Js +or8 and I suspect man4 .ound teir +a4 to te coo8in3

5res as +ellJ) %ese +ere0 o+e/er0 te last to 1e collected ali/e)

http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/class_glossary.htm#Exploithttp://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/class_glossary.htm#Specieshttp://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/class_glossary.htm#Exploithttp://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/class_glossary.htm#Species


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9nli8e most mem1ers o.

te 1andicoot 3roup to

+ic it 1elon3s0 te

lesser 1il14 +as a

carni/ore0 and nati/e

rodents +ere recorded

amon3 its pre4) And unli8e

te 3entle and still

sur/i/in3 common 1il140 it

ad a nast4

temperament) Finla4son

noted it +as K5erce and

intracta1le0 and repulsed

te most tact.ul attempts

to andle tem 14repeated sa/a3e snappin3 1ites and ars issin3 soundsJ) It 1urro+ed

onl4 in sand dunes0 constructin3 1urro+s t+o or tree meters deep0

closin3 te entrance +it loose sand 14 da4) It +as strictl4 nocturnal0 t+ins

+ere standard0 and reproduction ma4 a/e 1een non-seasonal)

%e last recorded specimen consists o. a s8ull pic8ed up 1elo+ a +ed3e

tailed ea3leJs nest 14 ) anisc at Steele ap in te Simpson Desert0

Nortern %erritor40 in >

estimated to 1e less tan 5.teen 4ears old)

%AI%IAN RED #ILLED RAILScientifc Name: - 'allirallus pacifcus

Status: - Extinct

Cause: - (n)no*n

There are thirty-four different members of the rail family that are listed as extinct. Rails are

not strong fliers these are medium-sized birds with short wings. Those species of rail thatstill are able to fly are generally easily blown off course, a characteristic that has led them to

https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEMQFjAJahUKEwjDvty8z-rIAhWDHQ8KHQeBDt8&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dict.cc%2Fenglish-german%2FTahitian%2Bred%2Bbilled%2Brail%2B%255BGallirallus%2Bpacificus%255D%2B%255Bextinct%255D.html&usg=AFQjCNFfx43waSybqYqExb3Qrdthyd6mcQhttps://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEMQFjAJahUKEwjDvty8z-rIAhWDHQ8KHQeBDt8&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dict.cc%2Fenglish-german%2FTahitian%2Bred%2Bbilled%2Brail%2B%255BGallirallus%2Bpacificus%255D%2B%255Bextinct%255D.html&usg=AFQjCNFfx43waSybqYqExb3Qrdthyd6mcQ


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populate many isolated oceanic islands. !n

addition, these birds often prefer to run

rather than fly. "any #inds of rails have

therefore given up on flying altogether.

Flightlessness can save a bird some trouble,if they evolve in the right environment. "any

island rails are flightless because small

island habitats without predators eliminate

the need to move long distances. Flying is

difficult, and ma#es intense metabolic

demands of a bird. "uscles used to fly can

ta#e up a large portion of bird$s weight, and

giving it up can save a bird in energy

expenditures. Flightlessness can ma#e it

easier to survive and colonize an oceanic

island where food and resources may belimited.

The sum total of what we #now about the Tahitian Red-%illed Rail comes from a specimen

pic#ed up by &ohann Reinhold Forster, famous naturalist on 'aptain &ames 'oo#$s second

voyage.

"EE+$,$NC,$ON: - %e re/i/al o. species tat are e2tinct and 1rin3in3 tem1ac8 trou3 clonin3)

SPECIES: - P'RENEAN IBEX


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SCIENTIFIC NAME: - Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica

STATUS: - EXTINCT

For "== 4ears0 untin3 ad

tinned te 4renean i1e2

population0 and te last li/in3

1ucardo died in "===0 it 14

a .allin3 1ranc)

9sin3 .ro*en s8in samples

ta8en .rom tis lone

specimen in >0 Folc and

is collea3ues made clone

em1r4os 14 insertin3 te 1ucardo6s DNA into domestic 3oat e33s emptied o.

teir ori3inal 3enetic material)

An e2tinct animal as 1een resurrected 14 clonin3 .or te 5rst timetou3 te

clone died minutes a.ter 1irt) Scientists ad cloned endan3ered species 1e.ore0

1ut not one tat ad ociall4 died out)

%e rocess and tecnolo34 is still 1ein3 impro/ed to increase te ecienc4 o.

te clonin3 process)

C$NCL9SI$N: - %e red list pro/ided 14 te I9CN so+s tat most o. te species are endan3ered

due to uman Ne3li3ence) umanJs cause destruction o. te natural a1itat o.

te species .or /arious reasons) ,ic results in te species deat due to te

ina1ilit4 to adept to teir ne+ en/ironment cause 14 uman Inter.erence)

Man4 $r3ani*ations and Nations are +or8in3 to protect te Endan3ered Species

and teir a1itat so tat te ecos4stems are as ric and di/erse as possi1le)

%at +ill 1e 3ood .or tem0 and 3ood .or us)

REFERENCEttp:OO+++)+orld+ildli.e)or3O

ttp:OO+++)++.pa8)or3Os3pOpd.OspeciesO>PredlistPplantsPo.pa8istan)pd.

http://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.wwfpak.org/sgp/pdf/species/1_redlist_plants_ofpakistan.pdfhttp://www.worldwildlife.org/http://www.wwfpak.org/sgp/pdf/species/1_redlist_plants_ofpakistan.pdf


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ttp:OOrain.orestin.o)or3)auOsppOScoutenOlesserP1il14)tm

ttp:OO+++)5eld3uidetoe2tinct1irds)comOQp"HH

ttp:OO+++)1a3eera)comO

ttp:OOeco+atc)comO"=>@O=>O=Oanimal-species-e2tinctionO

ttp:OO+onderopolis)or3O+onderOo+-does-a-species-1ecome-endan3eredO

ttp:OOealt4pets)mercola)comOsitesOealt4petsOarci/eO"=>=O=?O"HO+4-do-

animal-species-1ecome-e2tinct)asp2

ttps:OO+++)n+.)or3O,at-,e-DoOrotect-,ildli.eOEndan3ered-Species)asp2

ttp:OO+++)iucnredlist)or3O

ttps:OO+++)+orld+ildli.e)or3OspeciesOdirector4Q

directiondesc&sorte2tinctionPstatus

ttp:OOeartsendan3ered)comOinde2)asp

ttp:OO+++)national3eo3rapic)comOdee2tinctionO

ttp:OOn3m)national3eo3rapic)comO"=>O=?O>"@-species-re/i/alO*immer-te2t

ttp:OOne+s)national3eo3rapic)comOne+sO"==O="O==">=-1ucardo-clone)tml

En%angere% Ani*a#+ A Re"erence G-i%e !o Con.ic!ing I##-e#

%y Richard (.

https:vimeo.com/012/13
http://rainforestinfo.org.au/spp/Schouten/lesser_bilby.htmhttp://www.fieldguidetoextinctbirds.com/?p=2889http://www.bagheera.com/http://ecowatch.com/2015/01/03/animal-species-extinction/http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-does-a-species-become-endangered/https://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Protect-Wildlife/Endangered-Species.aspxhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttps://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttp://earthsendangered.com/index.asphttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/deextinction/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/125-species-revival/zimmer-texthttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/02/090210-bucardo-clone.htmlhttps://www.questia.com/library/101371878/endangered-animals-a-reference-guide-to-conflictinghttps://vimeo.com/7643745http://rainforestinfo.org.au/spp/Schouten/lesser_bilby.htmhttp://www.fieldguidetoextinctbirds.com/?p=2889http://www.bagheera.com/http://ecowatch.com/2015/01/03/animal-species-extinction/http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-does-a-species-become-endangered/https://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Protect-Wildlife/Endangered-Species.aspxhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttps://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_statushttp://earthsendangered.com/index.asphttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/deextinction/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/125-species-revival/zimmer-texthttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/02/090210-bucardo-clone.htmlhttps://www.questia.com/library/101371878/endangered-animals-a-reference-guide-to-conflictinghttps://vimeo.com/7643745

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