Extending The Growing Season 2009 Asia Conference (No Text)
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Extending the Growing Season
Ideas on how to move toward year-round production through perennial crops and
innovative farming practices.
Danny Blank, ECHO Farm Manager
ECHO Asia Conference, 2009
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Percentage of Population Undernourished
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Main Themes of Presentation
1)Current challenges facing small-scale farmers
2) Risk of depending on rainy season production alone in tropics
3) Strategies for extending the season beyond the rainy season yr. round production
4) Encourage you to help others expand their vision!
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Small scale farms and farm families
•Usually less than 2 ha. (1 ha. = 2.5 acres).
•Dependent largely on the food they grow for sustenance
•Usually have limited capital
•Poverty and food insecurity common
•Use fuelwood or crop residues for cooking
•Physically demanding lifestyle
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Average Maize Production in tons/ha
Countries/ Regions of interest:
• Italy 9.6 t/ha• U.S. 8.3• Argentina 5.3• China 4.9• Mexico 2.4• Africa 1.6• C.A.+ Carib. 1.4• Malawi 1.4 • Honduras 1.3• Mozambique 0.9• Haiti 0.8• World aver. 4.3• (2000 CIMMYT World Maize Facts and Trends)
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Example of risk when depending upon rainy season production alone for year food supply in tropics
One hectare farm example (Africa, Asia average farm size 1.6 ha):• Farm sizes are small, limiting overall production potential
• Minimum of 1.2 tonnes maize per year needed to feed family
• If farmer yields 1.5 t/ha. (average for Africa, Central America, and Caribbean), barely achieve minimum of 1.2 t needed
• If average is 1.5 t/ha, many farmers achieving well below average
• What about drought, pestilence, post harvest loss, income needs, etc.?
• The margin of error is small … and this is one reason families struggle repeatedly to move beyond subsistence-level, especially when production is confined to mainly the rainy season.
• Food aid can further complicate the situation leading to further degradation of self worth and family values
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How are more safety nets created and encouraged?
1. Enabling farmers to improve rainy season production. 2. We want to help farmers find innovative ways to produce
food and income during the dry season
3. Enabling farmers through perennial based systems to take greater advantage of the entire 12 months.
It means greater diversity, a strong dependence on perennials, and integration on small farms –extending the
growing season to year round production.
It also means dealing with the very real challenges
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Limited availability of water
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Free ranging animals
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Fire
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Other reasons may include cultural and personal; off-season jobs such as thatching, construction, brick making; weddings
and social activities; and lack of knowledge and capital.
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We must really understand what are the major constraints to dry season activity and year round production systems before we can promote sensible, sustainable solutions.
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Extending the Growing Season
• Farming practices• Fuelwood• Fencing• Forage• Fruit• Foliage– perennial greens
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Farming Practices that Extend the Season
1.Soil Coverage
• Mulching
• GM/CC
2.Succession and/or relay plant
3.Water storage
4. Irrigation technologies
5.Sunken gardens/ fields
6.Tire gardens
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1. Soil Coverage
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Mulch, Mulch, Mulch!!!
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Fourfold increase in maize since moving to no-till and no burning
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Rock mulch, ECHO
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Brian Oldreive
No-till, mulch based farming:
Foundations for Farming (FFF)
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Former way of farming...
Burning and tillage
High cost
Declining yields
Low profit margin
Results ultimately in a wasteland!
Foundations For Farming…
Zero TillageZero Tillage
MulchingMulching
Biblical TrainingBiblical Training
ManagementManagement - excellence- excellence - on time- on time - no waste - no waste
Results in abundance!
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Permanent planting stations
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God’s blanket
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Leave crop residue, reopen planting station during dry season and “give back to receive.” (i.e. soil cover, fertilizer, manure, and/or termite hill soil)
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Manure and/or fertilizer is added to planting station
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Plant into improved planting station and mulch blanket
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Also known as CF or Conservation Farming. National policy of Lesotho. Hired by World Bank and FAO– has instructed in 12 African nations.
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Farmer in Mozambique
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FOUNDATIONS FOR
FARMING
TRADITIONAL
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FOUNDATIONS FOR
FARMING
TRADITIONAL
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FFF training center, Harare, Zimbabwe 7.2X 7.5 m demo. plot—2004 season 11.2 t/ha average
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Green manure/ Cover crops,
ECHO
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Velvet bean cover crop residue, Honduras
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Annual undersowing of Pigeon Pea at ECHO
Showed no negative impact on maize yield in 1st year at ECHO vs. same size plot w/out pigeon pea.
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Annual undersowing of pigeon pea planted at the same time as maize. Zambia
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2. Succession or relay plant with drought tolerant crops
Seven year lima bean
Pigeon Pea
Lab lab
Tepary Bean
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3. Water Storage
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4. Irrigation Technologies
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Drip irrigation, Ethiopia
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Treadle Pump with sunken basins, ECHO,November 2, 2006
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December 21, 2006
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Second cropping of maize in dry season
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4 Farmers share this pump on 2 acres rented land
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They irrigate one full day a week
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5. Sunken beds and fields
This approach involves planting in depressions. Advantages include:
1. Plants are protected from drying winds
2. There is increased soil moisture when planting lower
3. What rain does fall or irrigation added is better conserved
4. Organic matter accumulates in depressions so there can be more fertility
** Compaction is an important consideration
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Meet Mr. Chinkhuntha, a brilliant farmer, who has truly extended the seasons.
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Sunken fields
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6. Tire Gardens
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Farming Practices that Extend the Season
1.Soil Coverage
• Mulching
• GM/CC
2.Succession and/or relay plant
3.Water storage
4. Irrigation technologies
5.Sunken gardens/ fields
6.Tire gardens
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Extending the Growing Season
• Farming practices• Fuelwood• Fencing• Forage• Fruit• Foliage– perennial greens
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Fuel Wood Usage per household/yr:(in metric tonnes)
South Africa 5.3 mtIndia 2.8China 4.5Bhutan 12Ethiopia 5.5
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1. Coppicing Woodlot
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Gmelina arborea, Malawi
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Acacia spp., Ethiopia
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Eucalyptus spp., El Salvador
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Senna, Leucaena, Neem woodlot, Haiti
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Senna siamea, great coppicing tree.
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Senna siamea woodlot, Haiti
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Simarouba glauca woodlot, Haiti
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Woodlot demonstration at ECHO, Leucaena
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2. Planting borders
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Planting a single line of trees on the border of 1 ha at 2 meter apart is
around 1/3 the density of a solid 1 ha. plantation planted at 4 m.
If you can achieve 30 ton/ha/yr average, then it might be possible to achieve 10 ton/yr by planting the border
alone, well above most family’s yearly need.
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3. Trees on farm
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Heavily pruned next to corn field
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Extending the Growing Season
• Farming practices• Fuelwood• Fencing• Forage• Fruit• Foliage– perennial greens
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Live and dead wood fencing for animal exclusion and other valuable products
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An underestimated source of wood and forage
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Mixed species fence protecting nursery on right, Haiti
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Vetiver, sisal, and yucca fence and trench for goat and pig exclusion, C.A.R.
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Cactus and barbed wire, Nicaragua
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Livestock enclosure
formed by a living fence of a
thorny and unpalatable
Caesalpinia sp.
http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/mba_project/livefence.html
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Gumbo Limbo and barbed wire, Costa Rica www.tripsource.com/.../Emma/CostaRica/11.htm
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Fencing is such a critical part of
extending the growing season. When animals
rule the landscape, scarcity is common and
the land’s productive potential rarely
achieved.
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Extending the Growing Season
• Farming practices• Fuelwood• Fencing• Forage• Fruit• Foliage– perennial greens
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Intensifying animal production with perennial forages
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Forage bank of Calliandra, dry season, Zimbabwe
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Nacedero, Rancho Ebenezer, dry season, 2004
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Nacedero, Rancho Ebenezer, rainy season, 2008
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Gliricidia, dry season, Honduras
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Guazuma ulmifolia, dry season, Honduras
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Hibiscus– an excellent forage
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Tropical highland forage species, Ethiopia
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Mulberry, Ethiopia,
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Tree and Shrub Forage bank at ECHO
1. Leucaena leucocephala 5. Desmodium rensonii 9. Opuntia sp.
2. Leucaena diversifolia 6. Trichantera gigantea 10. Moringa oleifera
3. Calliandra calothrysus 7. Desmanthus virgatus 11. Guazuma ulmifolia
4. Gliricidia sepium 8. Bursera simaruba 12. Spondias mombin
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Rancho Ebenezer, Nicaragua
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Same slope 3-4 years later
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Extending the Growing Season
• Farming practices• Fuelwood• Fencing• Forage• Fruit• Foliage– perennial greens
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Fruits provide diverse food
options
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danny80
Fruits are perennial providing long-term food production …Congolese village sustained by fruits during war
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They provide valuable nutrition
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They provide income
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Fruits enhance the quality of life
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They offer hope…
This gentleman in Central African Republic was so proud to show the young jackfruit tree bearing fruit.
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danny34
Home Garden with mango, breadfruit, ambarella, canistel, and jackfruit, Congo
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World Vision project Tacuba, El Salvador.
Promoting backyard fruit production
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And small-scale fruit production.
World Relief Project, Nicaragua
Helping farmers damaged by Hurricane Mitch with
new crops such as grapes
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2. The planning stage…Discovering options– Network!
Botanical gardens
Roadside markets
International organizations
Local discoveries
Government & Universities
NGOs & commmercial enterprises
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danny77
Minister of Agriculture and missionaries, Central African Republic, 2001
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3. Fruit Resources
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Mango– a true gift from GodMango– a true gift from God
Begin with in-country resources
Don’t forget common fruits and their potential for
improvement
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Extending the season with early and late maturing varieties
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Avocado… the importance of different cultivars
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Variety ‘Haas’–1,500 meters
Nicaragua
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Carambola
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Papaya– enormously productive
and underutilized
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danny119
On 1.4 hectares, 110,000 kg. in 18 months
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Bananas– ideas for improvementMulched bananas, height of dry season Mozambique
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Trench or deep planting of bananas…
another simple means of improvement.
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danny's pict12
Bananas in sinkhole, 45+ kg. bunch, Bahamas
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Weeds and leaves piled high.
Dry season, Zambia
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danny82
Consider lesser known species
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danny27
Jackfruit– an underutilized
fruit
The largest tree fruit in the
world!
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danny28
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Canistel
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Mamey Sapote
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Santol
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Consider even minor fruits like the
Peanut Butter Fruit.
This tree grows rapidly and begins bearing in about 1
year from seed
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Barbados Cherry
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Understanding Importance of Climate and
Altitude
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Rollinia
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Atemoya
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Custard Apple
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Pulusan
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Rambutan
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danny131
Lychee
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Genep
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Apples at 1800 meters (6,000 feet), Zimbabwe
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Peaches at 1800 meters, Zimbabwe
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Identify species and cultivars with high potential for improvement and
success
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Improved giant Jujube from Thailand
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Macadamia
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danny44 4. The Importance of Fruit Collections
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Citrus Collection, Malawi
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Fruit resource center for World Relief, Nicaragua
Approximately 1500 meters (5,000’)
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5. Observation and Evaluation
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6. Nursery program and infrastructure
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Some may require special
propagation techniques
such as grafting
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7. Distribution and Promotion
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8. Training people… in how to care and plant
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How to propagate and start your own fruit tree nurseries
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Training in fence construction
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Or protecting individual trees
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Extending the Growing Season
• Farming practices• Fuelwood• Fencing• Forage• Fruit• Foliage– perennial greens
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Chaya, Bahamas
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Chaya hedgerow, ruminant feed and delicious cooked
green, ECHO
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Chaya, Zimbabwe
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Moringa oleifera, Mozambique
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Moringa leaf production, Zimbabwe
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Moringa leaf production, MPP, Haiti
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Garlic chives, ECHO
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Malabar spinach, Mozambique
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Basket Vine, Trichostigma
octandrum, Edible leaf, also good rabbit forage
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Extending the Growing Season
• Farming practices• Fuelwood• Fencing• Forage• Fruit• Foliage– perennial greens
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Summary
1) Current challenges facing small-scale farmers… Small farms, declining fertility, low yields, huge wood needs, poor landcare practices, etc.
2) Risk of depending on rainy season alone in tropics.
3) Importance of extending the season beyond the rainy season.
* Innovative farming practicesMulch, irrigation cisterns, drip irrig., tire gardens
*Emphasis on year round cropping with perennials Fuel, fences, forage, fruit, foliage
* Diversification, intensification, and integration of small scale farms
4) Encourage you to help others expand their vision!
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My people perish for lack of My people perish for lack of visionvision
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God bless you as you communicate the vision of God’s
intended abundance for
people’s lives and in their land.
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Extending the Season with Fruits
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God bless you as you communicate the vision of God’s
intended abundance for people’s lives and
in their land.
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Remember even with the common
fruits to think about extending the season with
early and late maturing varieties
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Pitaya, also known as Dragonfruit