Expulsion and Suspension in Early Childhood Settings: A ...Suspension? •Suspension and expulsion...
Transcript of Expulsion and Suspension in Early Childhood Settings: A ...Suspension? •Suspension and expulsion...
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CareyMcCann,BUILDInitiative.NCSLEarlyLearningFellowsMeeting
September18,2017
GGeettttiinnggoonntthheessaammeeppaaggee……
• Briefreviewoftheresearch• 3dimensionsofexpulsionpractices• Roleofstatepolicy• Stateexamples
DDeeffiinniittiioonnss
WWeeddoonn’’ttccaalllliitteexxppuullssiioonn……
• Pleasepickyourchildupearlytoday• Don’tbringherintomorrow• Whydon’tyouhavehimjoinusforhalfdaysforthenextfewweeks• Ourprogramjustisn’trightforyourchild• Wecan’tprovidetheservicesthatyourchildneeds
ExclusionaryPractices• Removefromactivitiesthatincludeotherchildren• Removeintheshort-termorlimitthetimeachildattendstheprogram• Dismissachildpermanently• Encouragefamiliestovoluntarilyterminateservices,“softexpulsion”
• Terminatingenrollmentbecauseofchallengingbehaviororhealthcondition• Reductionsintheamountoftimeinattendanceatthesetting• Otherservicesarelimitedonthebasisofchallengingbehaviors,e.g.denyingoutdoortime,withholdingfood,andusingfoodasarewardorpunishment
CaringforOurChildren
RReesseeaarrcchhtteellllssuuss……
WWhhyyFFooccuussoonnEExxppuullssiioonnaannddSSuussppeennssiioonn??• Suspensionandexpulsionarestressfulandnegativeexperiencesthatcanimpactchildoutcomes
• Expulsionorsuspensionearlyinachild’seducationpredictslaterexpulsionorsuspensioninschool
• Youngstudentswhoareexpelledorsuspendedareasmuchas10timesmorelikelyto:§ Dropoutofhighschool§ Failagrade§ Beincarcerated
HHoowwOOfftteenn??
10.4%ofPre-Kteachersexpelled1ormoreinpastyear
2.1
6.7
27.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
K-12 Pre-K ChildCare
Rateper1,000
SSttaatteePPrree--KKEExxppuullssiioonnRRaatteess
Gilliam,2005
STRIKE#1:OlderBoys
Boys 3½timesmorelikelythangirls
4-year-olds 50%morelikelythan3’s
Strike#2: AfricanAmericans
Expelledat2xtherateofEuropeanAmericans;5xtherateofAsianAmericans
Makeup18%ofpreschoolenrollment,but48%ofpreschoolchildrensuspendedmorethanonce.
Source:CIVILRIGHTSDATACOLLECTIONDataSnapshot:EarlyChildhoodEducation– March2014
STRIKE#3:Setting
• Privateandfaith-basedchildcare
• Highteacher-childratios• Highteacherstress/
feelinghopeless• Longschoolday• Toolittleortoorestrictive
structure• Noconsistentongoing
availabilityofamentalhealthconsultant
InfantToddlerAstudyinChicagofoundthat42%ofbirthtothreechildcareprograms expelledatleastonechildinthepreviousyearbecauseofbehavior
AstudyofPhiladelphiafoundthat26%ofchildcareprogramshadexpelledatleastonechildinthepastyearandthattoddlerswerejustaslikelyaspreschoolerstobeaskedtoleavethechildcaresetting
TThhrreeeeDDiimmeennssiioonnssooffEExxppuullssiioonnttooCCoonnssiiddeerr
11..LLaacckkooffKKnnoowwlleeddggeeooffCChhiillddDDeevveellooppmmeenntt
• Social-emotionaldevelopmentoccursincontextoffamily,communityandculturalexpectations
• Challengingbehaviorisapartoftypicalchilddevelopmentandoffers“touchpoints”
• Cross-culturaldifferencesinchildren’sexpressionandinterpretationofemotions,e.g.anger,shame,exuberanceofpositiveemotions
• Expulsionandsuspensioncanpathologizechildbehaviorandincreasedisparities
AAddddrreessssKKnnoowwlleeddggee&&PPrraaccttiiccee
• NSECEstudyfoundonly20%ofprovidersreportedreceivingtrainingonfacilitatingsocial-emotionalgrowthinthepastyear
• Workforceneedsknowledgeandskillsto§ Understandhowchildren’semotionalresponsesmayreflectculturalexpectationsandlearning
§ Communicateclassroomexpectationsinachild’sfirstlanguage
§ Supportsocial-emotionallearning§ Examinetheirownteachinganddisciplinepractices§ Distinguishconcerningbehaviorsfromdevelopmentallyappropriatebehaviors
22..IImmpplliicciittBBiiaass
THEHUMANBRAIN
Conscious/Reflectiveeffortful,slow,logical,calculating,limitedresources
Unconscious/Reflexautomatic,fast,intuitively-driven,emotionalstereotypic,largeresources
BBiiaass• Ahumancondition• Triggeredbybrainmakingquickjudgementsandassessmentsofpeopleandsituations,influencebyourbackground,culturalenvironmentandpersonalexperiences• Compoundedbythebeliefthatourperceptions,beliefsandexperiencesareobjectivelytrue• Negativeinformationmoresalient• Easilytriggedundercognitiveoremotionalload
IImmpplliicciittBBiiaass&&RRaacciiaallDDiissppaarriittiieessiinnEExxppuullssiioonnRRaatteessGrowingevidenceindicates…
• Blackboysareperceivedaslessinnocent,lesshumanandmoredeservingofpunishment
• ThreatcommonlyassociatedwithBlackmenmaybegeneralizedtoBlackboysasyoungas5
• Underpreparedearlylearningteachersaremorelikelytousepunitiveandrejectingdisciplinarytechniques
UUnnddeerrssttaannddiinnggRRaacciiaallDDiissppaarriittiieessiinnEExxppuullssiioonnRRaatteessRecentResearchhasfound…• Disproportionatelevelsofdisciplinebyrace•Mixedimpactwhenbackgroundinformationonfamilialstressorsismadeavailable• Atkindergartenentry,BlackandWhiteparentsequallyratedtheirchildren’spersistence,approachestolearning,andsocialinteractions,butteachersratedBlackstudentsashavingadistinctdisadvantagerelativetoWhitestudents
CCoouunntteerriinnggIImmpplliicciittBBiiaass• Instituteorganization-wideprocessesandpracticetosupportindividualsplacingcognitiveeffortoverintuition,e.g.§ Explicitprocedureswhenachallengingbehaviorhappens,e.g.disciplinepractices
§ EngageinECMHconsultation§ Providereflectivesupervision§Offerprofessionaldevelopmentandcoaching
33..TTrraauummaaBBeehhaavviioorrCCoonnnneeccttiioonn• Approximately10to14percentofchildrenfrombirthtoage5experienceemotional,relational,orbehavioraldisturbance• Childrenexperiencingtraumaarriveatschoollessreadytolearn
• Exposuretoviolencecandiminishconcentration,memory,organizational,andlanguageabilities• Qualityofearlylearningsettingsisevenmoreimportant
RRoolleeooffSSttaatteePPoolliiccyy
Goal
Governance
StateGoalsandRoadMap
Data
Policy
StatePolicy&Protocolson
Expulsion
PoliciesrelatedtoProgram
Characteristics
ChildCareAssistance
WorkConditions
Supports
Hotline/Triage
Training&Coaching
IECMHConsultation
QRIS
AlignmentofTAProviders
Services
DevelopmentalScreening&
Referral
EarlyIntervention&
SpecialEducation
Health,MentalHealth,and
FamilySupport
Cross-cutting:FamilyPartnershipsandRacial&GenderEquity
POSSIBLECOMPONENTSOFASTATESTRATEGY
PPoossssiibblleeRRoolleeooffLLeeggiissllaattiioonn• Areprogramcomponentsorstatefinancingforpreschoolandchildcareinstatute?
•Whatdatacouldbecollectedacrossstateagenciesre:prevalence,whatishappeninginprograms,andhowarethesupportsworking?
•Whatareavailablesupportsre:professionaldevelopmentandmentalhealthconsultation?
• Arethereclearexpectationsorrequirementsaroundprotocolsandprocedures?
SSttaatteeEExxaammpplleess
AArrkkaannssaass• Cross-systemandsectorplanninggroup• Hotline/Triage• TiersofBehaviorHelp
§ QualityImprovement&ECMHConsultation
• Core6Trainings1. TeachingPyramid2. NurturingRelationships3. SupportiveClassrooms4. UnderstandingandDescribingBehavior5. WorkingwithFamilies
• Evaluation
AArrkkaannssaass::FFiinnaanncciinngg• TriagespecialistspulledfromwithinvariousunitswithinDHS/DCCECE
• ShiftedresourcestoexpandECMHCtoseveralnewsites
• Allotherservicesfundedbyredeployingexistingstaffandresources
• TAandECMHCfundedthroughCCDFandstatepre-kqualityimprovementdollars
OOhhiioo::WWhhoolleeCChhiillddMMaatttteerrss• StatewideHotline(Children’sHospital)• ECMHConsultationExpansion• CoreTraining
1. SocialandEmotionalDevelopmentfromOhio’sEarlyLearningDevelopmentStandards
2. ManagingChallengingBehavior3. FromToxicStresstoSafeZone-TraumaInformedCare4. CulturalandLinguisticCompetency
• Evaluation
CClloossiinnggRReefflleeccttiioonn
EExxppuullssiioonn……
•Anadultdecision•Notasingle-factorproblem•Requiresamulti-prongedapproach
PPrreevveennttiinnggEExxppuullssiioonn……• Buildthecapacityofandsupportsfortheworkforce
• Bringaexpulsionpreventionlenstocurrentefforts
• Determinewhatwillbethenewfocus
• Involveallhelpers• Pickastartingpointandbuildmomentum
Formoreinformation
CareyMcCann,AssistantDirectorofStateServices,[email protected]
www.buildinitiative.org