Expression of mineral character in wine:

Sensorial reality or clever marketing?

Wendy V. ParrLincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand

Minerality?

Dominique Valentin; Jordi Ballester; Dominique PeyronClaire Grose

Jason Breitmeyer; Rob Sherlock; Brett Robinson Philippe Darriet

https://myiplant.plantandfood.co.nz/Person.aspx?accountname=i:0e.t|adfs|hrmcxg@pfr.co.nzhttps://myiplant.plantandfood.co.nz/Person.aspx?accountname=i:0e.t|adfs|hrmcxg@pfr.co.nz

Minerality in wine Fashionable notion

Increasingly reported as a wine descriptor Positive concept

Associated with cool climate wines Associated with higher-priced wines

Good for marketing Links with the concept of terroir or provenanceHowever, geologists & plant scientists tell us that it is unlikely that we are tasting directly the vineyard rocks & soil (Maltman, 2013)

So, is perceived minerality all in the

mind?

Have we been seduced by smart marketing?

All in the mind? Are we sensing specific characters in wine that

evoke geological metaphors? Data-driven perception based on the

phenomenological properties of the wine

Or, is minerality primarily a mental construction? Top-down or knowledge-based perception

And is our experience of perceived minerality in wine shared by others? Within a culture? Across cultures?

Influence of wine composition?

Qs arising from industry, media, & anecdotal reports

Can minerality be smelled, or is it a palate sensation only?

How is perceived minerality related to: Acidity? Relative absence of varietal flavour? Reductive characteristics?

What other wine characteristics associate with or drive perception of mineral character?

How did we go about it?(Parr et al., FQAP, 2015)

French & NZ wine professionals evaluated 100% Sauvignon wines (French; NZ) via 3 modes of perception

Smelling only Full tasting Palate only: taste & trigeminal (mouthfeel)

Wines were categorised & described: Varietal characters Mineral characters (flinty; smoky; calcareous) Acidity; freshness Reductive characters (graphite; burnt rubber; sulphide) Overall perceived minerality, complexity, familiarity, liking

Physico-chemical analyses on the wines

What did we find?French and NZ wines were judged similarly in terms of overall intensity of mineral character

FBCBB

FBCLM

FLCH

FLPC

FSBAGA

FSBI

FSFCFSHB

NZAVFBNZAVV

NZLWB

NZLWWH

NZRS

NZRSL

NZSVANZSVCH

Mineral NC

Mineral OMineral G

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

F2 (2

4,83

%)

F1 (69,44 %)

Biplot (axes F1 et F2 : 94,27 %)

How were the wines characterised? French Free SortingColours represent MDS clusters

pyrazine

good balance

acidic

varietal characterboxwood

fruit

tropicalmineral

asparagus

expressive aromatics

reductive

cat pee

citrusfloral

herbaceous

bitter

faulty

terroir expressioncreamy

oxidisedunripe

oak

smokey

NZRSL

FSHB

NZAVFB FSFC

FBCLMFSBI

NZRS

FSBAGA

FLCH

FLPCNZSVA

NZLWWH

FBCBB

NZLWB

NZAVV

NZSVCH

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

F2 (2

0,50

%)

F1 (39,00 %)

FR axes F1 et F2 : 59,50 %

How were the wines characterised? NZ Free SortingColours represent MDS clusters

FSHB

FBCBB

NZSVCHFLCH

NZLWBNZLWWH

NZRSNZAVFBNZAVV

FSBI

FSBAGA

FSFC

FLPC

NZRSL

NZSVA

FBCLM

tropical

herbaceous

acidic reductive

pyrazine

boxwood

ripe

agedcitrus

faulty

complex

unripe

good balance

simplethin oak

varietal charactergooseberry

expressive aromaticsgood weight

mineral lack of varietal character

oxidised

grapefruit

lack acidity

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

F2 (1

5,33

%)

F1 (48,13 %)

NZ_axes F1 et F2 : 63,45 %

Can mineral be smelled?

Both cultures reported perceiving minerality via each mode of perception; i.e., Mineral can be smelled and Is a palate experience (taste & mouthfeel)

French tasters relied more on their noses than NZers in their full-tasting judgments of minerality, NZers relying equally on olfaction (smelling) and palate phenomena

So, which wine attributes predicted perceived mineralityin Sauvignon wine?

And was there much consensus across cultures?

Regression of Mineral by other descriptors: Nose only Multiple Linear Regression: alpha < 0.05

PredictorsFrance

t p Predictors New Zealand

t p

Citrus 5.29 < 0.0001 Citrus 3.78 < 0.001

Passionfruit -4.64 < 0.0001 Passionfruit -3.37 < 0.001

Chalky/calc 6.75 < 0.0001 Chalky/calc 5.94 < 0.0001

Flint/smo 9.75 < 0.0001 Flint/smo 7.23 < 0.0001

Lead/graph 2.62

Regression of Mineral by other descriptors: Full tasting Multiple Linear Regression: alpha < 0.05

PredictorsFrance

t p Predictors New Zealand

t p

Citrus 4.22 < 0.0001 Citrus 2.09 < 0.05

Passfruit -2.12 < 0.05 Green -2.42 < 0.05

Bitter 2.08 < 0.05 Bitter 2.34 < 0.05

Chalky/calc 2.05 < 0.05 Chalky/calc 4.51 < 0.0001

Flint/smo 4.61 < 0.0001 Astringent -2.17 < 0.05

Sweet -6.57 < 0.0001 Fresh/zingy 2.20 < 0.05

Lead/graphite 2.81

Regression of Mineral by other descriptors: Palate only Multiple Linear Regression: alpha < 0.05

PredictorsFrance

t p Predictors New Zealand

t p

Fresh/zingy 5.22 < 0.0001 Fresh/zingy 4.00 < 0.0001

Flint/smo 8.53 < 0.0001 Flint/smo 4.44 < 0.0001

Chalky/calc 6.66 < 0.0001 Chalky/calc 6.93 < 0.0001

Sour/acid -2.26 < 0.05 Sour/acid -2.26 < 0.05

Sweet -4.33 < 0.05 Lead/graph 2.02 < 0.05

Bitter 3.97 < 0.0001

PalateWght 5.37 < 0.0001

Influence of wine composition?(Parr et al., FRIN, 2016)

Standard parameters + an acidity index: pH, TA, ethanol, RS, total extract, free & bound SO2

Fermentation-derived volatile aroma compounds, volatile organic acids, & IBMP

Non-volatile organic acids Tartaric, lactic, malic, shikimic, malonic

Wine elemental composition (ICP-OES): Mg, K, Ca, Na, Rb, Sr, Al, Fe, Mn, Si, La, P, S, Ba, Cu, Mo, Ni, Zn

Varietal thiols & volatile sulphur compounds associated with pungent aromas

Sulphur compounds 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) : citrus/grapefruit 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA) : passion fruit 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) :

sweaty/boxwood

Ethyl-2-sulfanylacetate (E2SA) : baked beans note Benzenemethanethiol (BMT) : flinty note Dimethyl sulfide (quince; truffle) Hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs) Mthanethiol (stagnant water; halitosis) Ethanethiol (onion; rubber) Dithyl sulfide Dimthyl disulfide (quince; asparagus)

PLSR plot: projection of Y variables (M perceived minerality scores) on X variables (chemical compounds: in red) and Wines (in green)

Figure 2

Figure 2

t1 & t2

X

MeSH

DMS

DMDS

BMT

Ethyl Acetate

Isoamyl Acetate

Octanoic Acid

Tartaric acid

DL-Lactic acid

Ba

Mo

Zn

Titratable Acidity

AcidityIndex

Density

Free SO2

Bound SO2

DMS(2)

BMT (2)

Ethyl Acetate (2)

Isoamyl Acetate (2)

Octanoic Acid (2)

Tartaric acid (2)

Malonic acid (2)

Ca (2)

S (2)

Ba (2)

Mo (2)

Zn (2)

Titratable Acidity (2)

AcidityIndex (2)

Density (2)

Free SO2 (2)

Bound SO2 (2)

3MH

Isobutanol

Isoamyl Alcohol

Diethyl succinate

Hexanoic Acid

L-Malic acid

Ca

Na

Mn

Isobutanol (2)

Isoamyl Alcohol (2)

Diethyl succinate (2)

Hexanoic Acid (2)

L-Malic acid (2)

DL-Lactic acid (2)

Na (2)

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FR_Minerality

NZ_Minerality

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FBCBB

FBCLM

FLCH

FLPC

FSBAGA

FSBI

FSFC

FSHB

NZAVFB

NZAVV

NZLWB

NZLWWH

NZRS

NZRSL

NZSVA

NZSVCH

-5.2547257909620122E-20.222479430260059420.28400788276083888-5.5945771653031523E-2-0.61141419095031757-0.552535813106008631.9246311302518901E-26.6575665868672654E-20.281605291310399080.247841620331339413.2083623772793959E-20.162607919014814670.18192887891195908-6.1050430996250404E-2-0.200923366931863743.6040208013694917E-20.226313113819459210.167655381057488670.191764303752169020.12432403246164223-0.148592712694946426.5551188853627623E-2-0.804371768433676640.13135952194366773-0.116705010870624565.6698456747738112E-3-4.5455136957433646E-2-0.27153805819499999-0.124075575180174740.197567820946310239.934023304206839E-20.30119282078065374

t1

t2

Aspects of wine composition associated statistically with perception of mineral character in S. blanc wines

(Parr et al., FRIN, 2016)

Positive predictors Negative predictors

France NZ France NZ

Free SO2 Bound SO2 Tartaric acid Isoamyl alcohol (fusel; solvent)

Isoamylacetate(fruity)

Hexanoic acid (fatty; waxy; barnyard)

Titratableacidity

Diethyl succinate (fruity; wine-like)

Malic acid Isobutanol(fusel; solvent)

Na

Ca

Implications for industry: TAKE HOME MESSAGE1. Not just smart marketing Perceived minerality in Sauvignon wine appears

based on data-driven input (wine attributes) Characters driving perceived minerality in Sauvignon

Citrus notes and fresh/zingy character (acid?) Absence of passion fruit & green characters

2. Caution needed in how the term mineral is used Varietal differences may influence how minerality is

perceived in any particular wine Chardonnay work in Burgundy

3. Wine composition aspects appear complex & require further research

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Acknowledgement

Our tasters in France & NZ, & wine producers who provided their wines for the study

Funding: Grape and Wine Research Programme, PFR, NZ New Zealand Winegrowers Pernod Ricard NZ & Pernod Ricard Research Centre,

Paris, France Regional Council of Burgundy Bureau Interprofessionnel des Vins de Bourgogne and

Conseil Interprofessionel des Vins de Bordeaux Royal Society of New Zealand ISAT Linkages Fund

And thank you for your attention

Expression of mineral character in wine:Sensorial reality or clever marketing?Slide Number 2Minerality in wineSlide Number 4All in the mind?Qs arising from industry, media, & anecdotal reports How did we go about it?(Parr et al., FQAP, 2015)What did we find?How were the wines characterised? French Free SortingColours represent MDS clustersHow were the wines characterised? NZ Free SortingColours represent MDS clustersCan mineral be smelled?Slide Number 12Regression of Mineral by other descriptors: Nose only Multiple Linear Regression: alpha < 0.05Regression of Mineral by other descriptors: Full tasting Multiple Linear Regression: alpha < 0.05Regression of Mineral by other descriptors: Palate only Multiple Linear Regression: alpha < 0.05Influence of wine composition?(Parr et al., FRIN, 2016)Slide Number 17PLSR plot: projection of Y variables (M perceived minerality scores) on X variables (chemical compounds: in red) and Wines (in green)Aspects of wine composition associated statistically with perception of mineral character in S. blanc wines(Parr et al., FRIN, 2016)Implications for industry: TAKE HOME MESSAGEAcknowledgement