Exploring the

New World

The Crusades

Muslim growth

Crusades – Access to the Holy Land

Result of Crusades

Europeans are

introduced to new

products from Asia and

Africa.

Sugar, Spice and

everything nice (aka

Silk)

Marco Polo: 1271, age- 17

Left Venice, Italy with father & uncle

Traveled across Asia to China/Cathay

Stayed there for 17 years & learned

about China’s advanced culture

Wrote a book, Travels, that inspired

Christopher Columbus

Overland by caravan to the

Mediterranean Sea to Italian ports.

Goods from the East Spices: Cinnamon, Pepper, Cloves, Nutmeg

Perfumes

Silks & Cloth

Precious Stones

1300’s-1400’s

1300’s Growth of ideas+ Renaissance- re birth. Fuels the desire for exploration and discovery

1400’s Countries are established from smaller city-states. Spain, Portugal, England, and France. Want to cut out the Arab merchants that are raising prices.

Can you find France, Spain,

Portugal and England?

1450’s New Technology

movable type- Publish Books for the first

time.

Better maps- lines of latitude etc

North America

Martin Waldseemuller The World 1507

Virginia Company of London about 1607-1609

Selected Cities with Spanish, French, and English Names in the United States

. Washington, D.C. . Columbus

. Columbia

. Sacramento . San Francisco

. Los Angeles

. San Diego

. Santa Fe

. San Antonio

. Quebec

. Detroit

. Des Moines

. St. Louis

. Baton Rouge . New Orleans

. Pierre . Boise . Montpelier

. Boston

. New York

. Pittsburgh

. Jamestown

. Raleigh

. Richmond

Better Ships

Astrolabe – Sailors can chart their latitude while at sea based upon the position of the stars.

Magnetic compass (developed by the Chinese in the 1200s)

Better ships (caravel invented by the Portuguese) – Triangular sail, Stern Rudder (you can now sail into the wind (from the Arabs) plus they are faster and can carry more stuff also can float in shallow water. You can explore inlets and go on beach to repair ships.

Africa

North had Gold, copper and iron ore- traded with Islamic societies also had Ivory and slaves- traded these items

The Portuguese set up trading posts on the coasts of Africa

Many Africans become Muslims because of the trade with the Arabs-

The Portuguese

People only knew about Europe, Asia and

Africa. They didn’t know that the land in

America even existed.

Portugal is the first exploring nation because

they did not have a port on the

Mediterranean. They wanted a new rout to

China and India. (Wanted better trade routs)

Prince Henry the

Navigator 1420

Opened a school for exploration in Portugal

Portuguese explore West Coast of Africa- Gold Coast

Made a center (school) for navigation- Astronomers, Geographers, and Mathematicians came and shared their knowledge with sailors and Ship builders.

1487- Bartholomeu Dias

Sailed all the way to the tip of Africa- hit some terrible storms and was blown off course and around the tip of Africa-

Wrote “we have been around the Cape of Storms.”

The king of Portugal (John II) re named it the Cape of Good Hope… Hoping that it would lead to a new route to India.

1497-Vasco Da Gama

Took an Arab pilot and sailed around the Cape of Good

Hope and through the Indian Ocean and landed in India.

(First to do this)

Portugal claims Brazil

Pedro Alvares Cabral-

swung wide and

touched Brazil and

claimed it for

Portugal.

“to reach the east

through the west”

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Ships_of_Christopher_Columbus.jpg

A guy reads a

book:

The travels of

Marco Polo

Birth Place

of Columbus Born in Genoa Italy in 1451

Becomes a sailor for Portugal and traveled from the Artic Circle to the Goals Coast.

He believed the ancient Greek Astronomer Ptolemy who said it was 2,760 miles from Europe around to Asia

It should take about 2 months to get there by ship. (totally underestimated the size of the world)

Christopher Columbus

Italy & Portugal-

REJECTED

Spain- Mission Accepted

o -King Ferdinand & Queen

Isabella

o - Ships Nina, Pinta, Santa

Maria

Why Did Columbus Attempt a

New Route? Pirates in the Mediterranean

Cut out the middle man in trade

Wealth and riches

Who funded his expedition? • Queen Isabela and

King Ferdinand of Spain

• The queen wanted to spread Christianity and the king wanted wealth.

Why did Columbus sail West?

The crew didn’t have a great time: “ Having trouble with the

crew… I am told that if I persist in going onward, the best course

of action will be to throw me into the sea.” – Columbus

Oct 12, 1492 – Tierra! Tierra! They land on an island in the

Caribbean and call it Hispaniola (Present day Dominican

Republic and Haiti) He thought he was in the islands off the coast

of India but it was really the Caribbean Islands- some call these

islands the West Indies to this day. He called the native people

“Indians”. He went back to Spain and told the king and queen

that he had succeeded.

Caribbean/West Indies

Hispaniola

(aka: Dominican Republic/ Haiti)

Columbus

He made 3 more voyages in 1493, 1498 and 1502. He explored all the islands and the coast of Central America, some of south America, and some of north America, and claimed lands for Spain.

Because of Columbus more go to explore these lands and claim them for Spain. We realize that these are new lands.

First

Voyage of

Columbus

1492-1493

Streaming video

../../../World Civ/World Streaming Videos/1st columbus voyage.asx

2nd Voyage of Columbus

1493-1496

3rd Voyage of Columbus

1498-1500

4th Voyage of

Columbus 1502-1504

Viking Voyagers 800-900

Vikings were exploring

Iceland and Greenland.

Leif Eriksson explored the

land west of Greenland

know as Vinland about

1000.

Historians think that

Vinland was North America.

The Europeans were not acquainted with the Viking

voyages and did not really know about them. The first

time they heard about America was from Columbus

The story of 2 Brothers

Spain and Portugal both had claims in the new world…

Take it to Papa

Turned to Pope Alexander VI and in 1493 he drew the line of

Demarcation running down the middle of the Atlantic from

North Pole to South Pole.

Spain’s got the lands west and Portugal got the lands east.

This was not a fair trade and so in 1494 they signed a treaty

called the treaty of Tordesillas and agreed to move the line

farther west.

This divided up the land in the new world between Spain and

Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Amerigo Vespucci 1499

Maps the coast of

South America. Claims

that South America was

a Continent and was

not part of Asia.

In the 1500’s European

geographers started

calling it America to

honor Vespucci.

Amerigo’s Map

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Went to present

day Panama

and in 1513

hiked through

the

mountainous

Jungles and saw

the Pacific

Ocean (named it

the west sea)

Ferdinand Magellan

Still obsessed with finding a way west to Asia the Spanish hired Ferdinand Magellan who was a Portuguese mariner to get it done.

He followed the coast of South America and hit a strait at the end.

When he passed through into the new ocean it was calm and peaceful and he named it the Pacific Ocean, which means Peaceful. ..

Sailed for 4 months through the Pacific Ocean. Ran out of food and ate rats and saw dust and leather to survive.

Gets to the Philippines and is involved in an island war and gets killed.

His last surviving ship continues on and reaches Spain again. Took 3 years and only 18 people from the original 200 crew members completed the Journey.

These men were the first to circumnavigate the world.

Spain in America

Stories of Gold and silver entice other Spanish explorers to come to the Americas they are called conquistadors.

They came to establish settlements. They would give the Spanish crown 1/5 of their treasure. If they failed then they lost their own fortune.

Cortez vs. Montezuma

Cortez vs. Montezuma

Cortez- Conquered

the Aztec Empire

and the great

emperor

Montezuma.

(Central Mexico)

Pizarro

Pizarro- Sailed down

the west coast of

south America and

attacked the Incan

Empire. Captured the

ruler (Atahualpa) and

executed him later.

The people were in

confusion and fell to

the rule of Pizarro.

How did they do it?

1-New and powerful weapons (Guns and

Cannons) New Animals- like giant dogs- to the

Natives they seemed almost like Gods

2- Spanish united their enemies against them.

3- Disease wiped out entire communities.

Natives had no immunity to European

diseases like smallpox.

Ponce de Leon First landing on mainland North

America (Florida) Was in search not

only of gold but the legendary

Fountain of Youth. –. They started

the first permanent settlement in North

America – St Augustine 1565

“a spring of

running water of

such marvelous

virtue” that

drinking it “makes

old men young

again”

Ponce de Leon

Hernando de Soto

Heard stories about 7 cities with walls of emerald and streets of

gold.

He explored for 3 years wandering around the South eastern part

of present day United States.

He treated the native people poorly and often captured their chief

and demanded food.

He crossed the Mississippi River “ it is very swift and deep.”

Traveled as far west as Oklahoma.

He died of fever and was buried in the waters of the Mississippi.

Hernando De Soto

Coronado

Francisco Vasquez

de Coronado

Also wanted to find the 7 cities of gold.

Explored Northern Mexico and into

Arizona and New Mexico.

Went west to the Colorado River and

east to Kansas and found nothing but

“windswept plains and shaggy cows”

(Buffalo) disappointed they returned to

Mexico.

Spanish Settlements

Pueblos: Towns established as s=centers

of Trade

Missions: Religious Communities – small

town with farmland around a church

Presidios: Fort – usually built near a

mission.

Class System

Peninsulares: Upper Class- people that were born in

Spain, owned the land, served in the Catholic Church

and ran the government

Creoles- born in America to Spanish Parents

Mestizos- born to Spanish and native American Parents

Native Americans

Enslaved Africans

American Slaves

The Spanish government gave conquistadors

an encomienda or the right to demand taxes

or labor from Native Americans living on the

land.

This turned American Indians into slaves.

They made them work in Gold and silver

mines and farm labor- often they died form

starvation and disease.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Was the only one that stood up for the unfair and unjust treatment of American Indians.

He pleaded for laws to protect them. He claimed that millions had died because the Spanish made gold their ultimate aim, seeing to load themselves with riches in the shortest possible time.

Because of his reports back to Spain they passed new Laws that made it illegal to enslave Native Americans…. However they were not always enforce these laws and did nothing to protect them from worse abuses.

Bartolome de las Casas-

(aka the good guy)

Spanish Priest that fights

for laws to protect Native

Americans

Spanish government

passed the New Laws in

1542 that forbade making

slaves of Native

Americans

Have you ever tried to help out with a major

problem but you ended up making it worse?

Plantation Systems were established

The Spanish started exporting tobacco and sugarcane.

Bartolome de Las Casas suggested replacing American Indian

labor with African American Labor and bitterly regretted this

suggestion.

By the 1550s the Spanish were bringing thousands of

enslaved Africans to the Americas and the Portuguese did the

same in Brazil. This established a dependency on slave labor

in the Americas.

New Religion

Exploring North America

1517 Martin Luther- breaks away from

the Catholic Church. This causes the

Protestant Reformation.

John Calvin- (French) Also broke away

from the Catholic Church.

King Henry VIII

1st Wife- Catherine of Aragon -Catholic from Spain (child

was Marry I)

2nd Wife- Anne Boleyn -Protestant (Child was Elizabeth I)

3rd Wife- Jane Seymour (Child was Edward VI)

4th Wife- Anne Cleves

5th Wife- Catherine Howard

6th Wife- Catherine Parr

Divorced

Beheaded

Died

Divorced

Beheaded

Survived

Why is this important?

This starts up the Church of England and the spread of

the Protestant religion.

Religious Freedom becomes another huge reason why

people explore the New world.

Why countries want to

expand powers?

To control trade routes (Gold)

To spread their religion (God)

Expand military power (Glory)

3 G’s

Columbian Exchange

Countries were no longer tied together by the same religion (Catholic/Pope) they now competed for power. New territories had new recourses and markets that they could gain from.

Europe, Asia and Africa now are in contact with the Americas. This led to an exchange of plants, Animals, and diseases that changed life for everyone.

The Northwest Passage

Everyone wanted to find a faster or cheaper

(all waterway) route to the orient (Asia).

Portugal and Spain had already been

exploring and were bound by the treaty of

Tordesillas (Line of Demarcation)

Other countries ignored this and explored

North America.

1497 John Cabot (Italian)

Sent by England to

find the Northwest

passage.

Explored

Newfoundland

and claimed it for

England. (didn’t

find the northwest

passage)

1524 Giovanni Da Verrazano

He was Italian but

was sent by France

searched for the

Northwest Passage.

He explored from

Nova Scotia down to

the Carolinas.

Jacques Cartier 1535

Sailed up the St Lawrence River

and got to the Indian village of

Huron.

He named the peak Mont-Royal

that means Royal Mountain and

is now called Montreal.

He heard about gold and the

Northwest Passage but found

neither.

Samuel de Champlain

France was preoccupied with

political and religious problems at

home and so they were not

interested in permanent settlements

in the Americas. They sent trappers

to establish fishing and fur trading.

Beaver Pelts were big money

Samuel de Champlain was sent by

France to establish a settlement in

Quebec and establish a fur trade.

He discovered lake Champlain.

Henry Hudson 1609

Sent by the Netherlands (Dutch)(he was English) to explore for a northwest passage.

Discovered the Hudson River and sailed up to present day Albany New York. He gave up.

The next year he made as straight shot from England to the Americas (this time he was sailing for England) and discovered a huge Bay (Hudson’s Bay) he thought it may be the Pacific Ocean but later realized it wasn’t.

His crew set him and his son adrift in a small boat and no one ever saw them again.

Henry Hudson

Dutch Settlements

Henry Hudson claimed New

York Island for the Dutch and

in 1621 they established the

Dutch West India Company.

They established a colony called

New Amsterdam on Manhattan

Island. They bought the land

from the Indians.

Manhattan Island 1609

Manhattan Island Today

Who got what in North

America?

Spain: Southeastern & Western North America

England: Eastern Seaboard of the now U.S.

France: West of Appalachian mountains, the

Ohio River Valley, & the

Mississippi River