Exploring the magnetic activity of M dwarfs atnIR wavelengths with SPIRou

Julien MorinLaboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier

and the SPIRou Legacy Survey team

CFHT User’s meeting 2019 – Montréal – 20th May 2019

Outline

1 M dwarfs’ magnetic activity and planet search

2 Magnetic activity of M dwarfs seen by SPIRou

3 Summary

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 2 / 15

Outline

1 M dwarfs’ magnetic activity and planet searchImpact of stellar activity on planet detection and characterizationActive stars are everywhereActivity filteringGoing beyond the insolation HZStellar physics: : magnetism, activity, rotation

2 Magnetic activity of M dwarfs seen by SPIRou

3 Summary

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Impact of stellar activity on planet detection

� Activity effect on RV/photometricmeasurements

• Impede detection• Bias planetary parameters• False positives

Dittman et al. (2009)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 4 / 15

Impact of stellar activity on planet detection

� Activity effect on RV/photometricmeasurements

• Impede detection• Bias planetary parameters• False positives

Dittman et al. (2009)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 4 / 15

Impact of stellar activity on planet detection

� Activity effect on RV/photometricmeasurements

• Impede detection• Bias planetary parameters• False positives

Oshagh et al. (2013)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 4 / 15

Impact of stellar activity on planet detection

� Activity effect on RV/photometricmeasurements

• Impede detection• Bias planetary parameters• False positives

Bonfils et al. (2007)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 4 / 15

Impact of stellar activity on planet detection

� Activity effect on RV/photometricmeasurements

• Impede detection• Bias planetary parameters• False positives

Dumusque et al. (2011)SOAP model

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Active stars are everywhere

� Focus on low-mass stars• longer activity lifetimes• remain fast rotator longer• even slow rotators display activity� At high precision (almost) any star

is active

West et al. (2008)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 5 / 15

Active stars are everywhere

� Focus on low-mass stars• longer activity lifetimes• remain fast rotator longer• even slow rotators display activity� At high precision (almost) any star

is active

Newton et al. (2016)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 5 / 15

Active stars are everywhere

� Focus on low-mass stars• longer activity lifetimes• remain fast rotator longer• even slow rotators display activity� At high precision (almost) any star

is active

Bonfils et al. (2018)GJ 447 P ∼ 120 d

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 5 / 15

Activity filtering: ZDI + DI

Donati et al. (2015, 2016)

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Activity filtering: ZDI + DI

Donati et al. (2015, 2016)

Ô Louise Yu’s and Baptiste Klein’s talks

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Going beyond the insolation HZ

� Insolation HZ based on stellar flux� Role of magnetic field/activity

• XUV radiation• Stellar wind + magnetic pressure

å planetary magnetosphere balance� Need for evolutionary perspective

Credit: ESO/F. SelsisPR for Mayor et al. (2009)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 7 / 15

Going beyond the insolation HZ

� Insolation HZ based on stellar flux� Role of magnetic field/activity

• XUV radiation• Stellar wind + magnetic pressure

å planetary magnetosphere balance� Need for evolutionary perspective

France et al. (2018)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 7 / 15

Going beyond the insolation HZ

� Insolation HZ based on stellar flux� Role of magnetic field/activity

• XUV radiation• Stellar wind + magnetic pressure

å planetary magnetosphere balance� Need for evolutionary perspective

Credit: NASA

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 7 / 15

Going beyond the insolation HZ

� Insolation HZ based on stellar flux� Role of magnetic field/activity

• XUV radiation• Stellar wind + magnetic pressure

å planetary magnetosphere balance� Need for evolutionary perspective

Gallet & Bouvier (2015)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 7 / 15

Going beyond the insolation HZ

� Insolation HZ based on stellar flux� Role of magnetic field/activity

• XUV radiation• Stellar wind + magnetic pressure

å planetary magnetosphere balance� Need for evolutionary perspective

Gallet et al. (2017)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 7 / 15

Stellar physics: magnetism, activity, rotation

� Strong synergy w/ stellar science• stellar dynamos• magnetic cycles• angular momentum evolution

Ô large sampleÔ moderate-low activity regimeÔ baseline > 4 yr

Donati et al. (2008), Phan-Baoet al. (2009), Morin et al. (2008-2010),

Hébrard et al. (2016),Moutou et al. (2018)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 8 / 15

Stellar physics: magnetism, activity, rotation

� Strong synergy w/ stellar science• stellar dynamos• magnetic cycles• angular momentum evolution

Ô large sampleÔ moderate-low activity regimeÔ baseline > 4 yr

Adapted from Reiners et al. (2009)

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 8 / 15

Outline

1 M dwarfs’ magnetic activity and planet search

2 Magnetic activity of M dwarfs seen by SPIRouMagnetometry: circular polarisationMagnetic activity: unpolarised spectra

3 Summary

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 9 / 15

Magnetometry: circular polarisation

� Zeeman polarisation in spectral lines• Line-of-sight component of B• Cancellation Ô large-scalecomponent

• ∼ 1 000− 2 000 atomic lines

� V /Ic . few × 10−3

Ô Least-squares deconvolution (LSD)• ∼ 1 000− 2 000 atomic linesin the SPIRou spectral domain

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 10 / 15

Toward LSD with molecular lines

� Molecules dominate M dwarfs’spectra

• line parameters poorly known• Landé factors not computable

Ô Experimental measurements• focus on H-band FeH, OH• detected in sunspots

Shulyak et al. (2010)FeH Wing-Ford band

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 11 / 15

Toward LSD with molecular lines

� Molecules dominate M dwarfs’spectra

• line parameters poorly known• Landé factors not computable

Ô Experimental measurements• focus on H-band FeH, OH• detected in sunspots Credit: P. Crozet

experimental measurement

Julien Morin Magnetic activity of M dwarfs with SPIRou 20/05/2019 11 / 15

Toward LSD with molecular lines

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Magnetic activity: unpolarised spectra

� Zeeman broadening/splitting• no cancellation effect• no information on vectorproperties

• ∆λB ∝ λ20

� For most active stars:• detect Zeeman splitting• multi-component models

� Chromospheric activity• HeI, Paβ, γ, δ• weaker emission wrt optical• K-band to be explored

Shöffer et al. (2019)

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Magnetic activity: unpolarised spectra

� Zeeman broadening/splitting• no cancellation effect• no information on vectorproperties

• ∆λB ∝ λ20

� For most active stars:• detect Zeeman splitting• multi-component models

� Chromospheric activity• HeI, Paβ, γ, δ• weaker emission wrt optical• K-band to be explored

Shöffer et al. (2019)

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Outline

1 M dwarfs’ magnetic activity and planet search

2 Magnetic activity of M dwarfs seen by SPIRou

3 Summary

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Summary

� Magnetic fields• Crucial for stellar physicsand for planetary systems

� Spectropolarimetry• ESPaDOnS legacy• SPIRou : ideal for M dwarfsmagnetism

� SLS• Huge potential for stellar science• Extended to very active / late SpT

Ô Build unique magnetic surveyÔ Include molecular lines in

spectropolarimetric analysis

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