Exploring the Dairy IndustryLesson 2

Common Core/Next Generation Science Standards Addressed

• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.4 - Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social or economic aspects of history/social science.

• CCSS.ELA-Literacy.WHST.9-10.2a - Introduce a topic and organize ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.

Bell Work

• Name as many breeds of dairy cattle as you can?

• How many dairy products did you eat yesterday?

• How does the cows stomach differ from yours?

Student Learning Objectives

• Identify major external parts of dairy cattle.

• Describe major internal parts of dairy cattle.

• Discuss selection of cattle to encourage herd improvement.

• Explain dairy marketing options.

• Explore the six major breeds of dairy cattle used for milking.

Terms

• Artificial Insemination (AI)

• Beef• Butterfat• Cattle by-products• Crossbreeding• Culling• Dairy Herd

Improvement (DHI)

• Gestation• Mammary system• Outcrossing• Parturition• Purebreeding• Reproductive system• Testes• Veal

What are the major external parts of a dairy cow?

Major external parts of a dairy cow

What are the major internal parts of dairy cattle?

Terms• Digestive system

– The system that breaks down feed into energy, that is used for all basic life functions.

• Reproductive system– The system used to reproduce cattle by natural, in vitro, and

various artificial methods of insemination.

• Mammary system– System that produces milk after parturition.

Digestive System

Reproductive System

• Male system– Serves the purpose of producing sperm cells

and the male sex hormones.

• Female system– Serves the purpose of producing eggs and

the female sex hormones estrogen & progesterone.

Mammary System

• Produces milk– Milk contains butterfat, the butterfat is used to

produce products like: butter & cheese.

• Includes– Teats, udder, fore and rear udder

attachments, alveoli, suspensory ligaments, mammary veins, and milk wells.

Parts of the Mammary System

How do I select cattle to improve my herd?

Terms• Culling

– removing animals from your herd based on a set criteria or other situations that may arise

• Dairy Herd Improvement Program (DHI)– national dairy testing and record keeping program

through which you test your herd and compare it with other herds

• Artificial Insemination (AI)– a method, other than natural mating, used to bring the

sperm in contact with eggs. Its man advantage is increasing the availability of superior genes to the heard

How do I select cattle to improve my herd?

Terms• Purebreeding

– the mating of a purebred animal to another purebred animal

• Outcrossing– the mating of an unrelated male and female of the

same breed

• Crossbreeding– mating one breed of cattle to a recognized, but a

different breed

How do I select cattle to improve my herd?

• Purebreeding system– improves your herd by keeping registration papers– become familiar with genetics

• Outcrossing system– helps produce hybrid vigor within the breed

• Crossbreeding system– higher production and more resistance to disease– disadvantages

• not able to register animals• difficult to predict what offspring may look like

What are some of the marketing options with dairy cattle?

Terms

• Veal– meat of young calves that are not used for

replacement animals

• Beef– meat from cattle

• Cattle by-products– products made from various parts of the cattle

What are some of the marketing options with dairy cattle?

Milk• Milk can be sold for fluid consumption.• Milk can be sold to processing plants that

produce products like cheese and yogurt.• Milk can be sold to a dehydration plant to make

powdered milk for increased shelf life.• Milk can also be sold to processing plants that

produce protein powders and other dietary supplements.

What are some of the marketing options with dairy cattle?

Veal• Calves fed a specific diet to keep color of lean

meat in carcass a light pink• Usually under 3 months of age• Fed a diet of milk onlyBeef• Cows no longer profitable because of age,

production or reproduction• Sold for slaughter and used for beef• Male offspring not used for breeding

What are some of the marketing options with dairy cattle?

Cattle by-products

• Come from the:– carcass, fat, bones, glands, intestines, brains,

heart, and many other places

• Examples of cattle by-product products:– cat food, dog food, medicines, marshmallows,

cosmetics, furniture and clothing

Interesting Dairy Facts

Milk• Important to economy because it is used in a variety of

products• Average American uses about 600 pounds of milk /milk

products per year• The dairy industry must produce over 150 million pounds

of milk annually to keep up with American demand• Can use bovine growth hormone (BGH) to increase milk

production for extended periods of time• The most numerous diary breed is the Holstein.

• New Mexico leads the nation in annual production per cow

• New Mexico produces 20% of the nations cheese!

Interesting New Mexico Dairy Facts

• New Mexico has the highest production per cow rate in the country

• The top 3 dairy producing counties in New Mexico are:

• Chaves• Curry• Roosevelt

Explore the six major breeds of dairy cattle used for milking.

Objective #5

The Six Major Breeds of Dairy Cattle

• Holstein

• Ayrshire

• Brown Swiss

• Jersey

• Milking Shorthorn

• Guernsey

Holstein• Most popular breed• makes up 90% of dairy cattle in the U.S.• Came from Netherlands in 1600’s• Black & white• very large animals• produce large average amount of milk per cow• milk is lower in butterfat and protein

Ayrshire• Originated in Scotland• Light to dark cherry

red, browns, and white in any combination

• Polled• Known for strong feet

& legs, grazing ability, and well-attached udders

Brown Swiss• Originated in the Alps

of Switzerland• Solid brown in color• Nose & tongue are

black• light-colored band

around muzzle• higher fat and protein

ratio than Holstein• Calm disposition• At one time a dual

purpose animal (meat)

Guernsey• Originated in the

island of Guernsey• color is mostly fawn

with white markings• smaller calves• their milk color is

golden in color because of hi butterfat

• popularity has declined- low production

Jersey• Originated in the island of

Jersey• vary in color but can be fawn,

near white, grayish, with or without white markings

• known for udder qualities– well shaped with strong

attachments• Low in milk production• butterfat & protein is the

highest• increasing in popularity• small breed

Milking Shorthorn• Originated in England• any combination of

red and white, just red or just white

• very adaptable• commonly used for

beef & dairy• a fairly new breed

designated as a dairy breed in 1968

The End!