Exploration + Isolation Ch 19 1400-1800. Europeans Explore the East Europeans Explore the East...
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Transcript of Exploration + Isolation Ch 19 1400-1800. Europeans Explore the East Europeans Explore the East...
Exploration Exploration + Isolation+ Isolation
Ch 19Ch 19
1400-18001400-1800
EuropeaEuropeans ns Explore Explore the Eastthe East
Crusades in the Middle East Crusades in the Middle East beginning in 1100sbeginning in 1100s
1275, Marco Polo travels to 1275, Marco Polo travels to ChinaChina
But until the 1400s, But until the 1400s, Europeans didn’t have the Europeans didn’t have the interest or ability in interest or ability in widespread foreign widespread foreign explorationexploration
Reasons Reasons for for EuropeaEuropean n ExploratiExplorationon
1. God – Europeans 1. God – Europeans believed they had a believed they had a sacred duty to convert sacred duty to convert non-believers to non-believers to ChristianityChristianity
2. Glory – Successful 2. Glory – Successful explorers gained fame explorers gained fame + royal favor, as well + royal favor, as well as furthering their as furthering their nation’s power + nation’s power + prestigeprestige
3. Gold – Main reason 3. Gold – Main reason for exploration was for exploration was desire for wealth, not desire for wealth, not just gold, but spices, just gold, but spices, luxury goods, etc…luxury goods, etc…
New Technology New Technology Made Exploration Made Exploration PossiblePossible
Before the 1400s, Before the 1400s, European ships European ships couldn’t sail against couldn’t sail against the wind. That the wind. That changed w/ the changed w/ the creation of the a new creation of the a new vessel, the caravel vessel, the caravel which used triangular which used triangular sails like the Arabs sails like the Arabs used.used.
Also began using new Also began using new navigational navigational equipment discovered equipment discovered from the Arabs, like from the Arabs, like the astrolabe (helped the astrolabe (helped determine latitude) + determine latitude) + the magnetic compassthe magnetic compass
Portugal Portugal leads the leads the wayway
The Portuguese were the 1The Portuguese were the 1stst to use to use the new sailing technology the new sailing technology
Prince Henry “the Navigator” Prince Henry “the Navigator” promoted explorationpromoted exploration
Founded a navigation school Founded a navigation school for mapmakers, shipbuilders, for mapmakers, shipbuilders, sea captains, etc, to collaboratesea captains, etc, to collaborate
Used his own $ to fund over 14 Used his own $ to fund over 14 voyages voyages
Traded around western coast of Traded around western coast of Africa for gold, ivory, + eventually Africa for gold, ivory, + eventually African captivesAfrican captives
Begin attempting to reach Asia Begin attempting to reach Asia around the African coastaround the African coast
Vasco de Gama reaches India Vasco de Gama reaches India in 1497 + comes back w/ cargo in 1497 + comes back w/ cargo worth 60 times the cost of the worth 60 times the cost of the voyagevoyage
Spanish Spanish RivalryRivalry
Spain becomes envious of Spain becomes envious of Portugal’s new wealthPortugal’s new wealth
1492, Christopher Columbus 1492, Christopher Columbus convinces the Spanish monarchs to convinces the Spanish monarchs to finance his plan to find a route to finance his plan to find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean
Lands on an island in the Lands on an island in the Caribbean + thinks he made it Caribbean + thinks he made it to Indiato India
Portugal thinks he’s landed in Asia Portugal thinks he’s landed in Asia + might be claiming lands for + might be claiming lands for Spain that Portuguese sailors may Spain that Portuguese sailors may already have landed on. To already have landed on. To prevent fighting, the Pope creates prevent fighting, the Pope creates the the Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation - it gave - it gave Spain lands to the west + Portugal Spain lands to the west + Portugal lands to the east. (It actually lands to the east. (It actually divided up the Americas.) Spain + divided up the Americas.) Spain + Portugal agree + sign the Portugal agree + sign the Treaty of Treaty of TordesillasTordesillas
Spanish and Portuguese Empires Spanish and Portuguese Empires (1581-1640)(1581-1640)
Red/Pink - Spanish EmpireRed/Pink - Spanish Empire
Blue/Light Blue - Portuguese EmpireBlue/Light Blue - Portuguese Empire
Portugal’s Portugal’s Empire in the Empire in the Indian OceanIndian Ocean
Muslims sold valuable spices Muslims sold valuable spices exclusively to Italians, who exclusively to Italians, who then sold them to the rest of then sold them to the rest of Europe at higher pricesEurope at higher prices
Europeans wanted to cut out Europeans wanted to cut out the Italian middlementhe Italian middlemen
After the Portuguese began After the Portuguese began sailing around the tip of sailing around the tip of Africa, they took over the Africa, they took over the spice trade from the Muslim spice trade from the Muslim merchants. They were able merchants. They were able to block the Muslims at the to block the Muslims at the Strait of Hormuz, so the Strait of Hormuz, so the Muslims couldn’t reach IndiaMuslims couldn’t reach India
The Portuguese then sold The Portuguese then sold the spices to Europe at the spices to Europe at much cheaper prices as well much cheaper prices as well as other luxury goodsas other luxury goods
Other Other European European nations nations begin begin exploring exploring AsiaAsia
Dutch East India Dutch East India Company $Company $
The Netherlands (the Dutch) + The Netherlands (the Dutch) + England begin to challenge England begin to challenge Portuguese supremacy in AsiaPortuguese supremacy in Asia
The Dutch establish the Dutch East The Dutch establish the Dutch East India Company which could mint $, India Company which could mint $, make treaties + raise its own army. make treaties + raise its own army. Eventually, it would control much Eventually, it would control much of the trade in the regionof the trade in the region
The English establish the British The English establish the British East India Company which would East India Company which would establish a trading posts in Indiaestablish a trading posts in India
Europeans only controlled their Europeans only controlled their port cities, inland they had port cities, inland they had very little influence over the very little influence over the nativesnatives
End End Section 1Section 1
China China Drives Out Drives Out the the MongolsMongols
A Chinese peasant named A Chinese peasant named Hongwu leads the rebellion that Hongwu leads the rebellion that drives out Mongol rulers in the drives out Mongol rulers in the 1414thth century to become the 1 century to become the 1stst Ming emperor. As emperor he:Ming emperor. As emperor he:
Begins agricultural reforms – Begins agricultural reforms – more foodmore food
Uses old traditions + beliefs Uses old traditions + beliefs to bring stability to China to bring stability to China (Ex. – Revives Confucianism)(Ex. – Revives Confucianism)
Restored a merit-based civil Restored a merit-based civil service examinationservice examination
But later becomes a tyrant But later becomes a tyrant who ruthlessly purged who ruthlessly purged thousands of gov.’t officialsthousands of gov.’t officials
Voyages of Voyages of Zheng HeZheng He
Vassal states from Korea + SE Vassal states from Korea + SE Asia paid Ming overlords a Asia paid Ming overlords a regular regular tributetribute ($ from one ($ from one country to another acknowledging country to another acknowledging their submission)their submission)
Hongwu dies + son Yonglo Hongwu dies + son Yonglo becomes emperor. He was very becomes emperor. He was very interested in the outside world + interested in the outside world + launches 7 expeditions starting in launches 7 expeditions starting in 1405 to impress the world w/ the 1405 to impress the world w/ the power of Ming China + to expand power of Ming China + to expand China’s tribute systemChina’s tribute system
Expeditions led by Zheng He. Expeditions led by Zheng He. Each had b/w 40-300 ships + Each had b/w 40-300 ships + their voyages ranged from SE their voyages ranged from SE Asia to eastern Africa.Asia to eastern Africa.
They distributed gifts to They distributed gifts to show their superiority + show their superiority + collected tributes from 16 collected tributes from 16 countries.countries.
Voyages are declared a waste Voyages are declared a waste of resourcesof resources
China retreats into China retreats into isolationismisolationism
China in IsolationChina in Isolation To keep influence of To keep influence of foreigners to a minimum, foreigners to a minimum, only the gov.’t could only the gov.’t could conduct foreign trade + conduct foreign trade + only in 3 ports only in 3 ports
Black market trade Black market trade developeddeveloped
China’s economy China’s economy rapidly rapidly
China did NOT become China did NOT become highly industrialized highly industrialized b/c went against b/c went against Confucian beliefs + Confucian beliefs + China’s policies China’s policies favored agriculturefavored agriculture
Some European Some European
missionaries begin arrivingmissionaries begin arriving
China China Under the Under the Qing Qing DynastyDynasty
The Ming dynasty weakens + The Ming dynasty weakens + collapses after an invasion by the collapses after an invasion by the Manchu foreigners. The Manchu Manchu foreigners. The Manchu ruled during the Qing dynasty.ruled during the Qing dynasty.
They preserved Chinese culture They preserved Chinese culture + eventually earned the respect + eventually earned the respect of the Chineseof the Chinese
When Europeans wanted to trade w/ When Europeans wanted to trade w/ China, the Chinese would only allow China, the Chinese would only allow them to trade at certain ports + them to trade at certain ports + made them pay a tributemade them pay a tribute
The Dutch were willing to follow The Dutch were willing to follow their rules + prospered greatly their rules + prospered greatly from trade w/ Chinafrom trade w/ China
The British refused + China The British refused + China would not trade w/ them b/c would not trade w/ them b/c China was self-sufficient + China was self-sufficient + didn’t need foreign goodsdidn’t need foreign goods
The Role of The Role of Women in Women in ChinaChina
During the 17During the 17thth + 18 + 18thth centuries, centuries, Chinese agricultural methods had Chinese agricultural methods had improved. The in food led to an improved. The in food led to an in population.in population.
Sons were valued over daughters b/c Sons were valued over daughters b/c sons would stay on their parents land sons would stay on their parents land + care for them when they were old.+ care for them when they were old.
Many female babies were killedMany female babies were killed Men dominated the household + Men dominated the household +
their wivestheir wives But women still had important But women still had important
responsibilities:responsibilities: Working in the fieldsWorking in the fields Supervised children’s educationSupervised children’s education Managed family financesManaged family finances Many couldn’t work, but some Many couldn’t work, but some
became midwives or textile became midwives or textile workersworkers
End End Section 2Section 2
Japanese Japanese “Warring “Warring States”States”
1467 – 1568 is known as the 1467 – 1568 is known as the Sengoku (“Warring States”) Sengoku (“Warring States”) period. During this time Japan period. During this time Japan practiced feudalism very similar practiced feudalism very similar to that of Europeto that of Europe
The Emperor – held no real The Emperor – held no real powerpower
The The DaimyoDaimyo (warrior- (warrior-chieftains) – were warlords chieftains) – were warlords who were responsible for who were responsible for offering protection to those offering protection to those under themunder them
The The SamuraiSamurai (professional (professional Japanese warriors who Japanese warriors who fought for a daimyo) – fought for a daimyo) – would serve in their would serve in their daimyo’s armydaimyo’s army
Peasants/merchantsPeasants/merchants
Comparison of Feudalism in Europe and Japan
Europe Japan
Nobilityking, lord, lesser lord
emperor, shogun, daimyo
Warriors knights samurai
Code of conduct
chivalry bushido
Evolution
•Both practices developed in response to the need for security and stability •everyone had well-defined social roles •helped preserve law and order
Japan Japan UnitesUnites
One daimyo, Oda Nobunaga, began One daimyo, Oda Nobunaga, began uniting Japan + seized the capital. uniting Japan + seized the capital. Unable to completely unify Japan, he Unable to completely unify Japan, he committed committed seppukuseppuku (the ritual suicide (the ritual suicide of the samurai) when one of his of the samurai) when one of his generals turned on himgenerals turned on him
Tokugawa Ieyasu completed Japan’s Tokugawa Ieyasu completed Japan’s unification + became the unification + became the shogunshogun - - military ruler of Japan military ruler of Japan
He moved Japan’s capital from He moved Japan’s capital from Kyoto to Edo (later known as Kyoto to Edo (later known as Tokyo) + founded the Tokugawa Tokyo) + founded the Tokugawa ShogunateShogunate
For the following 2½ For the following 2½ centuries, Japan prosperedcenturies, Japan prospered
The merchant class grew + The merchant class grew + Japan shifted from a rural Japan shifted from a rural society to an urban onesociety to an urban one
Contact Contact W/ W/ EuropeansEuropeans
Europeans began coming to Japan Europeans began coming to Japan during the Warring States period. during the Warring States period. Despite the chaos inside Japan, the Despite the chaos inside Japan, the Japanese welcomed the foreign Japanese welcomed the foreign traders + missionaries. They traders + missionaries. They enjoyed the new technologies the enjoyed the new technologies the foreigners brought – especially the foreigners brought – especially the guns + cannonsguns + cannons
Missionaries were somewhat Missionaries were somewhat successful + tolerated for awhile. successful + tolerated for awhile. Eventually they became involved in Eventually they became involved in politics + upset the shogunpolitics + upset the shogun
Christianity was banned + after Christianity was banned + after an uprising mostly made up of an uprising mostly made up of Christians against the samurai Christians against the samurai was put down, Christians were was put down, Christians were ruthlessly persecuted + ruthlessly persecuted + missionaries were killed or missionaries were killed or expelled from Japanexpelled from Japan
The “Closed The “Closed Country Country Policy”Policy”
1639 – Japan’s borders are sealed1639 – Japan’s borders are sealed Only the port city of Nagasaki Only the port city of Nagasaki
remained open to foreign traderemained open to foreign trade Only the Dutch + the Chinese Only the Dutch + the Chinese
were permitted to trade w/ were permitted to trade w/ the Japanesethe Japanese
As the shogun controlled As the shogun controlled Nagasaki, the gov.’t had a Nagasaki, the gov.’t had a monopoly on foreign trade monopoly on foreign trade which was very profitable which was very profitable
Japan remained closed to Japan remained closed to foreigners for over 200 yrsforeigners for over 200 yrs
The Japanese were prohibited The Japanese were prohibited from leaving so they wouldn’t from leaving so they wouldn’t bring back foreign ideasbring back foreign ideas
End Section 3End Section 3