Exploration & ExpansionVoyages of Discovery

Ch 16 Sec 1 Pages 469-475

Mr. Belter

Crash Course

• exploration and expnasion crash course - Bing Videos

Write these question and answers at the top of your guided notes

• Why do you think Europeans wanted to explore?

• At this time who controlled most of the trade in Europe?

What you will learn• In the 1400’s and 1500’s European explorers=

inspired by greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory and aided by new technologies- sailed to previously unknown lands

Reading Focus• 1. What were the foundations upon which the Age of Exploration

was built?

• 2. What discoveries were made by explorers from Portugal and Spain?

• 3. What drove explorers from the rest of Europe

Voyages to Discovery• What caused the Age of Exploration?

1. Renaissance = spirit of discovery

Fame an Glory

Spread Religion

2. Search for wealth

People want to find a faster way to India to get trade good

Looking for Spices, Silk, Perfume

3. Advances in Technology

• Three G’s: Gold, God, & Glory

New Technology

• Explorers needed to calculate their location with a…• Compass

• Chinese Invention

• Astrolabe• Uses Star and sun

in relation to the horizon

• Developed by Muslim Empires

New Technology Cont…

• Explorers needed a ship that can hold large cargos and withstand heavy waves…• Caravel- was a light, fast sailing ship

• Steered with rudder

• Triangular Sails

• Equipped with cannons

What’s Happening

• What were the foundations upon which the Age of Exploration was built?• A spirit of discovery and innovation during the renaissance,

technology borrowed from other cultures

• What changes in in technology helped improve navigation?• Compass to determine direction, astrolobe that used the stars and

the sun in relation to the horizon, New type of ship called the caravel

• What do you think was the main motive that drove the age of exploration?

Routes to India• Sail east around Africa• Gain wealth by cutting out the middle man (Italy)• (New Idea) Sail west…Opps New World

• Curiosity- Writing like Marco Polo Intrigued People

Portuguese Explorers• 1st Country to launch large scale voyages of

exploration• Portugal’s Kings were patrons of the explorers…

• King Henry the Navigator- ultimate goal was to find a water route around Africa to India.• Brought together all sailors, mapmakers and astronomers and

other interested in navigation• Sent expeditions South to explore Western Coast of Africa

• Portuguese1. Bartolomeu Dias (map on next slide)

• First European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of Africa “Cape of Good Hope”

Portuguese Explorers Cont…

2. Vasco de Gama• First to make it

to Clicut, India and back to Portugal!

Portuguese Explorers Cont…

3. Pedro Cabral• Second trip to

India!• Sailed to Brazil

and Indonesia!• Lucrative trading

posts• Portugal would

become the richest/most powerful country in the world

What’s Happening?

• What discoveries were made by Portuguese and Spanish Explorers?• Learned about Africa, Found sea route to India,

landed in the Americas, Circumnavigated the globe• Why did Portugal turn towards the Atlantic rather

than the Mediterranean Sea for exploration?• Portugal borders the Atlantic instead of the

Mediterranean sea• What was Prince Henry’s reason for bringing

together people interested in navigation?• To raise his sailors chances of success in exploring

the African Coast

Spanish Explorers

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella helped finance certain voyages!

1. Christopher Columbus (1492)• Columbus sails west to get to India…

inventive idea but flawed because the Americas are in the way!

• Sails to Caribbean Islands

• Finds “Indians” and he believes he found new route to India!

Columbus’ Route

Spanish Explorers Cont..

2. Amerigo Vespucci• First to realize that Columbus found

a “New World”, Americas named after him.

Spanish Explorers Cont…3. Vasco Nunez de

Balboa• Tried to find passage

at Isthmus of Panama. • Spanish realize there’s

another ocean to cross to get to India.

• First to reach Pacific Ocean from New World• Panama Canal

today!!!

Spanish Explorers Cont…

4. Ferdinand Magellan• Sails west to sail

AROUND WORLD!

• Circumnavigate- sail completely around the world.

• Left with 250 men, and returns with only 18 (Minus Magellan, he dies during voyage)

What's Happening?

• Which Nation financed Columbus’s Voyages?• Spain

• Why did Columbus believed he had reached Asia?• His figures about the size of the world were wrong;

he did not know the Americas lay across the Atlantic

• Why did mapmakers name America after Amerigo Vespucci and Christopher Columbus?• Vespucci was the 1st to conclude the Americas were a

new land and not part of Asia

English Explorers• English

1. John Cabot, sailed to Canada

English Explorers Cont…

2. Sir Francis Drake, sailed to southern tip of South America and stopped over in modern day California.

• #2 to circumnavigate the world.

English Explorers Cont…

3. Henry Hudson• Tried to find Northeast Passage, Shorter route to

Asia, but found ice instead. Not the last time we’ll see Hudson.

French Explorers• French

1. Jacques Cartier (1534 – 1535)• Sailed into the St.

Lawrence River in Canada “New France” or Newfoundland

• Fur Trade is very profitable.

Dutch Explorers• Dutch

1. Henry Hudson (Again, but for different country)• Explored Hudson Bay region, in search of Northwest Passage

• The Ultimate goal of Early English, Dutch, and French explorers was to find a passage to Asia

Henry’s search for the Northeast Passage

What’s Happening

• What drove explorers from the rest of Europe?• Desire for a shorter route to Asia, New trading

partners, Search for the Northwest Passage

• What other European nations undertook voyages of exploration?• England, France, Netherlands

• What common goals did explorers from these nation share?• Quicker passage to Asia Via Northwest Passage; And

through the Americas via Northeast Passage

Explorers find new ways to make new routes…

• Can’t Go Over It.

• Can’t Go Under It.

• Can’t Go Around It.

• Got to Go Through It.

Making Contact!• The beginning of conquest and colonies

occurs when explorers get off their ships in search of riches and land to claim for country!

• Cortes (Aztec Empire)• Pizarro (Inca Empire)

• REMEMBER • 3 G’s: God, Gold, & Glory

GROG 16.1

Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by identifying the major

explorers that sailed for each country and the

areas they explored.

Bell Ringer 16.2

• Write a letter as though you were a European explorer trying to convince a monarch to fund your expedition. Your letter should point out why you want to explore.

• 5 Points- 10 sentence minimum

What you will learn• The countries of Europe established colonies in the

lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently conquering the native people who lived there.

Reading Focus

1. How did Spain build an empire in the Americas?

2. What kind of colony did the Portuguese establish in Brazil?

3. What was life like in the French, Dutch, and English colonies in the Americas?

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

The 3 countries we will The 3 countries we will examine are Spain, Portugal, examine are Spain, Portugal,

and Englandand England

Spain Builds and Empire

• Among the first countries to successfully settle in the Americas was Spain, which eventually conquered the two greatest native empires of the Americas, the Aztecs and Incas.

• Spain first

Settled in the

Caribbean

Spain first settles in the Caribbean

• Columbus was the 1st to arrive here looking for gold• Greatly disappointed• Introduced the Encomienda system

– Colonist were given land and natives to work the land– In return they must teach the Native Christianity– Proved to disastrous as native were treated horrendously

and overworked– Natives had no resistance to new diseases, smallpox's,

tuberculosis, and measles– Millions of natives would die

• Encomienda system

Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

Conquest of Mexico

• Hernan Cortez- Spanish conquistador• Montezuma II- leader of Aztecs

– Montezuma was very powerful and ruled much of Mexico, but was very unpopular with people he ruled

– Cortez marched to capital of Aztec empire

- Tenochtitlan, along the way natives joined him to defeat Montezuma

Defeat of Aztecs

• Not only did Cortez outnumber the Aztecs he had the advantages of metal weapons, armor, guns, and horses

• Most fled in fear of the horses

• Disease would also kill thousand more

• Montezuma was killed and Cortez took control of entire Aztec Empire

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

Conquest of Peru

• Francisco Pizarro- Spanish conquistador• Atahualpa- Inca Leader

– Pizarro heard of great wealth that could be found in the Peru’s Incan Empire

– Upon his arrive he found Incans were dying of disease and had just had a civil war.

– Atahualpa would give Pizarro much gold and silver, but would kill him anyway

– Then head South the Capital, Cuzco, destroyed the Incan Army

– Took over empire

Life in the Spanish Empire

• Spanish King chose viceroys to rule land in Americas

• Economy was based on mining of gold and silver– For labor in both mines and on farms, the

Spanish drafted Native Americans. – However, disease and mistreatment took a toll

on the native population, which dropped by more than 90 percent from an estimated 50 million to only 4 million

Reform gone wrong

• Bartolome de Las Casas was appalled by treatment of natives and called to protect those who remained.– Recommend that labors be replaced with

Slave labor from Africa.• This would soon become a common practice

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

What’s Happening?

• How did Spain build an empire in the Americas?– Introduced encomienda system, conquered

Aztecs and Incas empires, viceroys governed the land

• What was the ecomienda system?– System in which a colonist was given land

and Native Americans to work the land for him

Bell Ringer:Primary Source Doc

Read the Primary Source Document on page 478.

Answer the two Questions.

Minimum 8 Sentences total.

Portugal in Brazil

• Brazil would only build a small empire in the Americas due the Treaty of Tordesillas

• Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Atlantic in half- undiscovered land to the East would be Portugal’s and to the West would be Spain's

GROG 16.2

Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by detailing each country’s colonies: their

locations, the activities that took place, and the colonists’ relations with Native

Americans. (5 Points)

Portugal in Brazil

• The Treaty of Tordesillas left Portugal only with Brazil

• Brazil is comprised of dense jungles and few colonist went there

Those that did set up huge farms and used Natives as the labor force but then switch to African Slaves

What’s Happening?

• What kind of colony (Industry) did the Portuguese establish in Brazil? Why?– Farming.. Heavy forest

• What land did the Treaty of Tordillas give to Portugal?– Everything East of am imaginary line in the

Atlantic..basically Brazil

• What do you think was the motive of the Spanish in seeking to convert the Indians to Christianity?

New France

• Cartier claimed land and

had hope for a new

source of gold and silver.

Disappointed followed,

However, they found

Abundance of fish and

valuable furs

New France

• Unlike Spain and Portugal– Only a small amount of people came to this

wilderness colony- they were mostly traders– Made friends with the natives and did not

enslave them

• Headed South in exploration down Mississippi– LaSalle would claim the Mississippi region for

France and called it Louisiana after King Louis XIV

Dutch in America

• Dutch were more interested in Trade than land

• Settled in New Netherland, aka NY state– New Netherland was small, 4000 colonist– Dutch has more profitable colonies throughout

world and did not focus on New Netherland– Spice from Asia and other good not found in

Europe

English in America

• First colony was Jamestown 1607– Hoped to find gold and silver– But only found marshy swamp lands– 80% died during their 1st winter

• Plymouth Massachusetts was 2nd colony– Pilgrims left England due to religious

persecution– English colonist treated the native Indians

with distrust and anger

British and French Conflict

• British colonists began to settle in French territory– Tensions grew– French and Indians went to war against the

British (French and Indian War)

• British win expanding their territory– Cost to protect this land is put on the colonist– Colonist revolt, resulting in the American

Revolution

What’s Happening?

• What was life like (economically)in the French, Dutch, and English colonies in the Americas?– Based on trade, fishing and furs

• Why did leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands' decide they could no longer ignore the potential of the land to the west?– They saw the riches Spain was getting from it

American colonies; they also hoped to find a western route to Asia

GROG 16.2

Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by detailing each country’s colonies: their

locations, the activities that took place, and the colonists’ relations with Native

Americans. (5 Points)

Exploration and Expansion:New Patterns of Trade

Chapter 16 Sec 3 Pages 482-487

Mr. Belter

Bell Ringer

The opinions of Bartolomé de Las Casas were influential in alerting Europeans to the treatment of Native Americans. Write a short paragraph (7 sentences minimum) explaining what his opinions were and how they affected attitudes in Europe. What did you think?

What you will learnThe creation of colonies in the Americas and elsewhere led to the exchange of new goods, the establishment of new patterns of trade, and new economic systems in Europe.

Reading Focus1. How did exploration result in a new exchange of plants and animals? 2. What was mercantilism, and how did it push the drive to establish

colonies? 3. How did global trade lead to the rise of capitalism in Europe

Trade emerges in the ‘New World’

The Columbian Exchange takes place.Contact between the Native Americans and colonists have led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease.

The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Effects of Columbian ExchangeCrops of Americas (corn/potatoes) become staples in diets of Europeans and other parts of the worldTomatoes from Americas, become main part of Italian cuisineCorn helps China’s population growBrazilians cows and coffee would not have been possible (Europe>Americas)1/3 of the worlds food crops grown today originated in America

What’s Happening?

1. How did exploration result in a new exchange of plants and animals?

as contact increased between Europe and America, plants, animals and disease traveled from one part of the world to another

What was the results of the Columbian Exchange?

New economic activities grew up and national cuisines changes: diseases would wipe much of native population

If the Columbian exchanges had not taken place how might the foods we eat be different?

Mercantilism = “Hands On Economy”New type of economic policy

Basic Principles1. Nation’s strength depends on its wealth

measured in silver and gold1. A wealthy nation has the power to build a strong

military to protect and influence others

2. Fixed amount of wealth in world, and nation’s compete for it1. Lead to competition among nations for wealth

3. Balance of trade is important to gaining wealth4. Countries should seek to limit imports and

maximize exports

Mercantilism Cont…

Basic Principles Cont…5. Countries should have its own source for

raw materials and precious metals to avoid dependence on others. (oil in America)

6. Colonies exist only as a way for the mother country to make profit

7. A country’s colonies should not trade with any other countries.

What’s Happening

What was mercantilism, and how did it push the drive to establish colonies?

System based on the ideas that a nation’s strength was based on it wealth: colonies help provide this wealth.

How did the desire top create a favorable balance of trade help lead to the establishment of colonies?

European powers wanted to establish colonies so they could control source of raw materials and to provide new markets for manufactured goods

Balance of Trade

Under Mercantilism, nations can gain wealth in two ways:

Extract gold and silver from minesIt could sell more goods than it bought • (Exports > Imports)

Balance of Trade- the difference in value between what a nation imports and exports over a period of time.

How do you discourage people from buying other countries goods? (a.k.a imports)

Balance of Trade Cont…

Creating favorable balances of trade1. Place tariffs (tax) on imported goods =

makes imported goods more expensive• People are discouraged from buying

2. Finished goods (exports) sell for more than raw materials.• Cloth is more expensive than raw wool.

3. Control overseas sources of raw materials (colonies)

Economic Policy is bad for coloniesMother Country gets all the benefits, but the colonies have no say in economic policy.

Leads to trouble!• Limited trade!

– Only allowed to trade with home country- Could not manufacture own Goods, only buy from home country

• Colonies dislike!

Impact on Society

Businesses increase in number due to growth of industry

Towns and cities grow

Wealthy merchant middle class growsColumbian exchange impacts foods

What’s HappeningHow did monarchs restrict economic activity in their colonies to make sure that the colonies only benefited the home country?

by forbidding them to sell raw materials to any other nation but home nation; forcing them to buy manufactured good only from home county; to letting them manufacture goods themselves

What was the impact of colonization on European societies?

Growth of cites and towns, new class of wealthier merchants who wielded more power

The Rise of Capitalism

Capitalism- economic system in which most businesses are privately owned.

Merchants begin to supply the colonies with goods from Europe and bring Raw materials to produce more goods.

Rising PricesPrice Revolution occurs (1470 – 1620)

1.# people are growing in ColoniesDemand for goods are increasingAs demand ^ prices ^

2.The is general a large supply of gold and money (Money Supply)

As money in circulation ^ so does costs^

Inflation pushes prices higher in Europe

A New Business Organization

Joint-Stock CompanyBusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses.• Ex. British East India Company & Virginia

Company

What’s Happening

1.. How did global trade lead to the rise of capitalism in Europe?

It provided opportunities for individuals to invest money and build wealth

What is Capitalism?System in which most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit

GROG 16.3Using your notes, fill in the interactive

graphic organizer by recording three facts about mercantilism and three facts about

capitalism, and by identifying one feature that the two systems have in common. (5points)

Exploration and ExpansionThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 16 Sec 4Pages 488-491

Mr. Belter

Bellringer

Write a short letter as though you were one of the founders of a joint-stock company trying to convince a friend to invest his or her money in your venture. In your letter, explain what you hope your company will accomplish and why you feel it would be beneficial to your friend to take part.

(5 Points)

What you will learn

Between the 1500s and the 1800s millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas

Reading Focus

1. Where did the Atlantic slave trade originate?

2. How did slavery evolve in the American colonies?

3. What were the consequences of the slave trade?

Crash Course

The Atlantic Slave Trade: Crash Course World History #24 -

ZOCIAL.tv

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Origins of the Slave Trade

High demand for labor! – Plantations- estates where cash crops such as

sugar or tobacco were grown on large scale.

Shortage of Labor (Why?)– Planter had first used Native Americans as

workers, but European diseases had killed millions of them.

Indentured servants were too expensive!

Triangular Trade

Triangular Trade- trading network lasting from the 1600’s to the 1800’s that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, the Americas, and Africa.

Middle Passage

Middle Passage- the name for voyages that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

Middle Passage Ship

Statistics on Slave Ships

Journey: Lasts 3-6 weeks

10-20% of Africans died on voyage

At dock, families were broken at auctions.– Adolescent Males between the ages of 18 – 25

were the most expensive– Women were prized because they could

reproduce and add to their master’s wealth.

What’s Happening?

1.Where did the Atlantic slave trade originate? – Along the a triangular route connecting traders in

Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What was the Middle Passage?– The 2nd leg of the triangular trade route, bring Africans

to America to be sold as slaves

What is a cash crop?– A crop such as sugar or tobacco that was grown for sale

Slavery in the Colonies

Worked in:– Plantations– Mines– Towns– Countryside

Women performed domestic duties as cooks or servants.

Slavery in the Colonies

Not all worked in fields– Many were skilled craftsmen

• Carpenters, metalworkers

Has to meet own needs during short off work hours– Cooking, mending clothes, tending to sick or injured

Owners often inflicted harsh physical or degrading punishments– Owners lived in fear

Fear of Slave REBELLION!

Slaves outnumbered owners

Many slave owners didn’t teach their slaves to read, why?– The church services usually only read from the New

Testament about the suffering of Christ, and avoided the Old Testament about Moses and the Exodus.

There were stiff punishments for even the most minor offenses.

Slave Resistance

Slowing work

Broke tools

Revolts– Cost owners $$

Slave Resistance

Coped with inhuman treatment by:– Keeping cultural traditions

alive

– Turned to religion

– Destroyed farm equipment

– Attacked slaveholders families

– Ran Away!

Effects of the Slave Trade

Atlantic Slave trade continues for 400 years– 15 to 20 Million Africans shipped to Americas

The labor of African slaves helped build the economies of the American colonies.

African Diaspora- the dispersal of people of African descent throughout the Americas and Western Europe due to the slave trade.

What’s Happening?

What were the consequences of the slave trade?– Death or loss of freedom for millions, devastation of

African Societies

How many Africans were shipped against their will?– 15-20 Million

What was one effect of the African Diaspora?– The spread of African culture throughout Western

World

GROG 16.4

Write a short description of the Middle Passage experienced by enslaved Africans. Include in your description the conditions slaves had to endure and the effects of the passage on those slaves