Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began...
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Transcript of Exploration AND exploitation. Trailblazers The Silk Road In the second century bce, caravans began...
ExplorationAND
exploitation
Trailblazers
The Silk Road• In the second century bce, caravans
began traveling a 4,000 mile route linking Southeast Asia with the West.
• Silk carried along this route made its way to Rome
• In both directions, various political, social, religious, and artistic ideas flowed.
• Ghengis Khan and the Mongols gained control of the region by the 13th century
The Silk Road
In 1271 three Venetian merchants left in search of the
wealth of the East
17 year-old Marco Polo and his father and his uncle were gone for
24 years
They found great civilizations in the East -- far more advanced than those
in Europe
with different ways of life
based on different value systems
and different
philosophies
After travelling through India, Marco Polo returned to Venice in
1295
Marco Polo described
these cultures in
his Book of Marvels
Although his stories of
magnificent Eastern
civilizations were met with skepticism, the account of his travels would
be read all over Europe,
inspiring the curious and adventurous
Ibn Battuta1304-c.1368 or 1377
• Born in Morocco, Ibn Battuta went on hajj in 1325 and continued traveling, eventually covering about 75,000 miles over the length and breadth of the Muslim world, and beyond (about 44 modern countries).
• His journeys and observations are recorded in A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling but is often simply referred to as the Rihla or Journey
Map of Ibn Battuta’s Travels
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644• Founded by Chu Yuan-chang, a
peasant who had been a Buddhist monk, a bandit leader and a rebel general – Emperor Hong Wu
• Last native imperial dynasty in Chinese history
• Re-adopted civil-service examination system
• One of China’s most prosperous periods: agricultural revolution, reforestation, manufacturing and urbanization
CHU YUAN-CHANG (1328-1398). Ming Emperor. Chinese silk scroll painting
Age of Exploration• The Ming Dynasty, under the
naval leadership of Zheng He, was noted for its sea explorations and extensive trade from Africa to Southeast Asia
• Greatest naval power in world in 15th c.
• However, scholars convinced the Emperor in 1435 that taste for exotic wares would cause decline of dynasty
• Trade and maritime expansion was greatly contracted
Zheng He
Zheng-He’s Expeditions
Zheng He sailed from China to many places throughout South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Taiwan, Persian Gulf and distant Africa in
seven epic voyages from 1405 to 1433, some 80 years before Columbus's voyages.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-chinese-explorers.html
In the 15th century, Zheng He, seen here with one of his massive ships in a painting
at a temple shrine in Malaysia, led seven enormous seafaring expeditions.
Zheng-He and Columbus
Zheng He’s Treasure Ship
Compared to Columbus’sSanta Maria
The pattern of East-West relations-- from the first discovery of a sea route
from Europe to Asia-- was largely one of Western
action and Eastern reaction
Ottoman Empire
The West went to the East, but the East rarely saw a
need to come to the West
Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a sea route to India in 1498 opened important commercial traffic, led to the expansion and consolidation of the
Portuguese Empire, and the spread of European culture and Christianity in the Orient.
Da Gama’s Voyage around the Cape of Good
Hope
16th c Portugese trading ship
The Portuguese were quickly followed by the Spanish and
Dutch, and later the French and British sent their ships into
Eastern oceans
The British, with their superior naval strength,
finally became the dominant colonial power in southern
Asia
The Armorial Bearings of the Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies Granted by Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms in 1600 and as Borne and Used until 1709
Japan, reacted to the Western challenge in a different fashion
Throughout the 14th-19th
centuries, Japan isolated itself from foreign trade and
contacts under the rule of the Shoguns
In 1542 the first Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries arrived in Japan. They brought
firearms and Christianity with them.
Despite Buddhist opposition, many warlords welcomed Christianity because they wanted to trade with Western nations for armaments
Imposing order after a series of civil wars, Hideyoshi,
in 1587, issued an
edict expelling Christian
missionaries.
European Conquest of the Americas
Viking Explorations
Vinland Sagas
• Saga of the Greenlanders and Saga of Erik the Red
• Most complete accounts of Norse explorations of North America in the 10th and 11th c.
Leif ErikssonIceland
In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Inception of the Scientific Method
• Hypothesis: It is possible to reach the Orient by sailing West
• Experimentation: Voyages of Discovery
• Analysis: There are two large land masses blocking access to the East
• Conclusion: Two new continents – North and South America
Engraving by Theodore DeBry
•The Age of Exploration presented enormous challenges and dilemmas to the world view of European civilization.• Even Columbus wavered between this fervent hope that he had discovered the Garden of Eden and his desire to exploit the riches and peoples of the New World.
Hispanic Exploration and Conquest
1492 -- 1542 • In one generation Hispanics explored and
colonized over half the earth & waters • During the period of exploration, in one
generation, approximately 300,000 Spaniards had emigrated to the New World
• They established over 200 cities and towns throughout the Americas.
• In one generation Hispanics acquired more new territory than Rome conquered in five centuries .
Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests
• 1492- 1504: Columbus’s 4 voyages to New World• 1500: Pedro Cabral (Portugese) discovered Brazil• 1501-02: Amerigo Vespucci (Italian) after
accompanying Spanish conquistadors decided that what they had discovered was not Asia, but new continents
• 1508-21: Juan Ponce de Leon explored Cuba, Jamaican and Florida –Cuban conquest: 1508
• 1513: Vasco de Nuñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and named the Pacific ocean
Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and conquests
Major HispanicExplorations and Conquests
• 1519- 22: Ferdinand Magellan's crew & ship, completed voyage of circumnavigation.
• 1519-21: Hernando Cortez’s conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico
• 1531: Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas in Peru
• 1540: Vasquéz de Coronado explores California, Kansas, Arizona, New México, Texas, Oklahoma.
• 1539-42: Hernando de Soto explores SE United States and discovers Mississippi River
Detailed chronology of Spanish explorations and conquests
European Colonies in
the Americas
Major French Explorations and Settlements• 1525 : Giovanni da Verrazzano, a hired Italian
pilot, failed to find the Northwest Passage, but he did establish a French claim to portions of North America.
• 1534 -35: Jacques Cartier ventured up the St. Lawrence River as far as today’s Montréal.
• 1542: Sieur de Robervall tried to establish a permanent settlement in North America at the site of present-day Québec; the settlers remained one brutal winter before returning to France.
Major French Explorations and Settlements
• 1562 : Jean Ribault explored coastal Florida and the St. Johns River and founded a failed Huguenot settlement.
• Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal (1605) and Québec (1608).
• 1630s: Jean Nicolet (Nicollet) explored Lake Michigan and surrounding areas.
• 1673: Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explored the Mississippi Basin.
• 1679: La Salle explored the upper Mississippi River and Lake Michigan areas.
• 1698 : Sieur de Bienville founded New Orleans.
European Colonies in
the Americas
Early English Explorations and Settlements
• 1497: John Cabot explored Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Labrador : English fishing rights
• 1580s : Sir Francis Drake harrassed Spanish treasure ships and attacked Spanish settlements up and down the coast. The Spanish called the British sailors pirates and Sea Dogs.
• 1584-87: lost Roanoke settlement in Virginia• 1588: Defeat of the Spanish Armada. • 1606: Jamestown settlement in Virginia• 1609-1611: Henrik Hudson explored Hudson Bay, Hudson
River, and Hudson Strait.• 1620: Plymouth colony settlement in New England
European Colonies in
the Americas
European Conquest of Africa
AfricanCivilizationsBeforeEuropeanExplorations
Timeline ofAfrica1-16th c.
African Slave Trade• The earliest external African slave trade
was trans-Saharan. • Slaves in North Africa were mainly
servants rather than laborers.• Colonization of the Americas by the
Europeans created a huge demand for agricultural labor.
• Slaves purchased in West African regions were often the captives of wars between rival African states.
• European traders also conducted independent slave raids.
Slave Ship
How Did Europe Conquer Africa?• During the Middle Ages, Muslim armies kept
Europe cut off from the rest of the world. • Beginning in the 14th century Portuguese ships
sailed southward along the African coast. • They traded for gold, and eventually sailed around
Africa to India • The gold that the Europeans obtained in Africa
financed their overseas expansion.
How Did Europe Conquer Africa?
• The vast gold and silver deposits of the New World made African gold less desirable.
• As European powers established plantations, enslaved Africans became more desirable than gold.
• In exchange, the Africans received firearms.
• Africans used the firearms in their wars with each other.
The World in 1800
Red: British Empire Yellow: Spanish EmpireGreen: Qing Dynasty Fuchsia: Ottoman EmpireDark Grey: Russian Empire
How Did Europe Conquer Africa?• The wealth generated by the buying and selling of
enslaved Africans went to create the extensive technological innovations that led to the Industrial Revolution.
• The coastal trade with Africans strengthened European commercial capitalism and transformed it into all-powerful industrial capitalism.
How Did Europe Conquer Africa?• Europe started to take a
more direct hand in African affairs.
• While African states were weakened by their conflicts, the Europeans grew in strength.
• The same scenario took place in Asia and the Americas.
• Soon a full-fledged system of colonialism began to overspread the world.
• Thus did Europe not only conquer Africa, but America and Asia too....
1914:European
Dominationof
AFRICA
only Ethiopia and Liberia remained
independent