Exploitation by Introduced Species. 28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam...
Transcript of Exploitation by Introduced Species. 28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam...
Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher)
Gallicolumba xanthonuraWhite-throated ground-dove
28
29
Zosterops conspicillatus **Bridled white-eye
Acrocephalus lusciniaNightingale reed-warbler
Rhipidura rufifrons *Rufous fantail
Ptilinopus roseicapillaMariana fruit-dove
Myzomela cardinalisCardinal honeyeater
Halcyon cinnamomina **Micronesian kingfisher
Nine of Eleven NativeForest Birds in Guam
EXTIRPATED/EXTINCT
30
SUCCESS OF SPECIESINTRODUCED OUTSIDE OF NATURALGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
• No Coevolved Interspecific Competitors
• No Coevolved Herbivores
• No Coevolved Parasites
• No Coevolved Pathogens
Sunspot Hypothesis(Elton 1924)
What Controls Snowshoe Hare Population Fluctuations?
Predator HypothesesFood Supply/Quality Hypotheses
Overpopulation Hypotheses
TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS:CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
27
Test for Effects of Predators, Plant Food Supply, Quality
Controls SupplementalFood
Fertilizer
Electric Fence/ Supplemental Food
Electrical Fence
Krebs et al. 1995
8 YEAR STUDY
TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS:CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT
Fig. 14.18 in Molles 2006Bean Weevil
Parasitoid Wasp
Utida 1957
Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory?
Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab(Paramecium – Didinium)
G. Gause (1935)Predator: DidiniumPrey: Paramecium
Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab(Paramecium – Didinium)
Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006
Experiment 1
PreyPredator
Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006 Trial 2
Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges(Paramecium – Didinium)
Add a Refuge: Sediment
Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Restock Predators(Paramecium – Didinium)
Prey Predator
Trial 3
Restock the Predator
10
Predatory Mite• Can Crawl• Feeds on Six-Spotted Mite
Six-Spotted Mite•Feeds on Oranges• Can Crawl or “Balloon” via Silk Strand
Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab(Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite)
Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab(Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite)
Fig. 12.21 in Cain et al. 2008
Huffaker (1958)
Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab: Refuges and Complexity(Predatory Mite / Six-Spotted Mite)
Fig. 12.22 in Cain et al. 2008
Additional Complexity• Widely Spaced Oranges• Intervening Vaseline Strips• Posts Inserted on Some Oranges to Facilitate Ballooning
2 http://perso.orange.fr/argaud/botanique/opuntia_stricta_fruit.jpg
3 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/COMMON1.JPG
4 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/Cochineal%20on% 20common%20pear%201%20Jun%2003%20Bingara%20web.jpg
5 http://www.gri.msstate.edu/research/cmdmn/images/cactoblastis.jpg
6 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=6545&rendTypeId=4
7 http://www.depts.ttu.edu/communications/news/stories/images/ saltcedar-mountains-large.jpg
8 http://www.co.morton.nd.us/vertical/Sites/%7B90CBB59C-38EA- 4D41-861A-81C9DEBD6022%7D/uploads/%7BC2C6F596-EB0D- 427F-852E-5840C1E97721%7D.JPG
9 http://www.invasive.org/eastern/images/768x512/0002030.jpg
10 http://www.cwss-scm.ca/Weeds/images/Ly1-purple-loosestrife.JPG
11 http://www.ec.gc.ca/EnviroZine/images/Issue35/zebra_mussels _DFO2_l.jpg
12 http://www.starfish.govt.nz/shared-graphics-for-download/zebra-mussel-large.jpg
14 http://www.birdfinders.co.uk/images/lesser-kestrel-2-spain-2006.jpg
15 http://www.douglloydphotography.com/mediac/400_0/media/DIR_ 9698/short~eared~owl~607.jpg
13 http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/andera/common-vole-15371.jpg
16 http://www.lakesuperiorstore.com/store/images/books/warner/HBC.jpg
18 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg
17 http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/ snowshoe-hare.jpg
19 http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/Theory/eit027.jpg
20 http://www.volunteertaskforce.org/images/aspen_seedlings.jpg
21 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg
22 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/Goshawk0003.jpg
23 http://www.alangrinberg.com/photos/NewZealand/SouthPage02/3708_ Tannin.jpg
24 http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/habitats/boreal_forest2_c-NOVA.jpg
25 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg
26 http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/coyote/
27 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg
28 http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/browntreesna.jpg
29 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3yf8gXwg-1g/SbArAtu9bBI/AAAAAAAAASw/ 8xRFAuwO1RY/s400/Brown-tree-snake-(3).jpg
29 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/53/11953-004-2CF4FCD9.jpg
31 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp
30 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp
32 http://www.earlham.edu/~biol/desert/invasive.htm
33 http://www.chihuahuandesert.org/images/Salt%20Cedar%20Leaf%20Beetle.jpg