Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands 21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI The...

Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI

The Implementation of Integrated Land and Ecosystem Accounts in Europe

Assets and Services

Jean-Louis WeberEEA

[email protected]


Why accounting for ecosystems is important?

• Key policy issues– Biodiversity conservation– Sustainable use of living/ cycling resource (natural and managed systems)

and land– Adaptability to climate change– Cost of inaction

• Recent developments & research: – SEEA2003 – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:

• “Natural Assets and Human Well-being”• “ecosystem services”: provisioning (goods), regulating, support, cultural

– IUCN / VALUE project (“Counting ecosystems as water infrastructure”…)

– Ecological economics in general (ISEE…)– GEOSS – Global Earth Observation System of System– Europe's project of Ecosystem Assessment 2012 (Eureca!)– G8-German “Stern-like” assessment of costs of non-conservation of

biodiversity– National ecosystem assessments, accounts (France, UK, India…)– and more...(Ecological Footprint, HANPP...)


SEEA: expansion of the System of National Accounts (UN1993) in order to include more environmental aspects

Natural resources EcosystemsEconomic

assets (SNA)Non-economic

assets

Openingstocks

Openingstocks

OpeningState

SNAtransactions

and otherflows

Changes instocks

Changesin stocks

Economicactivities,

naturalprocesses,

etc.

Changesin state

Closingstocks

Closingstocks

Closingstate

Described in SNA

RM HASSAN - UN The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN 2003) - RANESA Workshop June 12-16, 2005 Maputo


Accounting for Ecosystems

Land cover changes matrix Land cover x land use matrix

Land cover (initial state)

Land cover (final state)

Land cover core account

Land use x activities matrix

economic decisions

natural causes

multiple causes

Lan

d c

ov

er

Activitie

s/ secto

rs

Land cover flows due to Final

state

Land cover (final state)

Land use functions

Land use functions

Lan

d c

ov

er

(i

nit

ial

sta

te)

Lan

d c

ov

er

flo

ws

Initial state

Land use accounts and

Ecosystem accounts

Land use accounts and

Ecosystem accounts

The story so far….The story so far…. The next steps….The next steps….


Accounting for ecosystems: Conceptual Model

Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods

S

C

A

L

E

S

Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods

S

C

A

L

E

S

Spatial analysisSpatial analysis

DP S IRDriving forces (production, consumption)

Pressures

State of environment

Impacts of state on society, economy and ecosystems

Responses

CausationCausation

FrameworkFrameworkStocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Indicators Indicators

& &

Aggregates Aggregates

€&


Economic system and ecosystem

EGSGDPE

cono

mic

ass

ets E

cosystem assets

GDP: Gross domestic Product

EGS: Ecosystem Goods and Services

Inte

rme

dia

te

us

e o

f E

GS

Fin

al u

se

of

no

n-m

ark

et E

GS


Inclusive Domestic Product

FinalEGS

IDP

GDPF

ina

l us

e o

f n

on

-ma

rke

t EG

S

Inclusive Domestic Product



IDP: Inclusive Domestic Product





LEP: Land Ecological Potential

€: Monetary units

: Physical units EGS

IDP

GDPE

cono

mic

ass

ets E

cosystem assets

Inte

rme

dia

te

us

e o

f E

GS

Fin

al u

se

of

no

n-m

ark

et E

GS

€&

€€€&€€&&

Physical and monetary assessments

€

LEP


Renewable resource (goods & services) from ecosystems

Ecoproduct (of cycling and reproductive systems/ capital) are produced by means of other ecoproducts. The ecosystem production function includes a surplus ecoproduct that can be used by the economy. (from Anthony Friend 2004)

Sources:

Kling/U Michigan_2005

& Friend/ISEE_2004

Economy

Basic eco-product

Non-basic eco-product

Input necessary for ecosystem reproduction (conservation of ecosystem health, integrity, functions & services)

Surplus available for harvesting/extraction


Depletion/ degradation of ecosystem goods & services and ecosystem assets

Basic eco-product

Non-basic eco-product

Input necessary for ecosystem reproduction (conservation of ecosystem health, integrity, functions & services)

Sources:

Kling/U Michigan_2005

& Friend/ISEE_2004

Economy

Possible compensation = artificial input (irrigation, energy, nutrients, infrastructures…)

Trade-off = increased yields against losses of natural functions and biodiversity

Surplus available for harvesting/extraction

Non-sustainable harvesting/extraction


Su

sta

ina

ble

inte

rmed

iate

us

e o

f E

GS

No

n-S

us

tain

ab

le

inte

rmed

iate

us

e o

f E

GS

Eco

nom

ic a

sset

s Ecosystem

assetsEGS

IDP

GDP

Fin

al u

se

of

no

n-m

ark

et E

GS

Sustainable and non sustainable economic use

LEP




LEP: Land Ecological Potential


Drivers PressureDriving forces Anthropogenic Stress

Surface, length, number of wetlands; distribution by

region; change

Agriculture

Physical restructuring (Drainage of wetlands, Cultivation of marginal land, Soil sealing, Development of transport infrastructure…)

Impact on economic activity of change in wetlands condition

Protection of biotopes & species

Wetlands health (distress indicators)

Ecosystem management

Urban developmentOverharvesting/overuse (Management of dams, Seasonnal over-use of water, Hunting)

Nutrient cycling (Change in primary/secondary productivity/

Exceedance of nutrient loads/ Eutrophication)

Transport Impacts on associated habitats & species of change in wetlands condition

Agri-environmental measures

Industrial/ storage and landfilling of toxics

Introduction of plant and animal species (Intentional and non-intentional)

Species composition (Endemic, Migratory, Introduced or invasive)

Fiscal policies, subsidies

Tourism Impact on amenities and wellbeing of change in wetlands condition Land planning

Discharge of waste & residuals (Polluting emissions from river basins, Use of pesticides, Emissions to air and deposition)

(In)stability of substrate (Partitionning/connectivity, Internal

fragmentation, Accumulation of toxic substances, Instability of Water Systems)

Valuation of amenitiesSedimentation

Climatic events Droughts

Floods

Composite index: Wetlands vulnerabilitySurface of wetlands (km²), each of them weighted by the other state indicators;

breakdown by river basins, ecological and administrative regions and by type

Natural disturbance

State Impacts Responses

Causation: DPSIR within the ecosystem accounting framework: e.g. Wetlands

*


CORE LAND COVER ACCOUNT

Soil

Flora & Fauna

Water system

Atmosphere/ Climate

Land use economic &

social functions

Artificiality of land

Intensityof use

LAND & ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS

Ecosystem services

Ecosystempotentials

Integrity, health & viability

Vulnerability

Production & Consumption

Natural Assets

Population

Infrastructures & Technologies

Spatial analysis


Spatial analysis: Land cover accounts

CORINE Land Cover 1990 and 2000CORINE Land Cover 1990 and 2000

Enables us to map stock and change…Enables us to map stock and change…

… and to construct stock and flow accounts

… and to construct stock and flow accounts

…and to report them using a range of different geographical frameworks

…and to report them using a range of different geographical frameworks


Data infrastructure of land cover accounts

Smallest mapping unit for stock 25ha

Change mapped at 5ha

Smallest mapping unit for stock 25ha

Change mapped at 5ha


The approach used to generate the LEAC record for stock


From changes to flows

LCF3

LCF1

LCF2

LCF5

LCF4

LCF7

LCF6

LCF8

Change Matrix(44x43=1932

possible changes)summarized into

flows

LCF9

Corine land cover types 1 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4 5

Land cover flows

Art

ific

ial a

reas

Fo

rest

ed la

nd

Wet

lan

ds

Wat

er b

od

ies

LCF1 Urban land management 737 15 19 0 8 0 0 780LCF2 Urban residential sprawl 1924 1867 200 145 8 3 2 4149LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures 77 2728 1595 665 451 35 22 53 5627LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions 17252 10062 27314LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture 273 935 1796 1734 155 96 50 5039LCF6 Withdrawal of farming 2393 2860 5253LCF7 Forests creation and management 254 35803 5166 1048 1063 3 43337LCF8 Water bodies creation and management 191 252 253 117 190 17 21 1042LCF9 Changes due to natural & multiple causes 311 44 15 1317 1323 1041 229 252 4534

No Change 160016 1149717 802502 990736 255914 50289 45502 45473 3500149

LCF1 Urban land management 780 780LCF2 Urban residential sprawl 4149 4149LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures 5627 5627LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions 15695 11619 27314LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture 2450 2590 5039LCF6 Withdrawal of farming 1124 2792 1244 23 70 0 5253LCF7 Forests creation and management 42547 766 24 43337LCF8 Water bodies creation and management 21 1021 1042

No Change 160016 1149717 802502 990736 255914 50289 45502 45473 3500149

199

0

2000


Scales: individual ecosystems v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting

WETLANDS 1990 OF N-W EUROPE EEA/ETCTE

To ta l a re a : 5 .8 0 0 sq .km

Legend

Restoration areas: 15,025 ha

Agriculture: 39,974 haFishculture: 35,967 ha

Forestry: 6,442 ha

POLDERS: 97,408 haNATURAL AREAS: 482,592 ha

TULCEA

Ukraine

(courtesy Danube Delta National Institute)


Stocks/ flows

Assets & Values

Goods & Services

System Interactions,

resilience

Ecosystem Accounting Framework



• Stocks & flows– Spatial systems:

• land cover (units, zones, landscape types)• river reaches, rivers, catchments• coastal systems

– Biomass, Productivity (NPP/NEP), Carbon Storage

– Nutrients (N,P)– Water– Species – Other…

• System interactions• Goods & Services• Assets & Values

Basic ecosystem stock accounts

Basic ecosystem stock accounts

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions


LEAC

• There is a growing demand for spatially explicit indicators for to support policies for

– nature, – regional development,– agriculture, – transport, – coastal management …


Land Accounts and Sustainability

Do gains compensate for losses?

Loss of stocke.g. by deforestation

Gain in stocke.g. by afforestation

Has the quality of the stock been maintained?


Mapping flows: urban sprawl, by grid


Land cover: Small Landscape Units Accounts

• Distribution of SLU by land use

Expert meeting on Land Use and Ecosystem accounting, 18-19 May 2006, EEA

SLU location by landuse

between fields and

grasslands 13%

within arable areas15%

within grasslands

72%

within grassland

within arable land

between

arable &

grassland


Biomass & NPP

• Anomalies, distress symptom• Direct Material Consumption – Total Material Requirement

(Material Flows Accounts) • HANPP• ‘Supporting service’


Example of indicator based on NPP


HANPP

OUR CHANGING PLANETThe U.S. Climate Change Science Program for Fiscal Year 2006


Example of asset account for Biomass/C (draft)Asset account of biomass (dry matter or C)

clc1 Urban

clc2 Agriculture

clc3 Forest & natural dry land

clc4 Wetlands

clc5 Water bodies

Rivers class 1

Rivers class 2

Rivers class 3

Coastal type 1

Coastal type 2

1 Opening stock of biomass (T0)1.1 Aboveground1.2 Belowground1.3 Soils

1.4 Water

2 Net Primary Production (Effective= GPP-Plants respiration)3 Soil respiration (-)4 Net Ecosystem Production (=2-3)5 Imports (+)6 Extraction/harvesting (-)

6.1 Sustainable use6.2 Depletion6A from annual crops6B from natural increase of inventories6C from wild harvest

X Consumption in trophic chains (-)Y Net secondary production

7 Residuals (+)7.1 harvesting residues

animal excreta7.2 land filled7.3 to water

to the amosphere

8 Exports (-)9 Other change in volume of biomass (+ or -)

9.1 due to land use change9.2 due to eutrophication9.3 due to soil alteration

9.3.1 soil formation9.3.2 change in C storage

9.4 fires9.5 climatic events

other change n.c.a.

10 Net accumulation (storage) (+ or -)10.1 Aboveground10.2 Belowground10.3 Soils10.4 Water

11 Closing stock of biomass (T1)11.1 Aboveground11.2 Belowground11.3 Soils11.4 Water

Indicator calculation2 Effective NPP12 + or - Alteration of NPP by land use (historical)13 = Potential NPP (+)

HANPP = 13-6+5-8

Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems

TOTAL


Example of resource use and supply account (draft)

Resource Use and Supply to the economy

clc1 Urban

clc2 Agriculture

clc3 Forest & natural dry land

clc4 Wetlands

clc5 Water bodies

Rivers class 1

Rivers class 2

Rivers class 3

Coastal type 1

Coastal type 2

U1 Total extraction/harvesting

Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Energy

Mining

Manufacturing

Distribution water

Sewerage/ waste management

Government

Household

Resource from sectors for use

Residuals received

U3 Resource received from outside (ROW or other regions)

Gross resource used = U1+U2+U3S1 Supply to branches/sectors & ROW

Resource supplied to other users

Residuals sent to waste management

S2 Supply to outside (ROW or other regions)S3 Residuals & returnsHarvesting residuesAnimal excretaLand filled wastesResiduals to waterS4 Final consumptionHuman foodAnimal foodEnergy production

Total supply = S1+S2+S3

from

the

eniro

nmen

tw

ithin

the

econ

omy

U2 Resource received from branches/sectors

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t

Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems

TOTAL



• Stocks & flows• System interactions, integrity &

health– Spatial interactions (ecotones,

distributions, composition / scales) – Components interactions

• Spatial & temporal interactions (water stress, species dynamics…)

• Bio-chemical-physical cycles – Human interactions

• Re-structuring, over-harvesting/over-extraction, deposition of residuals and force-feeding, introduction of species – use of land and the natural capital

– Health – Ecosystem Distress Syndrome• Goods & Services• Assets & Values

Functioning, health, resilience

Functioning, health, resilience

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions


Ecosystem health: counts of diversity/integrity

• Specific diagnosisFrom selection of markers and threshold values according to habitat types, region, context1. Homeostasis state (no alteration foreseen).2. Resilience state (the disturbance that ecosystems are still able to absorb or compensate,

keeping the same functions, identity and feedbacks (Walker, 2005).3. Reversible process without compensation (degradation).4. Irreversible change (death).

• Ecosystem Distress Syndrome model:– Disruptions of nutrients cycling (loss or excess)– Degradation of substrates (fragmentation, water stress, chemical stress)– Change in species composition (invasive…)– Dependence of systems from artificial input (energy, water, subsidies …)– Capacity of supporting healthy communities

• Focussed research of stressors– overharvesting, overuse– land/rivers restructuring– deposition of residuals– introduction of species

• Physical wealth as stocks*coefficients (potential, resilience)

Source: David J. Rapport


Ecosystem accounting framework

• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Ecosystem Goods &

Services– Ecosystem input to production

(intermediate consumption or indirect use)

– Final services to population (non-market, collective or individual)

– Land use functions

• Values

Sustainability assessment

Sustainability assessment

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions


Ecosystem services

Ref to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:

http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx

http://www.greenfacts.org/ecosystems/index.htm


Land Use Functions – nomenclatureCommon nomenclature with different LUF intensity


...allowing to address cross-cutting issues e.g.:

• Urban - Rural interaction• Agro - Environment

assessment


Land Use Functions – e.g. Rural area

Farming & food production but also other functions with raising importance



Source: Roy Haines-Young

Ecosystem regulation service: Account of new housing in flood risk zones

Low

High

1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS

3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE

4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS

1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN

% new units in high risk flood zone

Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone

Area of high risk flood zone (ha)

Number of new residential units 98-03

Area(ha)JCA




1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN





Area(ha)JCA




1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN





Area(ha)JCA




1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE

4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN





Area(ha)JCA

Proportion of new residential housing in high risk flood zones, by landscape type (1999-2003) in south east England


Ecosystem accounting framework• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Goods & Services• Values

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Stocks & flows

Values

Goods & Services

System interactions

Source: Roy Haines-Young

Value of ecosystem goods and services, IDP, wealth, natural capital

Value of ecosystem goods and services, IDP, wealth, natural capital


Framework of Ecosystem Accounts

Natural assets accounts • Natural capital structure, resilience & wealth (physical

units, by sectors)• Capital consumption & accumulation (physical units, €)• Ecosystem assets wealth (€)

Natural Capital Accounts/ living & cycling natural capital

Functions & Services• Land use function• Natural function

Supply & use of ecosystem goods and services(Use of resource by sectors, supply to consumption &

residuals, accumulation, I-O analysis)

Material/energy flows(focus on biomass, water,

nutrients, residuals)

Accounts of flows of ecosystem goods and services

Counts of stocks diversity / integrity(by ecosystem types,

focus on quality)

Ecosystem Stocks & State Accounts

Ecosystem State (health diagnosis and

wealth calculation)

Core accounts of stocks & flows

(by ecosystem types, raw quantities)

Eco

syst

em t

ypes

Economic sectorsSpatial integration

Economic integration


Differences in accounting for economic and ecological systems

• In economy: + > – = gains = increase in wealth – > + = losses = decrease in wealth aggregated results are defined as the sum of elementary flows over a

fixed period (year or quarter) at the national or regional levels economic factors are generally substitutable average values make sense in most cases

• In ecology: specific ecosystem dimensions need to be reflected…

multiple scales and interactions variability, time scales resilience, health of ecosystems, thresholds

no need to account for everything, ‘just’ the key markers (variables) necessary for making the diagnosis (assessment)


Integration of scales:Environmental & Socio-Economic Data

Land cover maps

Area sampling (crops,

habitats…)

Socio-economicstatistics (e.g. by

regions, municipalities, sectors, farm holdings, household groups...)

Monitoring of individual sites or stations

(e.g. nature, water…)

Earth observation:multi-scales land cover

+ vegetation + NPP +…


Time frame: e.g. water resource/demand

Mean annual values may tell the wrong story (i.e. no water shortage in the river)…

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 3 6 9 12

Ressource

Demande

Moy. Ressource

Moy. Demande

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 3 6 9 12

Ressource

Demande

Moy. Ressource

Moy. Demande

Variability matters…


Conclusions

“By examining all uses of land in an integrated manner, it makes it possible to minimize conflicts, to make the most efficient trade-offs and to link social and economic development with environmental protection and enhancement, thus helping to achieve the objectives of sustainable development.” Agenda 21, Chapter 10

Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands 21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI The...

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