EXPERT GROUP MEETING: EXPERT GROUP MEETING: Social IntegrationSocial Integration

UN/DESA, 2-4 November 2009UN/DESA, 2-4 November 2009Promotion of Inclusive Poverty Eradication and Promotion of Inclusive Poverty Eradication and

Productive Employment and Productive Employment and

Decent Work Policies to advance Social IntegrationDecent Work Policies to advance Social Integration

Presentation by Presentation by Faith InnerarityFaith Innerarity

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

SSituational Analysis ituational Analysis

– Jamaica at a Glance Jamaica at a Glance – Poverty and UnemploymentPoverty and Unemployment

Policy ResponsesPolicy Responses– Poverty EradicationPoverty Eradication– Employment Creation and Decent Work AgendaEmployment Creation and Decent Work Agenda– Expanding Education, Training and Employment Expanding Education, Training and Employment

Opportunities for Young PeopleOpportunities for Young People– Community Development InitiativesCommunity Development Initiatives

Conclusion and Recommendations – Way ForwardConclusion and Recommendations – Way Forward

Jamaica at a Glance *

Population 2,682,100Population Growth Rate 0.5% ; Life Expectancy at Birth 72.4%; Adult Literacy (15 and older) 86.0%Total Labour Force: 1,261,300 Employed: 1,136,900 Unemployed: 124,500; Unemployment Rate: 9.9% Male/female unemployment: Male: 6.2%; Female14.5% Real GDP (JA$M): 249,645 GDP Per Capita: US$4,147Real GDP Growth Rate: 0.7% ; Debt/GDP 108.2%Population below Poverty Line 9.9 %

*2007 Statistics Fig. 1

Area 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

KMA

O/Towns

Rural

Islandwide

15.5

22.0

40.7

30.5

13.3

25.7

37.5

28.4

28.8

31.4

57.2

44.6

18.8

29.9

42.2

33.9

16.7

22.9

29.6

24.4

13.8

20.0

28.8

22.8

15.0

22.8

37.0

27.5

17.2

22.0

32.8

26.1

9.3

14.8

27.4

19.9

Area 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

KMA

O/Towns

Rural

Islandwide

8.6

13.4

19.5

15.9

10.6

12.1

22.0

17.0

9.9

16.6

25.1

18.7

7.6

13.3

13.3

24.1

10.4

18.7

25.1

19.7

9.5

15.8

24.2

19.1

14.4

7.8

22.1

16.9

-

-

-

14.8

-

-

-

14.3

-

-

-

9.9

Table 1: Incidence of Poverty by Geographical Area in Jamaica

TABLE 3: Unemployed By Major Demographic Groups 2006-2007('000)

2006 2007

ANNUAL AVERAGE

RATE(%)

ANNUALAVERAGE

TOTAL 129.4 10.3 124.5

Youth (14-24 yrs) 49.9 23.6 51.3

Adults (25 yrs and over) 79.5 7.6 73.2

MALE 48.8 7 43.1

Youth (14-24 yrs) 20.7 17.4 20.3

Adults (25 yrs and over) 28.1 4.9 22.7

FEMALE 80.6 14.5 81.4

Youth (14-24 yrs) 29.2 31.6 31.0

Adults (25 yrs and over) 51.4 11.1 50.5

Poverty Eradication ProgrammePoverty Eradication Programme

Reform of the Social Safety Net which Reform of the Social Safety Net which commenced in 2001 represents central commenced in 2001 represents central component of Poverty Eradication component of Poverty Eradication ProgrammeProgramme

Design of a conditional cash transfer Design of a conditional cash transfer programme to ensure: programme to ensure: – Better targeting of the poor Better targeting of the poor – Linking of benefits to human capital Linking of benefits to human capital

investment in education and health investment in education and health

PATH TARGET GROUPS and BENEFICIARIES

Categories Targeted

Registered

Beneficiaries

NO. % NO. %

Children 0-17 years 168,000

71 173,495

75

Pregnant /LactatingWomen

11,000

5 783

Negligible

Elderly 33,000

14 51,583

21

Persons withDisabilities (18-59 yrs)

19,000

8 5,015

2

Destitute (18-59 years) 5,000

2 4,476

2

Total 236,000

100 231,446

100

@# PATH Beneficiary Target Groups 236,000

71%

5%

14%

8% 2%

Children0-17

Pregnant &lactating

Elderly (> 60yrs)

Persons with Disabilities

Adult poor (18-59 yrs.)

Programme Outcome: TargetingProgramme Outcome: Targeting

From the standpoint of redistribution and From the standpoint of redistribution and coverage of the poorest and most coverage of the poorest and most vulnerable PATH has been fairly vulnerable PATH has been fairly successful in terms of its targeting successful in terms of its targeting mechanism. mechanism. However, concerns in terms of errors of However, concerns in terms of errors of inclusion and exclusion have had to be inclusion and exclusion have had to be addressed. addressed.

Distribution of Households Receiving Distribution of Households Receiving Benefits by QuintileBenefits by Quintile

ProgrammeProgramme PoorestPoorest

QuintileQuintile

Quintile 2Quintile 2 Quintile 3Quintile 3 Quintile 4Quintile 4 Quintile Quintile 55

Food StampFood Stamp

School Fee AssistanceSchool Fee Assistance

Public AssistancePublic Assistance

Poor ReliefPoor Relief

SESPSESP

JADEPJADEP

PATHPATH

36%36%

20%20%

60%60%

35%35%

24%24%

9%9%

58%58%

26%26%

21%21%

17%17%

23%23%

32%32%

19%19%

22%22%

20%20%

25%25%

14%14%

22%22%

20%20%

42%42%

14%14%

12%12%

23%23%

5%5%

15%15%

16%16%

13%13%

5%5%

6%6%

11%11%

4%4%

4%4%

7%7%

17%17%

1%1%

PATH Beneficiaries by Quintiles and Area

QuintileQuintile KMAKMA OtherOtherTownsTowns

RuralRural All IslandAll Island CumulativeCumulative

1122334455Below PovertyBelow PovertyLineLine

767677161611007878

60602222131355006565

57572222151555115757

58582222141455115959

5858797994949999100100 n/an/a

PATH Beneficiaries Household Characteristics

Household CharacteristicHousehold Characteristic PATHPATHBeneficiaries Beneficiaries

(PATH (PATH 2003)2003)

Poor Jamaicans (SLC Poor Jamaicans (SLC 2002)2002)

AllAllJamaicaJamaica

(SLC 2002)(SLC 2002)

Household SizeHousehold Size11223-53-56 and over6 and over

99

7735354949

1313131337373636

2323191941411818

Presence of childrenPresence of children 8585 6767 5757

Presence of ElderlyPresence of Elderly 4141 3232 4444

Head of Household worked previous 12 monthsHead of Household worked previous 12 months 5757 6464 7272

Main material of outer wallsMain material of outer wallsWoodWoodBlock and steelBlock and steelOtherOther

464637371717

414141411818

292954541717

Has indoor tap/pipeHas indoor tap/pipe 99 1414 3838

Uses Pit toiletUses Pit toilet 8080 7070 4747

Has electricityHas electricityOwn:Own:TVTVWashing MachineWashing MachineCarCar

6464

5555 11 11

6767

52521122

8585

747410101313

Source: PATH Participant Survey 2003, JSLC 2002

Programme Outcome: TargetingProgramme Outcome: Targeting

Beneficiary Identification System (BIS) has had Beneficiary Identification System (BIS) has had to be reviewed to address, among other issues, to be reviewed to address, among other issues, the disproportionate selection of households the disproportionate selection of households from urban centres including the Kingston from urban centres including the Kingston Metropolitan area. Metropolitan area.

This is linked to the complexity of having a This is linked to the complexity of having a single poverty measurement instrument that can single poverty measurement instrument that can adequately capture the distinguishing features of adequately capture the distinguishing features of rural versus urban poverty.rural versus urban poverty.

Distribution of PATH Beneficiaries Compared with Distribution of Poor and Share in Total Population

By ParishPercentage

Parish Percentage PATH

Beneficiaries in Parish Oct. 2006

Percentage Jamaica’s Poor in Parish (SLC

2002)

Parish Share in Total Population *

Kingston & St. Andrew 7.97 20.9 24.8

St. Thomas 5.06 5.1 3.5

Portland 5.11 5.0 3.1

St. Mary 7.39 5.9 4.3

St. Ann 8.48 12 6.4

Trelawny 3.87 4.4 2.8

St. James 5.54 4.5 6.8

Hanover 5.12 1.8 2.6

Westmoreland 7.63 5.1 5.4

St. Elizabeth 10.54 5.8 5.6

Manchester 9.12 8.9 7.1

Clarendon 12.97 12.6 9.2

St. Catherine 11.13 5.8 18.4

Total 100 100 100

*Based on Population Census 2001

Health and Education OutcomeHealth and Education Outcome

PATH has resulted in increased PATH has resulted in increased school attendance.school attendance.

There has been an increase in There has been an increase in the use preventative health care the use preventative health care services. Health care visits for services. Health care visits for children 0-6 years increased by children 0-6 years increased by 38%.38%.

Supply ChallengesSupply Challenges

In respect of PATH compliance requirements a In respect of PATH compliance requirements a number of supply side difficulties have been number of supply side difficulties have been encountered in relation to the physical and encountered in relation to the physical and human capabilities of health facilities and human capabilities of health facilities and schools.schools.

Specific concerns include the need to expand Specific concerns include the need to expand primary health care capacity at the community primary health care capacity at the community level and increase secondary school places for level and increase secondary school places for the 15-17 years age group for which a gap still the 15-17 years age group for which a gap still exist.exist.

Beneficiary Support ProgrammesBeneficiary Support Programmes

In terms of the beneficiary households, the high In terms of the beneficiary households, the high cost of transportation, especially in rural areas cost of transportation, especially in rural areas has impacted negatively on affordability of has impacted negatively on affordability of schooling. Special measures are therefore schooling. Special measures are therefore required to address this issue.required to address this issue.

Availability of subsidised lunches found to be Availability of subsidised lunches found to be critical for attendance and in this regard, the critical for attendance and in this regard, the School Feeding Programme needs to be School Feeding Programme needs to be strengthened.strengthened.

Coverage GapsCoverage Gaps

Incidence of poverty 14.8% in 2005Incidence of poverty 14.8% in 2005Poverty Line 2005Poverty Line 2005– Individual J$63,717Individual J$63,717– Family of five J$240,816Family of five J$240,816

Estimated 394,000 persons are below the Estimated 394,000 persons are below the poverty line poverty line PATH covers 236,000PATH covers 236,000Approximately 158,000 persons below the Approximately 158,000 persons below the poverty line are not covered by PATHpoverty line are not covered by PATH These are mainly the working poorThese are mainly the working poor

Working PoorWorking Poor

“ “ The working poor are individuals engage The working poor are individuals engage in either paid or self employment who in either paid or self employment who belong to households with an adult belong to households with an adult equivalent per capita household equivalent per capita household expenditure (or income) that falls below a expenditure (or income) that falls below a specified poverty line” (specified poverty line” (Labour Market and Labour Market and Poverty Studies Unit, University of the Poverty Studies Unit, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and TobagoWest Indies, Trinidad and Tobago))

Working Poor: Results of ILO StudyWorking Poor: Results of ILO Study

Males dominate the working poorMales dominate the working poorThe working poor are clustered in the 25 to 44 The working poor are clustered in the 25 to 44 age groupage groupThe working poor have lower levels of educationThe working poor have lower levels of educationThe working poor are employed in a variety of sectors, The working poor are employed in a variety of sectors, but most are found in agriculture, community and social but most are found in agriculture, community and social services, construction and wholesale/retail sales.services, construction and wholesale/retail sales.

The working poor work fewer hours than their The working poor work fewer hours than their non-poor counterpartsnon-poor counterpartsIn Jamaica 34% of the working poor are in In Jamaica 34% of the working poor are in agriculture.agriculture.

Distribution of NIS Pensioners Distribution of NIS Pensioners (March 2007)(March 2007)

Population Population cohortcohort

Total in Total in PopulationPopulation

Number Number NIS NIS PensionerPensioner

ss

Percentage Percentage NIS NIS PensionersPensioners

60-6460-64 71,30071,300 9,4829,482 13.313.3

65-6965-69 62,20062,200 14,49514,495 23.323.3

70-7470-74 50,90050,900 17,14617,146 33.733.7

75and over75and over 94,60094,600 37,06537,065 39.239.2

TotalTotal 279,000279,000 78,18878,188 28.028.0

DECENT WORK AGENDADECENT WORK AGENDA

Policy ResponsesPolicy Responses

Ratification of ILO Conventions on core labour Ratification of ILO Conventions on core labour standards including “Minimum Age of standards including “Minimum Age of Employment’’ and the “Elimination of the Worst Employment’’ and the “Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour”. Forms of Child Labour”.

CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) and focus on the establishment of a “social floor” and focus on the establishment of a “social floor”

Introduction of CARICOM Reciprocal Social Introduction of CARICOM Reciprocal Social Security agreementSecurity agreement

Strong commitment to tripartismStrong commitment to tripartism

Challenges: Productive Employment Challenges: Productive Employment and Decent Work Agendaand Decent Work Agenda

Increasing size and complexity of the informal Increasing size and complexity of the informal sector, including a-typical and non-standard sector, including a-typical and non-standard forms of employment relationships in formal forms of employment relationships in formal establishment establishment

High levels of youth unemployment High levels of youth unemployment

Gender inequalities in the labour marketGender inequalities in the labour market

Need for active labour market policiesNeed for active labour market policies

Discrimination against persons with disabilitiesDiscrimination against persons with disabilities

Complex range of labour migration issues Complex range of labour migration issues

Options for Expanded Options for Expanded Opportunities for VulnerableOpportunities for Vulnerable

Welfare to work initiative focusing on Welfare to work initiative focusing on persons in the economically active age-persons in the economically active age-group in PATH beneficiary and other poor group in PATH beneficiary and other poor households.households.Young school leavers – focus on school to Young school leavers – focus on school to work transition process with link to work transition process with link to Jamaica Youth Employment Network Jamaica Youth Employment Network (JYEN) and other initiatives.(JYEN) and other initiatives.Social pension Social pension

Welfare to WorkWelfare to Work

Training and job placement for members Training and job placement for members of beneficiary household in economically of beneficiary household in economically active age groupsactive age groups

Promotion of entrepreneurial activities Promotion of entrepreneurial activities through revamped rehabilitation grant through revamped rehabilitation grant programmeprogramme

Community based interventionsCommunity based interventions

Provision of range of referral servicesProvision of range of referral services

School to Work TransitionSchool to Work Transition

Support for PATH beneficiaries beyond age 17 Support for PATH beneficiaries beyond age 17 (8,000- 10,000 PATH School Leavers annually)(8,000- 10,000 PATH School Leavers annually) Assistance for further education (Government Assistance for further education (Government

guarantee of Students Loans)guarantee of Students Loans) Stipend for skills training/apprenticeshipStipend for skills training/apprenticeship Provision of Job placement servicesProvision of Job placement services Promotion of Entrepreneurship (grants or soft loans Promotion of Entrepreneurship (grants or soft loans

for income generating projects)for income generating projects) Training centre for Young persons with disabilities in Training centre for Young persons with disabilities in

Western JamaicaWestern Jamaica

School to Work TransitionSchool to Work Transition

At risk youth targeted:At risk youth targeted:Youths in rural areas and inner-city Youths in rural areas and inner-city

communitiescommunitiesYouths with disabilitiesYouths with disabilitiesHIV/AIDS victimsHIV/AIDS victims

Community Community Development Development InitiativesInitiatives

Human and Human and Social Capital Social Capital InvestmentInvestmentEconomic Economic EnablementEnablementProvision of Provision of Basic Social Basic Social ServicesServices

Lorenzo Smith, a youth of the Grants Pen Inner-city Community now has a better chance in life. He worked temporarily at the Mega Mart Super Store and is now involved in a Human Employment and Resource Training (HEART ) programme

Community DevelopmentCommunity Development

Economic EnablementEconomic Enablement Security and JusticeSecurity and Justice

Andre Fairclough is now seen as a positive role model in his family and community as he engages in the working world.

Police and residents join forces to fight crime

High AchieversHigh Achievers““Inner-City Student Boasts Highest Inner-City Student Boasts Highest Test Score on National Exam” Test Score on National Exam” ““Deaf student soars”Deaf student soars”

Deepening Democracy Deepening Democracy

““Launch of 2008 Launch of 2008 Democracy Survey-Democracy Survey-Longitudinal report Longitudinal report provides insights on provides insights on views in the public views in the public domain” , domain” , Daily Daily Gleaner February Gleaner February 20092009

Prime Minister the Hon. Bruce Golding delivers the keynote Prime Minister the Hon. Bruce Golding delivers the keynote address at the launch of the National Integrity Action Forum. address at the launch of the National Integrity Action Forum. Seated are Dr. Karen Hilliard, USAID/Jamaica Mission Seated are Dr. Karen Hilliard, USAID/Jamaica Mission Director, and Prof. Trevor Munroe of the Centre for Leadership Director, and Prof. Trevor Munroe of the Centre for Leadership and Governance at UWI, Mona and Governance at UWI, Mona

Integration of economic and social policies, Integration of economic and social policies,

Enterprise development taking into account the rural Enterprise development taking into account the rural sectorsector

Training and skills enhancement,Training and skills enhancement,

Expanding coverage and effectiveness of social Expanding coverage and effectiveness of social protection systemsprotection systems

Strengthening of the institutional capacity to promote Strengthening of the institutional capacity to promote social dialogue and the regulatory framework for social dialogue and the regulatory framework for enforcement of core labour standards. enforcement of core labour standards.

Strengthened partnerships and collaboration at the Strengthened partnerships and collaboration at the international level international level

WAY FORWARDWAY FORWARD

Way ForwardWay Forward

Direct and special focus on the causes of Direct and special focus on the causes of youth unemployment and best practices to youth unemployment and best practices to eliminate this problem eliminate this problem

Mainstreaming of gender, age (life cycle Mainstreaming of gender, age (life cycle vulnerability) and disability in all vulnerability) and disability in all employment policies and poverty employment policies and poverty eradication strategieseradication strategies

Geographically differentiated strategies Geographically differentiated strategies for rural and urban areas.for rural and urban areas.

The ENDThe END

Thank YouThank You