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Experiences and career pathways of PhD graduates of Educational Studies
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Experiences and career Experiences and career pathways of PhD graduates pathways of PhD graduates
of Educational Studiesof Educational StudiesJudith Walker & Ee-Seul YoonJudith Walker & Ee-Seul YoonUniversity of British ColumbiaUniversity of British Columbia
Preparing for academic practice: disciplinary perspectivesPreparing for academic practice: disciplinary perspectives
St Anne’s College, Oxford UniversitySt Anne’s College, Oxford UniversityApril 08 & 09, 2008April 08 & 09, 2008
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Motivations for the studyMotivations for the study An odd bunch:An odd bunch:
PhDs in generalPhDs in general Academia, Society, EconomyAcademia, Society, Economy Declining opportunities in the Declining opportunities in the
academyacademy
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
AimsAims To understand more about UBC’s Ed. To understand more about UBC’s Ed.
Studies’ PhD graduatesStudies’ PhD graduates
To explore how our graduates have To explore how our graduates have experienced the PhD programme experienced the PhD programme
To offer understandings of the process of To offer understandings of the process of becoming a scholarbecoming a scholar
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Survey MethodSurvey Method Demographic informationDemographic information Experiences in the programme & Experiences in the programme &
careerscareers Multi-choice, yes/no, open-endedMulti-choice, yes/no, open-ended
48 responses out of 100 workable 48 responses out of 100 workable emailsemails
Research DesignResearch Design
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
1994-present1994-present
First grads in 1996First grads in 1996
InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary
12 student admission12 student admission
Approx. 120 gradsApprox. 120 grads
The context: The context: Educational Studies, UBCEducational Studies, UBC
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Overview of AnalysisOverview of Analysis
I. Descriptive analysis of graduatesI. Descriptive analysis of graduates
II. The role of capitalsII. The role of capitals
III. Becoming an academicIII. Becoming an academic
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Part 1: Descriptive Part 1: Descriptive analysisanalysis
To describe the demographic To describe the demographic informationinformation
To outline student characteristics To outline student characteristics and careersand careers
To compare career outcomes To compare career outcomes
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Demographic Demographic CharacteristicsCharacteristics
EDST, UBC (2007)EDST, UBC (2007) Education, Education, Canada (2005)Canada (2005)
FemaleFemale 69%69% 65%65%
Age at admissionAge at admission 37 yrs37 yrs N/AN/A
Int. StudentsInt. Students 11%11% 19%19%
Completion AgeCompletion Age 4343 4646
DurationDuration 5.8 ys5.8 ys 5.8 ys5.8 ys
IncomeIncome $72,000 CAD$72,000 CAD N/AN/A
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Gender and IncomeGender and IncomeFemaleFemale MaleMale
Higher than Higher than $91K$91K 21%21% 43%43%
$81-90K$81-90K 6%6% 29%29%
$71-80K$71-80K 21%21% 7%7%
$61-70K$61-70K 15%15% 7%7%
$51-60K$51-60K 12%12% 7%7%
$41-50K$41-50K 3%3% 7%7%
$31-40K$31-40K 6%6% 00
Less than $30KLess than $30K 15%15% 00
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Career breakdownCareer breakdown
Univ. Tenure-Univ. Tenure-tracktrack
Academic, non-Academic, non-tenure tracktenure track
Non-academicNon-academic
2222 1212 1212
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Part 2: Analysis by Part 2: Analysis by CapitalCapital To reveal the role of the capital in the process of To reveal the role of the capital in the process of
graduate studies. graduate studies. SocialSocial EconomicEconomic Cultural/Human capitalCultural/Human capital
To explore what is To explore what is broughtbrought, what is , what is acquiredacquired, and , and what is what is worthworth something. Specifically in the something. Specifically in the analysis of becoming an academic (tenure-track)analysis of becoming an academic (tenure-track)
To compare three groups of graduates (To compare three groups of graduates (T, NT, NAT, NT, NA) in ) in relation to their relative possession of various relation to their relative possession of various capitalscapitals
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Social capitalSocial capital Examine Examine existingexisting social support groupssocial support groups
Explore social network Explore social network formationformation during during the programmethe programme
Analyze Analyze career career outcomes outcomes
Use of ‘Use of ‘decisiondecision tree-modelingtree-modeling and and open-ended dataopen-ended data
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Existing social capitalExisting social capital
YesYes
Support from children Support from children 67%67%
Support from parentsSupport from parents 71%71%
Support from friendsSupport from friends 90%90%
Support from partnerSupport from partner 94%94%
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Social K acquisitionSocial K acquisition Relationship with supervisor:Relationship with supervisor:
Wrote letters of recommendation Wrote letters of recommendation (76%)(76%)
Informed you of job leads Informed you of job leads (31%)(31%)
Networking opportunities Networking opportunities (31%)(31%)
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Social K and career Social K and career outcomes?outcomes?
Has committee problems(Ranking 1-4)
YES(17, 1)
NO(5, 1)
Works inPost-
secondary
YES(9, 2)
NOYES
Supervisor wrote lettersMin 5 objects
≤ 1 >1
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Economic capitalEconomic capital
Explore Explore familyfamily support support
Examine Examine institutionalinstitutional support in relation support in relation to academic achievement and outcomesto academic achievement and outcomes
Use tree-modelingUse tree-modeling
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Brought, Acquired & Brought, Acquired & PerceivedPerceived BroughtBrought
Financial support from family Financial support from family (32%)(32%) AcquiredAcquired
Outside employment Outside employment (55%)(55%) TA, RA, Scholarship TA, RA, Scholarship (50-52%)(50-52%) No financial support No financial support (16%)(16%)
PerceivedPerceived Inadequate Inadequate (34%)(34%)
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Economic K &Economic K &Academic achievement?Academic achievement?
< 3 years to candidacy?
YES(37, 15)
NO(7, 1)
YESNO
Received scholarship(s)(5 objects)
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Cultural/ Human capitalsCultural/ Human capitals
To explore To explore self-evaluationself-evaluation of skills of skills acquired through the degree programmeacquired through the degree programme
Use tree-modeling & open-ended Use tree-modeling & open-ended questionsquestions
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Teaching skills improvedA lot/Somewhat (YES/NO)
GENDER
YES(21, 5)
Canadian Born?
NO(8)
YES(13/1)
NOYES
Female Male
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Self-discipline improved: A lot/somewhat (YES/NO)
Motivation improved(A lot/somewhat)
YES(29)
Income bracket
>$80,000≤ $70,000
YES NO
YES(5/2)
NO(9)
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
The role of K The role of K in the three career in the three career
pathwayspathways
Univ. Tenure-Univ. Tenure-tracktrack
Academic, non-Academic, non-tenure tracktenure track
Non-academicNon-academic
2222 1212 1212
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Comparative StatsComparative Stats
Univ Univ TenureTenure
Lecture / Lecture / InstructorInstructor
Non-Non-academicacademic
Age at startAge at start 3636 4141 3838
Age at gradAge at grad 4141 4747 4444
Time to Time to completioncompletion
5.45.4 5.85.8 6.36.3
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Position Nonpostsecondary Postsec Nontenure Tenuretrack
Count
15
10
5
0
Job and age: Above 38 Years at start
Yes No
Over38atstart
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Econ K – ScholarshipsEcon K – Scholarships
PositionNonpostsecondaryPostsec NontenureTenuretrack
Co
un
t
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
Job & award of scholarship
YesNoNo response
Financial support:
scholarship
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Econ K – Perceived Econ K – Perceived fundingfunding
Position Non-postsecondary Postsec Nontenure Tenuretrack
Count
15
10
5
0
Job & Perceived adequacy of funding
Yes No No Response
Adequate funding?
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Economic K – Debt Economic K – Debt accrualaccrual
PositionNonpostsecondaryPostsec NontenureTenuretrack
Count
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Job & debt accrual
YesNoNo response
Debt?
PositionNonpostsecondaryPostsec NontenureTenuretrack
Count
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Job & debt accrual
YesNoNo response
Debt?
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Cultural K – Skills Cultural K – Skills
Writing skillsWriting skills
Reading skillsReading skills
Teaching skillsTeaching skills
Research skillsResearch skills
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Position
Nonpostsecondary Postsec Nontenure Tenuretrack
Count
20
15
10
5
0
Job & Academic Writing improvement
A lot Somewhat
Ac. Writing imprvmt
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Position Nonpostsecondary Postsec Nontenure Tenuretrack
Count
20
15
10
5
0
Job & improvement of Research skills
A lot Somewhat A little
Research skills: Imprvmt
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Cultural K - CredentialsCultural K - Credentials
Position Nonpostsecondary Postsec Nontenure Tenure track
Count
20
15
10
5
0
Job & dissemination of dissertation
Yes No No response
Dissertation: journal articles?
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
PositionNonpostsecondaryPostsec NontenureTenuretrack
Co
un
t
15
10
5
0
Job & Dissertation dissemination
YesNoNo response
Dissertation:
Disseminated to community
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Cultural K - ValueCultural K - Value
Position Nonpostsecondary PostsecNontenure Tenuretrack
Count
20
15
10
5
0
Job type & doing PhD again
Definitely Probably Possibly Not
Would you do a PhD again?
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Conversion of capitalConversion of capital
Income bracket <$91K $81 -90K $71 -80K $ 61 -70K $51 -60K $41 -50K $31 -40K >$30K
Count
6
4
2
0
Income & job type
Nonpostsecondary Postsec Nontenure
Tenuretrack Position
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Part III. Analysis: Part III. Analysis: becoming a scholarbecoming a scholar
To explore To explore experiencesexperiences of being a PhD of being a PhD student and student and socialisationsocialisation into becoming into becoming an an independentindependent and and autonomousautonomous scholar scholar
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Creating the autonomous Creating the autonomous scholarscholar
PhD student ‘PhD student ‘habitushabitus’’
IndependentIndependent and and autonomousautonomous scholar scholar
Freedom & reasonFreedom & reason
British Psychological AssociationBritish Psychological Association
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Disciplining the Disciplining the individualindividual
Learning to take responsibilityLearning to take responsibility
Regulated academic subjectsRegulated academic subjects
Discipline, motivation & determinationDiscipline, motivation & determination
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Discipline as a moral qualityDiscipline as a moral quality“I'm unable to quit something once I've
started”
“I like to finish things”
“I don't like to quit anything.”
“I complete what I start! It was a matter of personal pride and felt like what I was
meant to be doing.”
“A personal commitment to finish what I started.”
“I’M NOT A QUITTER!”
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Not like the others…Not like the others…
““I didn't ever seriously consider dropping I didn't ever seriously consider dropping out. out. I'm not a quitterI'm not a quitter. Anyway, it was . Anyway, it was
fine. Besides, if I didn't complete, I'd be fine. Besides, if I didn't complete, I'd be like all the others who've dropped out, like all the others who've dropped out,
mourning, rationalizing, or acting mourning, rationalizing, or acting defensively about it not 'being worth defensively about it not 'being worth
their time’.”their time’.”
““I DID IT!”I DID IT!”
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Discipline & passionDiscipline & passion
Position Nonpostsecondary Postsec Nontenure Tenuretrack
Count
8
6
4
2
0
Job & Motivation to complete
Academic job Accomplishment/pride Interest
Motivation to complete
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Resembles Resembles nationalnational study—further contribution study—further contribution
Role of Role of capitalscapitals plays in entering into a graduate plays in entering into a graduate programme, acquiring further capitals and subsequently programme, acquiring further capitals and subsequently becoming an academic becoming an academic
Reveals the experiences of the ‘Reveals the experiences of the ‘scholar in the makingscholar in the making’ ’ who becomes a disciplined, autonomous individual who who becomes a disciplined, autonomous individual who can work through their passion and pressure can work through their passion and pressure
Conclusions & Conclusions & ContributionsContributions
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Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon Jude Walker & Ee-Seul Yoon
Thank you!Thank you!
QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS?
Contact info:Contact info:
Jude Walker: Jude Walker: [email protected]
Ee-Seul Yoon: Ee-Seul Yoon: [email protected]