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MicroReport: Using a Mobile App to Report MicroaggressionsChristy M. Byrd, PhD, Michael Liber, Josue Ayala, & Kaitlin SousaUniversity of California, Santa Cruz
What are microaggressions?Microaggressions are subtle and often unintentional verbal or nonverbal slights that
demean an individual based on their membership in a marginalized group (Sue, 2010).
Examples
Being stared at in the dining hall
Someone asking to touch your hair because it is “exotic”
Being told you speak English well when it is your first language
Being mistaken for someone in a service role
What are the effects of experiencing microaggressions?Psychological effects
-Anxiety
-Depressive symptoms
-Self-esteem
Academic effects
-Lower feelings of belonging
-Lack of confidence in abilities
-Poor performance
-Disidentification with STEM field
What are the limitations in the existing literature?Research relies on recall weeks or months later - may be inaccurate and underestimate
impact
Daily diary studies are expensive and fatiguing
No existing research on effectiveness of different responses
No existing research on intervention strategies
What is MicroReport?MicroReport is a mobile app for Android and iOS phones developed at UCSC. The app
presents users with an interactive map of the campus and markers indicating anonymous
reports of microaggressions. Users can zoom and pan to different parts of the map and
read reports that have been submitted. When users submit a report, they can indicate
their location and include a description of the microaggression and how much it bothered
them. The app also includes a newsfeed displaying updates from the research team and
usersubmitted affirmations.
What is the structure of the study?• Participants use the app for one academic year
• Complete 4 surveys
• Invited to 2 workshops each quarter
Who are the participants?294 UCSC undergraduate and graduate students (71% women)
31% Android users, 68% iPhone users
About 25% each class year and 6 graduate students
62% STEM majors
3.4% transgender
18% lesbian, gay, or bisexual
25% Asian American, 5.8% Black, 31% Latino, 27% White, 9% Multiracial
57% first generation college student
14% not born in United States
What are the advantages of MicroReport compared to other programs?The app is easy to use and feels similar to commonly-used social media sites, so
participants are more likely to engage with it
The app is all real experiences with no facilitator to "preach" at participants or encourage a
particular point of view
Both targets and aggressors can benefit from using the app
The workshops not only offer opportunities to discuss experiences, they offer specific,
research-supported strategies for responding to them
What are the expected benefits?Research on coping with stressful events suggests that active coping, such as seeking
social support and confrontation, promote greater well-being compared to passive coping
(e.g., ignoring the incident and rumination). We promote active coping strategies by having
participants seek social support through the app and workshops, and by teaching them
skills to confront aggressors.
We also believe the app will help those with privileged identities to be more aware of
microaggressions and feel greater empathy for targets of microaggressions. Empirical
evidence suggests that encouraging perspective taking and empathy can be effective at
reducing prejudice and discrimination (Paluck & Green, 2009).This aspect is especially
important because many individuals can be both targets (in their marginalized identities)
and aggressors (in their privileged identities). For example, a White woman may be a
target of gender microaggressions in STEM but may be an aggressor toward peers of color.
What are the current findings?Survey #1 complete November 2015, Survey #2 in progress
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
Gender Race/ethnicity Culture Social class Religion* Sexual
orientation
Immigrant
status
Physical or
mental disability
Frequency of Identity-Based Discrimination
non-STEM majors STEM majors
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
non-STEM majors STEM majors
Frequency of racial microaggressions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
In the situation Problem focused
coping*
Seeking social
support
Feelings of efficacy to use strategies
non-STEM majors STEM majors
College
Satisfaction
Belonging Competence Happines
s
Depressive
Symptoms
Stress Self-
Esteem
Non-STEM -.228 -.254 -.183 (ns) -.327 .476 .419 -.236
STEM -.174 -.181 -.014 (ns) -.193 .343 .138 (ns) -.071
Correlations between racial microaggressions and outcomes
App Access194 participants have accessed the app 2,481 times (on average 13 times per person),
ranging from 1 to 333 times.
Median time between access is about 8 hours.
Reports from November 2015 to January 2016336 Total
Targeted identity (self-report):
30% Race
13% Gender
13% Culture
6% Sexual orientation
How much it bothered them (0-100 scale): Mean = 53.87, SD = 31.90
What are the next steps?Logistical challenges
• Finding and incentivizing participants willing to complete an 8-month study
• Most participants are invested in understanding and addressing microaggressions
• Easiest to recruit psychology students
Expanding the research
• Specific samples: race/ethnicity, LGBTQIAP, first generation students, undocumented
students
• Exploring effects on: academic performance (official GPA), depressive symptoms,
feelings of belonging
• New measures: motivation, academic skills, involvement in student organizations
Changes to the app
• Broader access
• Interactivity (comments, etc.)
Involvement in the community
• Working with campus units and organizations to teach about and address
microaggressions
• Involvement with the public
• Research on public, non-academic spaces (malls, libraries, public transportation, etc.)
Examples (from pilot study)
A woman asked only White and Asian men for help with her programming homework and
avoided women and African Americans.
“I was walking by the dorms in Cowell and heard someone shout NIGGA”
“My friend asked if I was drinking for ‘Cinco de Drinko’”
“My friend asked me to wrap her burrito because it’s something I should be good at”
“I told a male identified friend that I am taking a class called ‘Women’s Lives’. He jokingly
said, ‘So are you going to learn how to make a sandwich or what’?”
Reports as of Jan 25