Exotics lecture - Vernaleken
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Transcript of Exotics lecture - Vernaleken
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Exotics – Husbandry and Medical Care
March, 2013
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Exotics
• Overview of common species Natural habitat/diet Anatomy/physiology
• Husbandry and nursing care Captive housing Diet requirements Handling Medical procedures (catheters, blood draws)
• Common medical conditions
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Species we see at BVH
Yes
• Rabbits
• Ferrets
• Rodents
• Hedgehogs
• Chinchillas
• Reptiles
No
• Wildlife (other than for euth)
• Species illegal in MA
• Birds
http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/keeping_wildlife.htm
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Predator vs. prey
Predator (carnivore)
• Teeth designed for puncture and shearing
• GI adapted for meat
• Eyes relatively forward-facing (best depth perception)
• Bursts of high speed locomotion
• Defense/attack: teeth, claws (biting, scratching)
Prey (herbivore)
• Teeth designed for grinding
• GI adapted for vegetation
• Eyes relatively side-facing (greatest peripheral vision)
• Quick acceleration and endurance
• Defense: running, kicking
• Much sicker when presented
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For all species…
• In-house lab equipment can be used
• No more than 1% of body weight (kg) should be collected 2 lb animal = 9ml 100 g hamster = 1.0 ml
• Chemical restraint may be required for diagnostics
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Ferrets
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Ferrets
• Single breed kept in captivity
• Color variations
• “Stinky Thief”
• Large number of sebaceous glands in skin emit musky odor
• Domesticated >2000 years ago
• Originally rabbit hunting and rodent control
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Ferret breeding
• Single large breeding facility in U.S.
• Marshall Farms
• Performs EARLY spay/neuter
• Performs “descenting” (anal sacculectomy)
• Ferret breeders exist
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Ferrets
• Females = Jills
• Males = Hobs
• Offspring = Kits
• Group of ferrets = Business
• Puberty onset 6 months
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Ferrets – how do we live?
• Lifespan – 5-8 years
• Play 25% of day
• Sleep 75% of day
• Most active dawn and dusk
• Territorial
• Burrow
• Prefer to sleep in an enclosed area
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Ferrets – life in captivity
• Cage – Multi-story, used for safety
• Caging is similar to crate-training puppies
• Require large amounts of time out of cage 3-4 hours per day of playtime Best with other ferrets
• Can be litterbox-trained
Implications for hospitalization: provide litterboxes, environmental enrichment
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Ferrets – what do we eat?
• Obligate carnivores (more than cats)
• Very short GI tract
• Rapid GI transit time (3-4 hours) Easy to digest Highly nutritious (high protein and fat) Constantly available
Hospitalization: Feed Oxbow “Carnivore care”, chicken baby food or watered down a/d
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Ferret treats
No• Dried fruits and vegetables
• Sugary cereals
• Dairy products
• Candy
• Cookies
• Pedialyte
• Ensure
• Honey
• Coffe/tea
• Alcohol
• Seeds/nuts
• Salty foods
Yes• Unseasoned lean meats
• Eggs (cooked)
• Jerky (homemade)
• Insects
• Prey animals (rats, mice, chicks
• Chicken/turkey baby food
• Ferrettone
• Dental care treats
• Cheerios (rarely)
• Banana (rarely)
• Nutri-Cal (rarely)
• Fresh fruit (berries, melons)
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Ferret Grooming
• Nail trimming
• Ear cleaning
• Toothbrushing
• Bathing (not more than monthly)
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Ferret illnesses
• Gastrointestinal disease Diarrhea Vomiting (infectious, foreign body)
• Endocrine disease Insulinoma Hyperadrenocorticism (sex hormones) Urethral obstruction (secondary to HAC)
• Cancer Insulinoma Lymphoma Adrenal
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And also…
• Getting into trouble!
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Ferret Restraint
• Work with them rather than against
• Nipping usually out of curiosity
• Ferretone or Furotone to lick
• Scruff and suspend over exam table
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Ferret routine care
• Vaccines High risk of vaccine reactions Rabies Distemper
• Heartworm preventative
• Flea/tick preventative
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Ferret venipuncture
• Cephalic or lateral saphenous 25 g needle, 1ml syringe, <1ml required
• Jugular vein
• Anterior vena cava
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Ferret radiology
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Hospitalization concerns
• IV catheters – 25 g catheter Cephalic Medial saphenous
• Escape-proof cages
• Provide a litterbox
• Continuously available food +/- force feeding
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Ferret zoonoses
• Influenza (human)
• Rabies
• Ringworm (dermatophytosis)
• Scabies
• Giardia
• Cryptosporidium
• (Salmonella, listeriosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis)
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Ferrets – a livestyle choice
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Rabbits
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Rabbits
• 47 - 60 distinct breeds, >500 varieties
• Lagomorphs (not rodents)
• Domestic rabbits originate from Europe
• Distinct from wild rabbits or hares
• No feral rabbit population
• Originally bred for fur or meat
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Rabbits
• Females = Does
• Males = Bucks
• Neonates = Kits
• Puberty onset 4.5 months of age
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Rabbits – how do we live?
• Burrowing animals
• Prey
• Varied habitats – fields, farms, woodlands, deserts, swamps, and forests
• Lifespan – in captivity 9-10 years, rarely up to 18 years; in the wild 7.6 years
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Rabbits – living in captivity
• Active livestyle
• Large indoor cage
• Smooth bottom (no wires)
• Daily exercise is essential
Implications for hospitalization: Largest cage possible, provide regular exercise out of the cage (in exam room or other closed space)
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Rabbits – what do we eat?
• Foraging species
• Similar to horses
• Grasses, leaves, flowers
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Rabbits – eating in captivity
• Free choice grass hay (timothy)
• Free choice green leafy vegetables
• Minimal pellets (1/8 – ¼ cup daily max)
• Minimal “treat” foods (carrots, fruit, yogurt snacks)
Implications for hospitalization: Owners need to bring green leafies or we need to send someone out for them.
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Rabbits - senses
• 190 degree field of view
• “Blind spot” below their nose
• Good night vision
• Some color vision
Implications for hospitalization: quiet area, minimize exposure to predators, don’t grab them in their blind spot
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Rabbits - illnesses
• Gastrointestinal disease (not eating, abdominal pain, dehydration)
• Dental disease
• Vestibular disease
• Parasitic skin disease
Often treated as outpatients, sometimes require hospitalization.
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Rabbit restraint
• Gentle
• Clean surfaces and hands (no predator scents)
• Don’t reach under chin without warning
• Quiet
• Don’t scruff (at risk of breaking backs)
• Always support hind end
• Don’t grab by ears
• Bunny burrito
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Rabbit venipuncture
• Maximum blood draw: 1% of body weight 2 pound rabbit = 9 ml
• Lateral Saphenous
• Jugular
• Auricular (ear) not preferred site, but an option for very large-eared rabbits
• Cephalic (try to reserve for IV catheters)
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Rabbit radiographs
• As for a cat “Whole rabbit” Thorax Abdomen Skull
• May require sedation or anesthesia Reduce stress Skull
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Hospitalization concerns
• Keep ‘em warm
• Frequent force feeding (every 4-6 hours, Oxbow Critical Care)
• Exercise them
• Minimize stress wherever possible
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Rabbits – Injection sites
• Lumbar muscles
• Proximal hindlimb (quads)
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Intraosseous catheters
• Trochanteric fossa of the femur
• Proximal tibia
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Rabbits – anesthetic concerns• No fasting is necessary (can’t vomit)
• Endotracheal intubation is blind
• Intubation is preferred over mask
• Should be monitored the same as any other species
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Rabbits - tips
• Try not to clip fur from the base of the feet or hocks
• Avoid touching rabbit “blind spot” (rostral muzzle)
• Venipuncture of ears ONLY in large-eared rabbits
• Support hind end during restraint
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Rabbit zoonoses
• Not commonly associated with rabbits
• Rabies
• External parasites/fungal disease (Cheyletiella, ringworm)
• Pasteurella
• Salmonella
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Plague (Yersinia pestis)
• Tularemia
• Bacterial infections from bite wounds
• Encephalitozooan cuniculi
• Mycoplasma
• Allergies
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Rabbit zoonoses
• Wash any wounds thoroughly
• Do not ingest rabbit feces
• Wash hands after handling
• Wear gloves when handling rabbits with skin disease
• Resist eating rabbit feces
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Rodents
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Rodent species
• Guinea pigs
• Chinchillas
• Hamsters
• Gerbils
• Rats
• Mice
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Guinea pigs
• Herbivores
• Docile
• Native to South America
• Domesticated for food
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Guinea pigs - diet
• High quality grass hay (free choice)
• Fresh vegetables
• Formulated pelleted food (Oxbow)
• Vitamin C – Red pepper Parsley Kale Water supplementation not ideal
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Guinea pigs - hospitalization• Fluids most often administered
subcutaneously
• Oxbow critical care feeding management
• Stress management
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Guinea pigs - tips
• Easily restrained
• Anesthesia Blood collection – cranial vena cava Appropriate oral examination
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Chinchillas
• Bred for fur
• Long-lived (up to 20 years)
• Herbivores
• Not tolerant of temperatures greater than 80 degrees Fahrenheit
• Naturally nocturnal
• Dust baths necessary for coat health 2-3x/week
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Chinchillas - diet
• High quality grass hay
• Chinchilla pellets (guinea pig or rabbit pellets not ideal)
• Dark leafy vegetables
• Fruits, grains <5% of animal’s diet
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Chinchillas - hospitalization
• Similar concerns as for guinea pigs
• IV Cath slightly easier ? (26g cephalic)
• Intraosseous catheters
• Minimize stress
• Appropriate diet
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Hamsters
• Golden (Syrian)
• Djungarian (Siberian)
• Narrow gene pool
• Variably aggressive
• Nocturnal
• Solitary (except for Siberian)
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Gerbils
• Mongolian
• Hot-desert-dwelling
• Social
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Mice and rats
• Many mouse owners also own snakes • Mice – small, can be aggressive
• Rats – good as pets, likely most intelligent of small exotic mammals
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Cage
• Soft bedding (no cedar)
• Exercise wheels (run up to 10k/night)
• Escape artists
• Produce large amounts of odiferous urine
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Diet
• Pelleted (not seed mix) formulated for the species
• Occasional high protein, low fat treats
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Restraint
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Blood collection and radiographs• Requires anesthesia
• Jugular, cranial vena cava, saphenous, cephalic, or tail vein (1% of body weight)
• Retroorbital venous plexus
• Intravenous access not practical
• Intraosseous catheter
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Hedgehogs (African Pygmy)
• Originate in central Africa
• Nocturnal
• Insectivores
• Poor vision
• “Anointing” behavior
• Solitary in nature
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Hedgehogs – husbandry
• Large cage size (2’ x 2’)
• Wheel
• Exercise necessary
• Can sometimes be litterbox-trained
• Pelleted hedgehog food recommended, with supplemental insects and fruits
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Hedgehogs – restraint/handling• Circular muscle (orbicularis) pulls together
like a drawstring
• When upset: vibrates and hisses
• Tips for unrolling: Dangle over a table Stroke the spines against the grain Scruff before rolled (good luck!) Subdued light, quiet
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Hedgehogs - Diagnostics
• All diagnostics will require anesthesia
• Cranial vena cava
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