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http://mmphotoshop.net

Archigrapherhttp://archigrapher.multiply.com

mm Thinker ([email protected])

March 2008Font: Arial (9 point), Win Researcher (14 point)PDF Format

[email protected]

www.existencemgz.wordpress.com

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Volume. 1, Issue. 1

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exist

ence

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pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m pdwful;zJGUwnf&m essay

uRefawmfESifhtcsdef - mm Thinker 7

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Or®wu - cdkifpdk;vif; 11

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Photoshop Tutorial (3D Text) - MMPhotoshop 36

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CONTENTS

CONTENTSrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum

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Deconstruction - bkef;jrifhOD; 52

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Deconstruction in Architecture - udkAdokum 53

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urÇmausmf vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm; - azmfaumif 48

bmaMumifh - *sLyDwm 51

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udkoifum\ Zefe0g&D ydkYpf bavmh*f tñTef; 55

English Section

Existence cartoon

International Cartoon - Johnny Hart 60

International Cartoon - Charles M. Schulz 61

Existence poem

Don't look at me like that - Mobius 62

Existence short story

Phase in Space - Paul O' Neill 63

Honey, I Love You - Han Thit Nyeim 64

The Man Who Married Himself - Charlie Fish 65

Existence knowledge

Fortune Telling - Maung Kyaa Nyo 67

Existence research

A Note on the Development of the

Burmese Language - U Pe Maung Tin 69

1

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ql;&Sae

Salary of Kisses

Dear Sweetheart,

I can’t send my salary this month, so I amsending 100 kisses.

You are my sweetheartYour husbandAllen.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

His wife replied back after some days toher husband:

Dearest sweetheart,

Thanks for your 100 kisses, I am sendingthe expenses details.1. The Milk man agreed on 2 kisses forone month’s milk.2. The electricity man only agreed after 7kisses.3. Your house owner is coming every dayand taking two or three kisses instead ofthe rent.4. Supermarket owner did not acceptkisses only, so I have given him someother items...........5. Other expenses 40 kisses

Please don’t worry for me, I have aremaining balance of 35 kisses and I hopeI can complete the month using thisbalance.

Shall I plan same way for next months,Please Advise !!!

Your Sweet Heart.

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http://www.ngoinmyanmar.org

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Photoshop Tutorial - 3D Text

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Composition awGeJYom tvkyfvkyfwJhtjyif Raster Image

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ta&mifjc,fyg/ ( Gradient Preset udkawmh Foreground to

Background eJY Liner Gradient yJa&G;xm;ygw,f) /

Tutorial by: MMPhotoshop

37


Deselect vkyfyg (Ctrl+D)/ 'gqdk&ifyHkrSmygwJhtwdkif;jrif&ygjyD/

'gu Layer wpfckxJ&Sdygao;w,f/

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wufvmygvdrfhr,f/ ESpfoufaomyrmPa&mufvQif OK

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10) tck 'kwd,ajrmuf Layer udk Select vkyfyg/

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þenf;tm;jzifhvSyaom 3D Text rsm;udk tvG,fwul

jyKvkyfEdkifygw,f/

'D oifcef;pmudk Photoshop tutorials rsm;tm; jrefrmvdk

avhvmEdkifaom MM Photoshop rS contribute vkyfygonf/

MMPhotoshophttp://mmphotoshop.net

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r&Sd 'DaeY ]7.7.07} [ vdkY xnfha&;xm;awmh bmvJ[

vdkY awG;rdoGm; w,f/ tJ'g bmvJjyefar; vdkufawmh

'grsdK;u wpfoufrS wpfcg vdkY ajymygw,f/

atmf 'gqdk&ifawmh *Pmef;awG wlwmudk

ajymwmyJ/ *Pef;wlwmrsm; txl;tqef;vkyf&w,f

ayghaemf/ (ckus tJ'DvdkrsdK; awG;rdoGm;wmaygh) ausmif;

wkef;uawmh *Pef;awGtay: udk,fvnf; &k;oGyfcJh

wmyJ/ armif;aewJh um;awG&JU eHygwfawG tajy;tvTm;

zwf? b,favmuf&ovJwGuf... ][m... bl...

uGJjyefo[} eJU/ aemufydkif; vkyfief;cGifxJa&muf?

tcsdefu ukefrSef;rodukef? *Pef;awGtay: &l;oGyfwm

vnf; arhoGm;w,f/ aemufqHk; &ufawG vawG

ESpfawGawmif wpfcgwpfav arhoGm;wJh txdygyJ/

aemufrSoli,fcsif;u 'D ]07.07.07} *Pef;

awG&JUaemufuG,frSm t"dyÜm,fawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f?

eifajymwm usefao;w,fqdkawmh xl;qef;jyefa&m/

Zlvdkif 7 &ufu bmrsm; xl;jcm;ygvdrfh/ bmawGudk rsm;

ajymif;vJapEdkifygvdrfh/ b,folawGudkrsm; atmifjrif

apcJhwmvJ/

aemufqHk; olu eifrodvJ aemufwpfa,muf

ar;Munfh[mvdkY pdwfaygufaygufeJY ajymawmh aemuf

wpfrsdK; pOf;pm;rdjyefa&m/

atmf... 'D&ufydkif;yJcl;rSmrsm; a&BuD;wJh udpö

ajymwmrsm;vm; rodbl;vdkY tawG;e,f csJUjyefa&m/

aemufrS tif;...yJcl; a&BuD;wm? vlawG 'ku©

a&mufwmawmh rSefygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'g qdkvdkwm

r[kwfavmufyg bl;/

aemufqHk; *sme,fwpfapmif zwfrSyJ

oabmayguf oGm;w,f/ udk,fhudkudk,f vnf;

tjypfwifrdw,f/ awmfawmf ydef;wJh igyg vm;/

'DvdkrsdK; ]07.07.07} xyfzdkYqdkwm ESpf

wpfaxmifMumrS wpfMudrfxyfEdkifwm qdkwmrsdK;? ckESpf

*Pef;u odyfjrifhjrwfw,f qkdygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm;rSm 'D

*Pef;udk odyf&l;oGyfw,f qdkygw,f/ tJ'DaeYrSm

vufxyfzkdYapmifhaewJh ZeD;armifESHawG wef;pDaeMu

wmyJ wJh/ rkefYyGJ [if;yGJawGawmif ckESpf*Pef;udkyJ

toHk;jyKw,f qdkw,f/ tar&duef EdkifiHwpf0ef;rSm

'D&ufrSm vufxyfMuwJh pHkwGJaygif; ckESpfaomif;ausmf

&Sdw,fwJh/ ('D&ufudk tjrwfxkwfwJh pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG

uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;

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46


enf;rSm r[kwfbl;/)

tJ'DawmhrS 'D*Pef;tay: vlawG&JU&l;oGyfrIudk

owdxm;cJhrdw,f/ b,favmuf &l;oGyfMuovJ

ajym&r,f qdk&if ]urÇmh acwfopf tHhcsD;zG,f&m ckESpfck

a&G;cs,fwJh? aMunmwJhaeYudk Zlvdkif (7) &ufaeYrSm

usif;ycJhwmudk pOf;pm;Munfh&if &l;oGyfrIu aMumuf

cref;vdvdyJaygh/ atmifbmavxDzGifhr,fh &ufyg wcsdKU

EdkifiHawGu owfrSwfxm;jyefw,f/

pmapmifawGxJu tqdkawGt& ckESpf

*Pef;[m arSmfqefNyD; tav;teufxm;wJh oabm

aqmifw,f qdkw,f/ olu &kyf0w¦KoauFw (4) eJY

pdwf0dnmOfoauFw (3) udk aygif;pyfxm; w,fvdkY

qdkw,f/

*Pmef;awGtay: tawmfBuD; &l;oGyfMuwJh

olawGu *Pef;awG[m vlawG&JUb0udk pdk;rdk;jc,fvS,f

w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ uRefawmfhudkvnf; ,Hkovm;vdkY

ar;&if ,Hkw,fvdkU ajz&rSmyJ/ ajym&&if uRefawmf

uawmh ckESpf *Pef; xufpm&if &Spf*Pef;eJY av;

*Pef;udk ydkBudKufw,f/ uRefawmfhckHeHygwf (4)

'grSr[kwf (8) *Pef;uswJhtcsdefrSm uHaumif;avh

&Sdw,f/ twef;rSmvJ pmaumif;aumif; &dk;vfeHygwf

aumif;aumif;eJU atmifw,f/ aemuf uRefawmfwdkU

uGefysLwm ausmif;rSmvnf; qGJaqmifrI&SdwJh ausmif;ol

wpfa,mufudk ]Group -8} vdkY ac:cJhzl;w,f/ olUckHygwfu

aygif;vdkuf&if &Spf*Pef; tNrJ&aew,f qdkawmhav/

olu ql;vSnf;BuD;vdkyJ tm;vHk;odrf;BuHK; qGJac:oGm;Ekdif

vdkU &Spf*Pef;a&SUrSm tkyfpk ]Group} xnfhvdkuf&w,f/

'DvdkrsdK; ausmif;u uRefawmfwdkUwawG tawmfhudk

&k;oGyfcJhMuw,f/ tJ'Dwpfcgawmh uRefawmfwdkY tzGJU

vdkuf vludka&m *Pef;udka&m &l;oGyfwmaygh/

uRefawmfwdkYwifyJ &l;ovm; qdkawmh r[kwf

jyefbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY tdrfeD;em;csif;awGvnf; olYenf;

olU[efeJU &l;Muwmyg/ [dkwpfavmu uG,fvGef tedpö

a&mufoGm;wJh rif;om;wpfa,muf&JU toufjzpfwJh

(42) udk olwdkUtac: yg0gwifNyD; ESpfvHk;xdk;wm ayguf

Muw,fqdkyJ/ ]4 yg0g 9} pojzifh wGufMuwmayghav/

'DvdkrsdK; 'DvdkrsdK; *Pef;awGtay:u uRefawmf

wdkU jzwfavQmufvmcJhw,f/ toufawGvnf; waeY

wjcm; BuD;vmw,f/ ouú&mZfawGrsm; NzdKvdkYr&

atmifudk *Pef;awGu wpfvHk;NyD;wpfvHk; wdkufpm;vmcJh

w,f/ uRefawmfwdkUu *Pef;awG tay: trSwftom;

vkyfwmvm;/ *Pef;awGuyJ uRefawmfwdkYtay:

jc,fvS,faecJhovm;/ bmyJajymajym vlwdkif;rSm

&l;oGyfrI wpfckawmh tenf;qHk; &SdMuw,fvdkY uRefawmf

xifw,f/ tjypfwifp&mawmh r&Sdbl;avAsm/

vm&m

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ESpfwpfaxmifMumrS

wpfMudrfxyfEdkifwm qdkwmrsdK;?

ckESpf *Pef;u odyfjrifhjrwfw,f

[email protected]; ay;ydkYEdkifygonf

pdw

ful;zJGUw

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say

47


yn

m&yfzJGUw

nf&m ph

iloso

phy

rmEdkifiHrSm armf'ef0g' (Modernism)? ydkYpfarmf'ef0g'

(Post-modernism)? Constructionism,Deconstructionism, Structuralism,

Poststructuralism pwmawGudk pmay? uAsm oabmw&m; eJY

a0zefa&;oHk;avmufyJ abmifusOf;usOf; rSwfxifaeMuygw,f/

bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh 'D0g'awGudk pwifrdwfqufcJhpolrsm;u

pmayabmifxJu pwifcJhwmrdkYyg/

'DvdkabmifusOf;usOf;rSwfxifjcif;[m rvdkvm;tyfwJh pGyfpGJ?

tjypfwifrIrsKd;awG ay:aygufapygw,f/ Oyrm taemufudk

yHkwlul;csw,f? 'gawGul;csNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk acwfrDw,f xifaew,f

pojzifh/ 'Dvdk tpysKd;yHk rvSwmaMumifh wcsKdUtjrifus,fwJh

yk*¾dKvfrsm;uawmif 'D0g'awG[m todÚmPfudk ydwfqdkYapwJh

rdIif;awGvdkY txif&SdrsKd; awGU&ygw,f/

wu,fawmh 'D0g'awG[m olYe,fy,f? olYtoHk;csrIeJYol

todÓPfudk yGifhapwJh? toHk;0ifwJh 0g'awGjzpfygw,f/

pmayoabmw&m;eJY a0zefa&;rSm 'D0g'awGudk tapmydkif;rSm

q&maZmfaZmfatmif? aemufydkif;rSmqdk&if rif;cuf&J polwdkYu

jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;jref rm ESif h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;

pwifzGif hqdk rdwfqufcJhygw,f/ 'D0g'awGxJu wcsKdUudk

q&marmifpl;prf;? q&mausmf0if;wdkYu EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fawGrSm

pwifvrf;aMumif; rdwfqufcJhygw,f/

'D0g'awG jzpfwnfp umvwkef;u olUe,fy,feJYol

qdkwmawmh arhxm;vdkY r&ygbl;/ aemufydkif; toHk;csrItay:rlwnfjyD;

e,fy,f us,fvGifhoGm;wmjzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIodyÜH

(Social Science)? zGHjzdK;a&;? abm*aA'? EdkifiHa&;abm*aA'

(Political Economy)? EdkifiHa&;a*[aA' (Political Ecology)pwJ h ynm&yfawGud k E d ki fi HwumpHcs de fe J Y oifawmh ?

avhvmawmhr,fqdk&if 'D0g'abmifawGxJu ajy;rvGwfygbl;/

Poststructuralism [m zGHjzdK;a&;pDrHudef;awG? NGO awG&Jh

pDrHcefYcGJyHkawGudk a0zefqef;ppf&mrSm ajymifajrmufvSwmudk awGY&ygr,f/

xdkYtwl Constructionism [m vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JUp&kduf oauFw?

usm;r uGJjym;rI (Gender) pwmawGudk avhvm&mrSm toHk;0ifwm

awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/ rsufpdudkzGifhxm;Mu&Hkwifrubl;? jrifEdkifoavmuf

rsufpdwqHk;MunfhMuzdkYyg/

oifum

oifumoifumoifumoifumoifum

jrefjrefjrefjrefjref

48


okw

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owle

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urÇmausmf

vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;

azmfaumif

onf awG;ac:pOf;pm;wwfjcif;

jzifh tjcm;aom owå0grsm;xuf

xufjrufavonf/ xdkodkYtm;jzifh

vlay: vlaZmf vkyfvdkaom vlrsm;udk vSnfhywf

EdkifzdkY&efu wu,fawmh rvG,f/ odkYaomfvnf;

acwftqufquf rsufvSnfhynmonfrsm;

onf olwdkY wwftyfaomynm (wenf;)

tEkynmjzifh vlxkudk azsmfajzí wzHk? vSnfhpm;í

wenf; toufarG;cJhMuonf/ uRefawmfonf

rsufvSnfhynmudk jrwfEdk;onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf;

i,fpOfuwnf;u tcktcsdeftxd rsufvSnfhyJG

jrifvQif raeEdkifrxdkifEdkif 0ifMunfhrdaeqJ

jzpfonf/ rsufvSnfhq&mrsm;ESif hvnf;

oli,fcsif; jzpfcJhzl;onf/ tcifqHk;rsufvSnfh

q&muawmh MuHK&ifMuHKovdk xl;xl;qef;qef;

awG vkyfjywwfwJh [efopfNidrfjzpfonf/ olu

uRefawmfhudk olpkaqmif;xm;wJh rsufvSnfh

pmtkyfawGudk ay;iSm;zwfw,f/ 'Dvdk iSm;wJhtcg

olYpmtkyfawGxJu wpftkyf&JU a&SUqHk;pmrsufESm

udk twif;vSefNyD; zwfcdkif;w,f/ tJ'DrSm

a&;xm;wmu “Never tell anyone, how your

tricks are done” wJ h/ ]]bmvJ? rif;u

pmtkyfriSm;csif vd k Yvm;}} vd k Yar;awmh

]]r[kwfygbl;uGm? rif; rsufvSnfhyJGrsm;awGUrd&if

azmfaumifrvkyfrdzdk YajymwmyguGm}} wJh/

olYudkawmh &,fusJusJeJYyJ wkefYjyefcJhw,f/

jrefrmvdk ]rsufvSnfh} vdkYt"dyÜm,f

&wmud k t*Fvdyfvd kawmh trs d K ;rs d K ;

oHk;EIef;ygw,f/ Magic vdkYjcHKNyD;ac:Edkifw,f/

rsufvSnfh q&mudkawmh Magician vdkYac:w,f/

'gayr,fh tJ'D Magic qdkwJhpum;vHk;[m

arSmfqdkNyD;oHk;EIef;wwfwmeJY a&mEdkifvdkY wcsdKUu

Conjuring vdkYac:w,f/ tJ'DtcgrSmawmh

rsufvSnfhq&mudk Conjuror vdkYoHk;ygw,f/

'gayr,fh emrnfausmf a';Apfaumfyg;zD;vf

(David Copperfield) &J YvSnfhuGufawG[m

tjrifudk t"duvSnfhpm;wmaMumifh Illusion

vdk Yac:Muw,f/ ol Yud kawmh Illusionist

vdk Yac:w,f/ 'Daqmif;yg; rSmawmh

vSnf hpm;jcif;awGeJ Y toufarG;aewJ h

urÇmausmfawG&JU vQdKU0SufcsufwcsdKUudk

&Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;rSmyg/ t"du&nf&G,f&if;

uawmh olwdkYbmaMumifhtJvdkrsdK; qpfqpfaygufaygufawG awG;rdovJ

qdkwmudk pOf;pm;rdapzdkY&,f rsufvSnfhq&mawGqdkwm vlxJuvlawG

omjzpfNyD; omrefxuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awG;wwfolrsm;jzpfMuw,f

qdkwmudk owdjyKaprdzdkYjzpfygw,f/

avay:<uwufMuolrsm;

a';Apf bvdef; (David Blaine) vdkYqdkvdkuf&if rsufvSnfh

0goemtdk;awGuawmh odMurSmyg/ ol[m tar&duefwvTm;

c&D;vSnfhvnfcJhNyD; vrf;ay:u azsmfajzrIrsm; (Street Magic) qdkwJh

wDADtpDtpOfeJY emrnfausmf vlBudKufrsm;jcif;udk cHcJ h&olyg/

tJ'DtpDtpOfawGxJrSm wDADMunfhy&dowfawGudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;

qJGaqmifoGm;cJhwmu (Self-Levitation) qdkwJh avay:udk <uysH

wufjyjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ bvdef;[m rnfonfhtultnDrSrygbJ?

vrf;ay:u y&dowfawGudk rsufpda&SUwifrSmyJ 5vufravmuftxd

avay:udkysH<uwufjyoGm;ygw,f/

'Dvdkavay:ysHwufwJhenf;udk rsufvSnfhavmurSmawmh

(Balducci Levitation) vdkYac:ygw,f/ 'Denf;udk pwifjyocJhwJh Balducci

uawmh olawGU&SdcJhwJhenf;r[kwfbl;? olYrdwfaqG Erwin Levine

jyocJhwJhenf;ygvdkYqdkw,f/ Levine uawmh b,folpawGYcJhw,fqdkwm

vlvlvlvlvl

49


olvnf; rodygbl;vd k YajymcJ hw,f/ rnfod k Yyifqd kapawmh

vQd KU0Sufcsufud kom od&S dxm;w,fqdk&if 'DvSnh fpm;csufud k

b,fae&mb,ftcsdefrSmrqdk rnfonfhtultnD wefqmyvmrS

rvdkbJ jyovdkY&ygw,f/ (yHk-1) u y&dowfjrif&wJh &Iaxmifh

taetxm;jzpfygw,f/

'Dae&mrSm wpfckowdxm;zdkYu 'Denf;[m Angle Sensitive

tricks vdk Yqdk&r,fh uefYowfxm;wJh ae&muom y&dowfudk

Munfh&IapEdkifwJhenf;jzpfygw,f/ (Bad Angle) vdkYac:wJh rjyooifhwJh

ae&mrSmom y&dowf &SdaecJh&if 'Denf;tvdrfay:zdkYaocsmygw,f/

'Denf;udktxyfxyfavhusifhxm;wJh bvdef;[m vrf;ay:rSmyJ

y&dowfawGudk vSnfhpm;oGm;EdkifcJhygw,f/

(yHk-1)u vSnfhpm;rItwGuf pwifae&m,lwJh taetxm;

jzpfygw,f/ y&dowfawGeJ Y 8ay (od k Y) 10aycef YuaeNyD;

taemufbufudk 45} cyfapmif;apmif; jzpfatmifudk,fudk

vSnfhxm;ygw,f/ cPavmuf qdkif;NyD;wmeJY

rsufvSnfhjyol[m wjznf;jznf;csif; avay:udk

<uwuf vmygw,f/ (yHk-2) udkMunfhyg/

ajrBuD;ud k jyefrxdcifr Sm 3vufreJ Y

5vufravmuf taetxm;txd

ajrmufwufaecJ hygw,f/ wu,fyg?

oyfoyf&yf&yfeJY rSefrSefuefuefom jyoEdkif&if

'Denf;[m wu,fhudk tHhMobeef; jzpfapr,fh

vSnfhpm;csufwpfckyg/

oifaum avay:<uwufMunfhrvm;

'DvSnfhpm;csuf[m wu,fwrf;

qdk&ifawmh avay:ysHwmr[kwfygbl;/

rsufvSnfhq&m[m avay:<uwufoGm;ovdk

[efaqmifwJhtcsdefrSm y&dowfeJYa0;wJh

aemufajcwpfbufu ajczsm;axmufNyD;

tomav; yifhoGm;wmjzpfygw,f/ ,Hkcsif,Hk

r,Hkcsifaeyg/ wu,fhudk tHhrcef;ygyJ/

vrf;ay:u tenf;i,frQaom y&dowf

awG[m bvdef; cd k ; Ny D;axmufxm;wJ h

ajczsm;aemufwpfzufudk jrifcGifhr&cJhygbl;/

bmaMumif hvJqd k&ifawmh atmufyg

tcsufoHk;csufaMumifhyJjzpfygw,f/

- rsufvSnfhq&m 0wfqifxm;wJh

abmif;bDp&,f

- a&G;jc,fxm;wJh &Iaxmifh&,f?

- 0wfqifxm;wJh &I;zdeyf&,f ('gudk

toHk;jyKNyD; ajczsm;axmufxm;wJh ajc

wpfzufudk y&dowf rjrifatmif zkH;uG,f

xm;Edkifygw,f)

(yHk-3) [m jyoaepOfrSm&Sdr,fh

(Balducci Levitation) udk tjcm;jrifuGif;rS

jrif&yH k jzpfygw,f/ b,fbufuyH k[m

vSnfhpm;csuf rpcifjzpfNyD; nmbufyHkuawmh

vSnfhpm;csuf&JU txGwftxdyfvdkYqdk&r,fh

ae&mjzpfygw,f/

'DvSnf hpm;rIe J Y ywfoufNy D;

wpfckowday;vdkwmuawmh y&dowfawGqDudkk

wef;ceJoGm;NyD; ]'DrSm? cifAsm;wdkY uRefawmf

avay:ysHwufwmudk Munfhcsifovm;}

vdkYb,fawmhrSrar;vdkufygeJY/ yxrOD;qHk;

okw

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nf&m kn

owle

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50


tjcm;aom tvG,fwul&EdkifwJh zJcsyfwdkY? ta<uaphwdkYeJY

y&dowfudk t&ifqHk;zrf;pm;xm;oifhygw,f/ wu,fvdkY

olwdkYawGu oifhvSnfhpm;csufawGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;bl;?

'grSr[kwf oifhudk taESmuft,Sufay;aer,f qdk&ifawmh

'Denf;udk rjyowm taumif;qHk;jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ (Balducci

Levitation) udk xdkufwefwJh wav;wpm; tm;ay;cHpm;EdkifwJh

y&dowfudk jyowm[m toifhawmfqHk;jzpfygw,f/

]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk

vSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"duvSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"du

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http://mbl0gger.iblogger.org/?p=261Blogger Free Gathering and MBS’s Future Plan/yifh*dk;vf

http://www.cuttiepinkgold.info/2008/01/blogger-free-gathering-and-mbss-future.html

AsKwfpAsif;awmif; wuúepf&Sifrsm;/CMMhttp://cmmaung.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post.htmlWordpress Database Backup/pyfrdpyf&m

http://smsy.iblogger.org/?p=116

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EdkifiHa&;

'Drdkua&pDESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;^baumif;(rEÅav;)

http://bakaung.blogspot.com/2008/01/democracy.html

vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ârmif&if

http://maungyin.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_17.html

vlxkwdkufyGJ rdk;xufae^cGyfa'gif;wdkY\ bHk,Hom

http://pofpeacocks.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_2188.html

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http://ruby-land.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_10.html

rdef;uav;rsm;wwftyfwJh ynmrsm;^cGefjrvSdKif

http://khunmyahlaing.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_3487.html

bmrif[rfaxmifrSay;pm^rmwifvlomuif;â&T*srf;\ ajymyg&ap&Sifbavmh*fh

http://shwegyan.blogspot.com/

pum;BuD; q,frsdK;^jynfhpHkav;

http://pyaesonelay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_26.html

pdwfusa&m*gESifh tcsufjya&m*gvu©Pmrsm;/Danialog- Philophosnion Blog

http://philopinion-danialog.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_8551.html

pdwfusa&m*gwu,fjzpfaeNyDvm;¿/ Danialog- Philophosnion Blog

http://philopinion-danialog.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_7364.html

jrefrmtp^yDau

http://pikay.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post.html

jrefrmhMuufajceD zcifMuD;â'gufwmrsdK;oefYwif- yDaubavmh*f

http://pikay.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_05.html

tdyfpufjcif;ESifh ywfoufí^0uFyg

http://winkabar.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post.html

tawGUtMuHK

tifwmAl;jcif;ôZifPD

http://thazinni.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_6932.html

oHk;em;nD cHpm;csuf ausmfxuf

http://kyawhtet.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post.html

usaemfodorQ (4)^vif;OD;

http://linoo2007-arsenalclub.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_14.html

ESpfopf&moDÊdkifEdkif;pae

http://nineninesanay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_27.html

jrefrmjynfrSmuG,f yDtdyfcsf'Dursm;âuoG,f

http://kthwe.blogspot.com/2008/01/phd-myarmar.html

uREkfyfMunfhcJhaom &rfbdk (Zmwfvrf;tusOf;r[kwf)^bdk;awmfMuD;

http://www.boesein.com/2008/01/rambo.html

Contributed by: http://mmthinker.iblogger.org/

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urmÇUawmifbufjcrf;onf rzGHYjzdK;ao;aoma'ojzpfonf[k rdefYcGef;xJwGifxnfhoGif;í yxrqHk;tMudrftjzpf tar&duefor®w

Harry S. Truman uaMunmvdkufaom 1949 ZGefv 20 &ufaeYudk zGHYjzdK;a&;udk pwiftm&Hkusaomacwf (The Age ofDevelopment) pwifonfaeY[k ,lqvdkygonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)

uREkfyfwdkY wpfESpfpm oHk;pGJvdkufaom o,HZmwrsm;onf urmÇMuD;tzdkY ESpfwpfoef;pmrQ pkaqmif;xm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ (TheDev; Dic;)

pufrIxGef;um;a&; erlemyHkpHtwdkif; EdkifiHtm;vHk; ]atmifjrifpGm} csDwufEdkifa&;twGufqdkvQif o,HZmw owÅKwGif;ESifh

pGefYypfypönf;rsm;pGefY&ef aemufxyf urmÇ ig;ck (odkY) ajcmufckrQvdktyfygvdrfhrnf/ (The Dev; Dic;)

tESpfav;q,fumv (1950-1990) twGif; zGHjzdK;a&; (Development) [laomudpöonf EdkifiHa&;pepfrsm; tm;jydKif&mü

vufeufozG,fjzpfcJhonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)

,cktcg zGHjzdK;a&;[laomudpöonf wdusaom yHkoP²efvnf;r&Sd (Shapeless)? azsmufzsufívnf;rvG,f (Ineradi-cable) aom trD;bm;ESifhwlonfh (Amoeba-Like) t,ltqozG,fjzpfvmonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)

zGHjzdK;a&;[lonf þtcgor,rSpí *rÇD&arSmfpum;vHk;jzpfvmjyD;vQif uREfkyfwdkYü ywfvnf0dkif;aeaom ya[Vdaygif;rsm;pGmudk

ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrnfh (odkY) t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh ,if;ya[Vdrsm;udk tajz&Sma&; vrf;jyay;Edkifrnfht&m jzpfayawmhonf/

(Haeckel/The Dev; Dic;)

zGHYjzdK;qJEdkifiHa'o (Development Country or Region) - pD;yGm;a&;wGif ajrmuftar&du? taemufOa&myponfh

EdkifiHwdkY\tqifhudk ra&mufao;aomEdkifiH? a'o/ zGHYjzdK;rIaemufaumufusaeaom (Underdeveloped) [lonfhpum;vHk;tpm;

oG,f0dkufí oHk;aompum;/ (development yk'ftzGifh? Petit Robert Dictionary-1987)

1960 wGif urmÇYajrmufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;onf urmÇYawmifjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;xuf tq 20 csrf;omonf/ 1980 wGifrl 46 q txd

csrf;omvmonf/

Notes of Develpment and Sustainable Development - 1bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;bkef;jrifhOD;

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English Section

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Johnny Hart

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International Cartoon

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International CartoonCharles M.Schulz

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Please….Don’t look at me like that!Does my face look so sad;Or does it look so bad?

But please….Don’t look at me like that!All of your eyes say I am bad.Bad guy with good luck!

Anyway, please….Don’t look at me like that!Life is not that stuffed with dirtIf you try to look it from another part.

Again, pleaseDon’t look at me like that!Life is not so tight with the sadIf you understand the way it passes.

So, pleaseDon’t look at me like that!We are not like friendsThat just met in a short moment

Please, please, please….Don’t look at me like that!All of us have the same chance;You try your best and I try my best.In our lives, Good or bad,We each other should trust.

Mobius(14 Feb 2007)

Don't look at me like that!Han Thit Nyeim

zGJYwnf&m (Existence) e-Magazine wGif aMumfjimrsm; xnfhoGif;vdkvQif aMumfjimrsm;onf…

(1) tcrJh jzpfonf/

(2) y&[dw vkyfief;? vlrla&;vkyfief; toif;tzGJYrsm;\ aMumfjim (odkYr[kwf) aMunmcsufrsm;om

jzpf&rnf/

(3) pD;yGm;a&; aMumfjimrsm; vufrcHyg/

(4) ygwDEdkifiHa&; 0g'jzefYrIrsm; rjzpf&/

þvdyfpmodkY ar;vfjzifhay;ydkYEdkifygonf/ [email protected]

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hase was lost. There was no question about it. Atfirst, the jungle had seemed a nice enough place -full of interesting birds and animals, and lots of

smokeable looking plants growing all around. Now, four days later, the plants had all been too damp tolight, the birds kept him awake at night and Phase had yet toencounter an animal which did not try to attack him. Scratchthat. He had yet to encounter an animal which did not succeedin attacking him. Now he was lost in an uninhabited, alien jungle on a faraway planet in a completely parallel universe and thosedrums were driving him insane. The impossibility of drumming in an unihabited jungle hithim about the same time as the spear-butt from out of thebushes to his left. He awoke to find himself sat in a clearing surrounded byabout four dozen young women wearing the sort of fur bikinithat would have made Raquel Welch give up and go home. He very carefully didn’t pinch himself in case he wasdreaming. “Hello,” he said, still quite dazed from the attack. Several of the younger ones (aged around 18) took flightacross the clearing towards the mud huts that surrounded it.“My God!” he thought “They look almost as good from thatangle as they do from this” The eldest woman there (23ish) looked him up and down. “You are male?” She asked. “You can’t tell?” he replied, trying to keep the tremor out ofhis voice. “All our men were killed several years ago in a bizarreaccident involving a herd of Tortoise. Don’t ask. We havespent the last few years searching the jungle for more mento help with the whole ‘having children’ thing.” Phase quietly resolved never to pinch himself again for aslong as this lasted, just in case. “So, when do I start?” “Right away, if you like,” said the tall brunette to his left. Phase rubbed his hands with glee. “The children are over here.” Said a redhead. Phase was confused. “Children?” “Yes,” informed a blonde, “We have more than enoughmen for the first bit. This jungle was full of tribes whosemales were only too willing to volunteer. But we’re much toobusy having sex to raise the children ourselves, so any othermen are assigned the task of looking after them.” The first girl took his arm. “Don’t worry, the rest of your lifewill just fly by if you concentrate on changing nappies and nottrying to escape in any way.” She looked puzzled. “Why areyou pinching yourself like that?”

Paul O' Neill

Phase in SpacePaul O’Neill

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A young couple was chatting in a canteen.Suddenly, the young man opened his backpack andtook out two sachets of cookie. He handed one to hisgirl friend.

“Honey, I love you…” He uttered.‘’Really?” asked the girl.The man didn’t say anything and he took a bite

of his cookie. The girl did too and they stared at eachother for a while.

A few minutes later, he opened his backpackagain and this time he took out two cans of Coke. Hehanded one to her.

“Honey, I love you so much…” he whispered.Then they sat in silence and gazed over each

other’s shoulder.

Later the man took out two oranges from hisbackpack.

“You’ll join me, won’t you?” he murmured, “AndI love you so much for sharing your times with me. Youknow? Sometimes I sit here and look at the sky, eatfresh oranges…”

“No, I won’t!” the girl said.“Why? What’s wrong? You know that I love you

so much”“No! You are cheating,” the girl retorted “You

said that you love me too much but whatever you tookout of your bag, you shared only half to me, not all. NOTALL…!”

The young man looked at her for a long time.Then he said, “Honey…, you need to think about thissimple sentence: ‘I love you’. And it consists of threeparts: I, Love, and You…”

“Huh,” she sniggered.

Han Thit Nyeim

Honey,I

loveYou

http://www.mmopenlibrary.com/

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“No, I am not kidding honey. So as to become‘I love you’, there must be- I, love, and you…. Only twowords, love and you will not make a complete sentence‘I love you’… You understand?”

“Hinn…” she tittered.“So you should give ‘I’ a chance to survive.

Leave him alone and please don’t insist him to be apart of ‘You’, otherwise, it will become ‘You love you’…”

“Oh yeh,” she smiled.“Honey…,” he said, “I love you so much and

the moment that I love you is completely different fromthe moment that I love myself. Come, walk with me andyou will know that it is also different from the momentthat you love yourself…”

For those who love and being loved,Han Thit Nyeim(31 May 2007)

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‘Why not?’ With those two words, my good friend ReverendZatarga changed the course of my life. When he saidthem to me, he had just spent two hours on thetelephone with Bishop Fleming discussing varioussections of the Bible in excruciatingly fine detail. Hepointed out that Leviticus warns Christians not to marrytheir sister, aunt, mother, mother-in-law, daughter oreven their granddaughter (should they be tempted). Butnowhere in the good book is there a rule againstmarrying oneself. So when I told Reverend Zatarga thatwas exactly what I wanted to do, he eventually concededthose two fateful words: ‘Why not?’ Of course, the Bible also neglects to forbid anyonefrom marrying great-grandmothers, tables or pet fish. Iwouldn’t be surprised to learn that Bishop Flemingended up marrying his beloved French poodle as aresult of all this. Or his blanket - after all he’s beensleeping with it for years. Anyway, once I convinced thegood Reverend to let me marry the man of my dreams,I had to convince my mother and father. I’d have to saythat between an international religion, firmly establishedfor two millennia, and my own humble parents, myparents were far more difficult to persuade. My mother just wouldn’t take it seriously at first. OK,very few people took it seriously, but I needed her toknow I meant it. She kept asking me silly things like‘Why marry - you can just live with yourself?’ or ‘Whatwill you wear for the wedding?’ And sadly, it drove my father quite mad. Literally. Foryears after the wedding he spent days typing up articlesfor a wide variety of news journals, record books andspace administration newsletters claiming that he wasthe first person to have had sex in space. He seemedquite convinced, despite the fact that the closest he hadcome to space was the big button on his computerkeyboard. When asked who he had allegedly had sexwith, he would usually pause briefly for dramatic effect,turn his wild eyes towards you and yell shrilly: ‘Myself!’ I would have hoped that I could trust my best friendsto be sympathetic towards my cause, but I think it was

all a bit of a joke for them. They were often supportive,but after the wedding they just spent a lot of time makingfun of me. Some of the wedding presents I receivedfrom them were quite demeaning: pornographicmagazines, silk gloves, even a ceiling mirror. And I’mdisappointed in them for not stifling their mirth whenReverend Zatarga recited the marriage vows: ‘Will youkeep yourself as a husband, to live as one in marriage?Will you love and comfort yourself, obey and honouryourself in sickness and in health, and be faithful toyourself as long as you shall live?’ I swear one of myfriends wet himself laughing. I had a great honeymoon in Las Vegas, gamblingaway all my savings with nobody to nag me about howmuch money I was spending. I had a penthouse suitein the Luxor hotel for the night of consummation . . . I had many reasons for getting married when I did,apart from the tax benefits of course (trying to make thetax inspector understand that I was my own spousewas hell, though). Ever since I understood the conceptof wedlock, I longed for a partner that I could trust. Iwanted to have someone with me always, to whom Icould tell all my deepest, darkest secrets without havingthem laugh at me. Unfortunately, although gettinggirlfriends was usually not too big a problem for me, Itended to have excruciatingly bad taste. Then I realisedthat my perfect partner was closer to home than anyonecould have realised. Altogether, I think the marriage was a great successfor the most part. I rarely argued with my spouse; in factI found myself to be the best conversation holder around.The few times that I did argue, I always won. And the sexwas, well - it was whatever I made of it. There wassome media intrusion of course, lots of cheapjournalists trying to cash in on this unusual union. Ifound some of their articles amusing, and others quiteoffensive, especially the ones dubbing me the mostconceited and/or narcissistic man in the world. I don’tthink I’m such an egotist, I just happen to enjoy mycompany. I suppose it was a hormonal thing, a stage of life orsomething, that made me suddenly crave a child. The

The Man Who Married HimselfCharlie Fish

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cliche is that I realised I was mortal, and I thereforewanted to pass on my genes. So after many daysweighing up the pros and cons I decided to split upfrom my husband in order to find a wife. I had a chat withReverend Zatarga, and he informed me that I couldn’tjust file for a divorce on a moment’s notice. I had tohave legitimate justification. Curiously, wanting a babywasn’t on the list of good reasons to divorce. As the good Reverend explained, I could only divorceif I had been living apart from my spouse for at least ayear which would be difficult without major surgery or ifmy spouse had treated me cruelly or been imprisonedfor at least a year. I wasn’t particularly willing to beatmyself up a bit or lounge around in prison just so Icould divorce myself. That left one option: Adultery. I justhad to have sex with someone other than myself;normal, straight, human sex, and I could be free fromthe bonds of marriage. And so it was that I reluctantly removed my weddingring and started searching for a mate. My friends werecruel about it, saying that I was separating to stop myselffrom going blind. I think my mother was relieved when Itold her that my relationship with myself was coming toan end. My father just paused for dramatic effect, turnedhis wild eyes towards me and yelled shrilly: ‘Myself!’Maybe he really is on another world.

I expected it to take me quite a while to find someonewho was both willing to sleep with me and who hadn’tread the newspapers enough to know that I was alreadymarried, but I soon found a plain-faced Malaysian girlwho was relatively easy to seduce. The sex was, to behonest, rather disappointing. It seemed that she knewalmost nothing of what turns a man on, whereas by thatpoint I myself had become quite an expert. I suppose itwasn’t great for her either - I wasn’t practised inpleasuring members of the fairer sex. The divorce was easy after that. It seemed that thechurch was keen to split me apart, as if my marriagehad been a big mistake. I felt quite lonely for severalmonths after the break-up. At least the local psychiatrist(specialising in multiple personality disorders) stoppedsending me his damned business cards every week. It took me nearly a decade to find a good wife whodidn’t think she’d be marrying into a threesome. Most ofthat time was just waiting for the media to forget about‘The Man Who Married Himself’. Meanwhile, I wrote anautobiography with that very title. Included in the bookwas a detailed account of my marriage to myself,including the ups and downs of living with myself, howI dealt with everyone’s criticism of me and my husband,and some intimate details of my relationship. I think itwas these sections that made the book a real successwhen it was published some years later. People werejust curious to read about the implications of such anunusual marriage. I suppose it made people think. Theywould read my book and ask themselves: ‘Am I easy tolive with? If I had to live with me, could I do it?’ They allstopped searching for their Mister or Little Miss Rightfor just a moment to ask themselves if they would evermake a good spouse for anyone. I didn’t hear of any copycat self-marriages, whichprobably either means the media lost interest or thechurch is determined not to let it happen again. Anyway,that’s all behind me now. My wife and I have just movedinto a new home, big enough to accommodate our newchild when he is born. I am happy now. In fact, right nowI can’t wipe the smile off my face. You see, our next doorneighbours are Bishop Fleming and his lovely wife, theFrench poodle.

Charlie Fish

But nowhere in the

good book is there

a rule against

marrying oneself.

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ost people everywhere like to find out, if theycan, what future holds for them andMyanmars are no exception to this rule. No

wonder, various forms of fortune-telling such asastrology and palmistry flourish in this country.

Come to think of it, they’re popular in the Westtoo, aren’t they? I’ve heard that many Westernnewspapers and popular magazines carry astrologicalpredictions as a regular feature. I once read in a TimeMagazine article that there are about 60,000 astrologersand their ilk in Paris alone if I remember right. You musthave also heard or read about how then U.S. PresidentReagan and his wife Nancy consulted a lady astrologerbefore making important decisions, during their tenureat the White House.

Long ago, an American lady astrologer wassent up before a U.S. law-court for trickery or a similarcharge. She convinced the judge of the authenticity ofher profession by asking for his date of birth anddescribing his past life in impressive detail after makinga few quick calculations. Not surprisingly, he acquittedher of the charge ruling that astrology is a scientificmethod of prognostication. I’m sorry I can’t give you hername now as it has slipped my memory, but what Ihave told you is a fact and you can easily verify it bylooking up old copies of Time Magazine published two-three decades ago.

As a typical Oriental – meaning a spiritualperson – I feel that there is nothing to be ashamed ofbelieving in fortune-telling and the like since the worldhas seen many great seers like Nostradamus andCheiro, and numerous astounding astrological and

similar predictions have come true since timeimmemorial.

We can find instance of those feats ofprediction without any difficulty if we them with the openmind of scientific observers, for many authenticated,well-documented books and other records on suchmatters are available these days. You can easily findout whether the arts or sciences of fortune-telling suchas astrology and palmistry are hocus-pocus or not, byconsulting any reputable astrologer or palmist. You arelikely to learn that his or her description of your past andpredictions for your future are more accurate than cleverguesswork or chance allows.

You will see what I mean more clearly if you tryyour hand at making similar guesswork about the pastof a total stranger. The chances are that your descriptionof that person’s past will be off the mark.

To get a more accurate, you will need totest0consult not one but two or three astrologers orpalmists, for quacks and charlatans abound in any fieldof human activity especially fortune-telling. However,encounter with few con-artists does prove that aprofession is inoperative as bona fide masters ormistresses are invariably found sooner or later in anylong established profession.

Famous pagodas all over Myanmar are theplaces where you can see all manner of fortune-tellers,not all of them very famous or accurate in theirpredictions, I’m afraid. Naturally, precious stones cannotbe found in every mountain – as a Myanmar sayinggoes – but, if you are interested, you can find fairly good

Fortune-TellingMaung Kyaa Nyo

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fortune-tellers here without much difficulty with help ofyour embassy people or knowledgeable local friends.

Although many people seem to feel somewhatashamed to own up to their belief in such “unscientific”things as fortune-telling, there must be very few peopleindeed here who have not consulted astrologers andthe like at one time or another.

As a rule, most astrologers and their ilk plytheir trade at famous pagodas with the exception of thegreat Shwedagone. This time-honoured arrangementhas a sound reason behind it. A considerable numberof devotees who visit pagodas also consult astrologersor palmists thereby killing two birds with one stone. Itshouldn’t be too hard to guess at the purpose of thesetwin actions, which is to seek solace from life’s generalsuffering or from the tribulations of a passing problem.

Buddhists are firm believers of Karma, that isto say, they believe that they will have to suffer from orenjoy the consequences of their actions (Karma)immediately or later – in the next existence if not in thisone.

They believe that worshipping at a pagoda is agood deed as a result of which the troubles or misfortunefacing them will be mitigated. That is one way of securingrelief from woe: another is enlisting the services of anastrologer or a palmist. Incidentally, many of the fortune-tellers in Myanmar are – or claim to be – well versed inboth astrology and palmistry since the two disciplinescomplement each other in making predictions. Theastrologer-cum-palmist helps his clientele in two orthree ways.

First he emphasizes the bright prospects thefuture holds for his clientele although he also has tomention misfortune laying in Waite, to show that he canread the future all right.

Next, he prescribes certain cryptic rites to wardoff the misfortune that is due to befall the client and tobring in good luck. The most common of those rites ispouring water on a particular planetary post at a pagodato propitiate the guardian spirit of the planet underwhose evil influence the client has fallen. As a rule, asmany cups of water as the number of years the personconcerned has lived up to that point in his or her life arepoured.

The astrologer-cum-palmist also givespractical advice concerning the client’s affairs. I somecases, the fortune-teller also offers to procure – at aprice, of course – the clientele a charm or talisman thatwill do away with bad luck and bring in good luck. Evenif this act of solicitation is highly questionable or evenunethical, most clients willingly pay the required amountand go away feeling sure that things are going tochange for the better from then on.

I have a startling piece of information for youwhich is, there are virtually no psychiatrists in Myanmar!Even among the intelligentsia who normally cannot dowithout the service of a shrink, here, in this country, avisit to a psychiatrist is something unheard of unless,of course, one I raving mad!

The reason is not hard to find. Being firmbelievers in Karma, Myanmar Buddhists rarely blamethemselves when something goes wrong. Instead, theyblame bad luck, the result of their past Karma.

This attitude frees them from guilt complexwhich usually leads to mental problems. And then theyhave the fortune-tellers who serve as safety-valves fortheir worries and also as sources of hope. They alsobelieve that they could alleviate impending misfortuneby doing good deeds – performing good Karma –especially by visiting a pagoda.

Thus a visit to a pagoda never fails to bringpeace of mind and hope to a Buddhist. You shouldrealize by now that fortune-tellers serve a definitepurpose.

Maung Kyaa Nyo(from Presenting Myanmar)

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is a happy sign for the future of the Burmeselanguage that it is seriously grappling withthe task of shaping itself into an ade8uate

vehicle for the expression of modern Western ideas. Inthe course of their administration of the country, theEnglish have found it necessary to impart these ideasto the people through the medium of Burmese as wellas of English. Thus all government publications inBurmese (made of course with native assistance), areessays in modernized Burmese. But the new terms andexpressions which these essays have introduced, willremain more or less stranded as petrified curiosities,until they happen to flow with the stream of the languageand pass through the whirlpool of popular usage. Theproblem, however, is reciving national attention; andnative writers, roused by the awakening of the nationalspirit, are finding suitable terms for the new ideasimported from the West.

A similar problem presented itself whenearliest writers, in the days of th kings of Pagan, wereadapting the language to the needs of Buddhist thought,embedded in that highly metaphysical language, thePali. Through the efforts of generations of writers thelanguage has now attained a standard of efficiency, bywhich it can enter into the subtlest discussions ofBuddhist philosophy either as independentcontributions or as literal translations from the Pali. Thisachievement is all the more remarkable when we thinkof the difficulty, which English scholars, having accessto the whole realm of Western philosophy, experiencein translating the same Buddhist texts. A language whichhas moulded itself to the requirements of philosophicalthought will, in so far as mental philosophy is moreabstruse than physical science, be found equal to theneeds of modern scientific thought. And there is noreason why, when it has assimilated Buddhistphilosophical terms from Pali, it should not assimilatescientific terms from the English, which, be it noted, isa descendant of the family to which Pali belongs.

But there is a prior claim on our attention.Whatever its origin the language has its traditions whichmust be studied and respected, if it is to develop alongproper lines. For the history of any language will showthat newly-coined words and expressions, which donot obey the laws of phonology, are not likely to bepermanently adopted into the language. Our first taskthen is to study Burmese from the philological point ofview. A philological knowledge of Burmese is necessarynot only for the sake of Burmese itself, but also for acomparative study of Burmese and other language, withwhich it is known to be connected. There are, forinstance, many words which are common to Burmeseand Talaing. Not until we know the oldest forms of thesewords in both languages and find out their phonologicalvalues, shall we be in a position to discover whichlanguage has given them to the other, or whether bothlanguage have taken them from an earlier commonsource.

A Note on the Development of the Burmese LanguageBy U Pe Maung TinJournal of Burma Research Society (JBRS), Vol. 14, 1951

Now the philological study of a language mustbegin with the earliest extant texts. Putting asidehypothetical considerations, we may regard theinscriptions of the Pagan period as among the earliestBurmese texts we have. A critical edition of theseinscriptions (such as is being undertaken in theEpigraphia Birmanica) is urgently needed in order thatwe may find out the philological changes, which operatein them and through them in the later texts also. It wouldnot only be a valuable contribution to Burmese history,but would provide the lexicographer with many a rareword and phrase current before the great poets beganto write. Again it would to philological studies just thatstarting-point, the lack of which is mainly responsiblefor or present amazing ignorance.

There are also other branches of the Burmeseliterature which have been unduly neglected. From thelanguage standpoint works in Burmese on technicalsubjects, such as astrology, medicine, architecture andso on, are as important as the inscriptions. Withoutdiscussing, for the present, the scientific value of theircontents, we may say at once that they need to bestudied for their technical vocabulary and phraseology,which will help us considerable in our work of findingsuitable words and phrase in dealing with modernscientific works. A scholarly edition of such works inBurmese is therefore an urgent necessity.

When we have explored the whole range of thelanguage and have compiled a dictionary worthy of itself(such as the Oxford Dictionary is for the English weshall not only be guided by its history but be able todraw on its resources in our work of shaping it for modernrequirements. Many an old word will come to be revived,with a new meaning if need be; and many new termsformed out of old associations will come to be coinedin consonance with the laws of phonology; while poetsand artists will add beauty to the life of the language bycreating works of art and style out of the materialsgathered.

U Pe Maung Tin

• Scanned and maintained by Win Tint, Librarian, Meiktila University, 2006• Typing by Existence Magazine, 2008

Sayargyi Dr. U Pe Maung Tin

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Biography

U Pe Maung Tin (1888-1973) was born in 24 April1888 in Pauktaw quarter, Insein town. His parentsare U Pe and Daw Myaing. His father is aSuperintendent of Insein vetenary Department. HisChildhood name is Maung Ba Tin in 1891. He is anoutstanding student in Middle School. He gotscholarship for 7th Standard and in 9th Standard hegot first prize for “Renoun Prize”. In 1906 he got firstprize for English Essay writing competition held fromSPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty toAnimals). In 1907 he attended Inter-class and gotfirst prize for “Jadine Prize” for Christian Student andthen he got “Datt Scholarship” prize, this prize wasawarded from Calcutta University. He got B.A, Palihonous degree in 1909. In 1911 Sayagyi got M.A.degree specialized in Pali. At that year he wrote thefirst article “Missionary Burmese” in Journal of BurmaResearch Society Vol.1, Part.1. He use pan-nameMaung Tin (B.A). In 1912 he became Pali Professorin Rangoon College. He is the first Myanmarprofessor, who appointed for Rangoon College. Atthe same time he became Librarian in “Bernard FreeLibrary”. In this year he published the books“Dipavamasa” and “ Khuddaka Patha”. He workededitor in JBRS. In 1915 he published “Milinda Pinna”in English. In 1918 he published “A Pali Reader”.From 1920 – 1922 he went to Oxford University forattended for the “Bachelor of Literature” and got “ B.Lit” degree and submitted the “The Path of PurityPart I”. He changed his name Maung Tin to Pe MaungTin in 1924 at that year he became DepartmentalHead in Dept. of Oriental Studies. He assigned dutyin Editor and Librarian of JBRS accompany withprofessor G.H. Luce. He wrote Burmese Reader. In

9 June 1928 he married with Ma Kyi Kyi (Edith)daughter of U Pho Dan and Daw Mya Gyi inThayarwady Town Anglican Church. In 1930, hebecame Vice President in Burma Research Society.He translated “Visuddi Megga Text” in 1931 and theKing of Thailand awarded £1000 for this text, hedonated all of them to London Pali Text Society. 19June 1937 Sayagyi became a principal in YangonUniversity. He published “History of BurmeseLiterature” in 1938. He retired in 1946 at the age of58 years, but he worked as Emeritus professor inDept. of Oriental studies. He gave lecture ofBuddhism in Chicago University at 1957. He attendedAsia Christian Council Conference held in Kulalumpuin 1999 and that year he went to China for delegationwith U Chit Kaung, Minister of Culture. From 1960 –64 he assigned duty as Chairman of the BurmaHistorical Commission. At this year he edited andpublished “Cambudipa u saung kyan”, Joint with J.S.Furnivall. In May 1961 University authorities appointedSayagyi as Emeritus Professor in Dept. of Myanmar,Yangon University. He published his research articles“The Burmese Novels and other articles” from SeinPan Myaing Sarpay. In 1971 – 73 he publishedEnglish translation works of “Visuddi Megga andDhamasaga and Annatalakhana Sutta”. Sayagyi wasdied in 22 March 1973. He is a Myanmar famouswriter and honourable person for Yangon Universityand Myanmar, so his students and London Pali TextSociety held his 110th Birthday for paper readingConference in 1998 at Myanmar ChristianAssociation, 78th Anniversary of Yangon University andin London.

Consideration for others is the basis of a good life, a good society.(Confucious)

Golden Rules for Living

If you open it, close it.If you turn it on, turn if off.If you unlock it, lock it up.If you break it, admit it.

If you can't fix it, call it someone who can.If you borrow it, return it.

If you value it, take care of it.If you make a mess, clean it up.

If you move it, put it back.If it belongs to someone else and you want to use it, get permission.

If you don't know how to operate it, leave it alone.If it's none of your bussiness, don't ask questions.

If it ain't broke, don't fix it.If it will brighten someone's day, say it.

If it will turnish someone's reputation, keep it to yourself.(Source Unknown)

As Human Beings, we are endowed with freedom of choice, and we cannot shuffle off our responsibilityupon the shoulders of God or nature. We must shoulder it ourselves. It is up to us.

(Arnold J. Toynbee)

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