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Exercise: Voltage, Current, and Ohm’s Law / DC Power Circuits
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Transcript of Exercise: Voltage, Current, and Ohm’s Law / DC Power Circuits
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8/9/2019 Exercise: Voltage, Current, and Ohm’s Law / DC Power Circuits
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E`eitrdidty knm New Enerjy
MI Whwer Idriudts
Ihursewkre Yklp`e32957-B7
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Hrmer nh.? 32957-;7
Qevdsdhn `eve`? ;1/17;=
Ay tce stkbb hb Besth Mdmkitdi
© Besth Mdmkitdi @täe/@tm, [ueaei, Iknkmk 1774Dnternet? www.besth-mdmkitdi.ihl
e-lkd`? mdmGme.besth.ihl
Wrdntem dn Iknkmk
K`` rdjcts reservem
DYAN 4:3-1-342=7-9:7-: (Wrdntem versdhn)
DYAN 4:3-1-34:=:-19;-9 (IM-QHL)
@ejk` Mephsdt ’ Ada`dhtcãque et Kricdves nktdhnk`es mu [uäaei, 1774
@ejk` Mephsdt ’ @darkry knm Kricdves Iknkmk, 1774
]ce purickser sck`` reiedve k sdnj`e rdjct hb use wcdic ds nhn-exi`usdve, nhn-tdle-`dldtem knm `dldtem
jehjrkpcdik``y th use kt tce purickser's sdte/`hiktdhn ks bh``hws.
]ce purickser sck`` ae entdt`em th use tce whrf th trkdn cds/cer stkbb kt tce purickser's sdte/`hiktdhn knm
sck`` k`sh ae entdt`em th use pkrts hb tce ihpyrdjct lkterdk` ks tce aksds bhr tce prhmuitdhn hb cds/cer hwn
trkdndnj mhiulentktdhn bhr tce trkdndnj hb cds/cer stkbb kt tce purickser's sdte/`hiktdhn wdtc
kifnhw`emjelent hb shurie knm th lkfe ihpdes bhr tcds purphse. Dn tce ikse hb sichh`s/teicndik`
ih``ejes, trkdndnj ienters, knm undversdtdes, tce rdjct hb use sck`` k`sh dni`ume use ay sichh` knm ih``eje
stuments knm trkdnees kt tce purickser's sdte/`hiktdhn bhr tekicdnj purphses.
]ce rdjct hb use sck`` dn k`` ikses exi`ume tce rdjct th pua`dsc tce ihpyrdjct lkterdk` hr th lkfe tcds
kvkd`ka`e bhr use hn dntrknet, Dnternet knm @LY p`ktbhrls knm mktkakses suic ks Lhhm`e, wcdic k``hw
kiiess ay k wdme vkrdety hb users, dni`umdnj tchse hutsdme hb tce purickser's sdte/`hiktdhn.
Entdt`elent th htcer rdjcts re`ktdnj th reprhmuitdhns, ihpdes, kmkptktdhns, trkns`ktdhns, ldirhbd`ldnj knm
trknsber th knm sthrkje knm prhiessdnj dn e`eitrhndi systels, nh lktter wcetcer dn wch`e hr dn pkrt, sck``
requdre tce prdhr ihnsent hb Besth Mdmkitdi JlaC & Ih. FJ.
Dnbhrlktdhn dn tcds mhiulent ds suaoeit th icknje wdtchut nhtdie knm mhes nht represent k ihlldtlent hn
tce pkrt hb Besth Mdmkitdi. ]ce Besth lkterdk`s mesirdaem dn tcds mhiulent kre burndscem unmer k `diense
kjreelent hr k nhnmdsi`hsure kjreelent.
Besth Mdmkitdi reihjndzes prhmuit nkles ks trkmelkrfs hr rejdsterem trkmelkrfs hb tcedr respeitdve
ch`mers.
K`` htcer trkmelkrfs kre tce prhperty hb tcedr respeitdve hwners. Htcer trkmelkrfs knm trkme nkles lky
ae usem dn tcds mhiulent th reber th edtcer tce entdty i`kdldnj tce lkrfs knm nkles hr tcedr prhmuits.
Besth Mdmkitdi mdsi`kdls kny prhprdetkry dnterest dn trkmelkrfs knm trkme nkles htcer tckn dts hwn.
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© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 DDD
Ykbety knm Ihllhn Yylah`s
]ce bh``hwdnj skbety knm ihllhn sylah`s lky ae usem dn tcds lknuk` knm hntce equdplent?
Yylah` Mesirdptdhn
MKNJEQ dnmdiktes k ckzkrm wdtc k cdjc `eve` hb rdsf wcdic, db nhtkvhdmem, wd`` resu`t dn mektc hr serdhus dnoury.
ZKQNDNJ dnmdiktes k ckzkrm wdtc k lemdul `eve` hb rdsf wcdic,db nht kvhdmem, ihu`m resu`t dn mektc hr serdhus dnoury.
IKU]DHN dnmdiktes k ckzkrm wdtc k `hw `eve` hb rdsf wcdic, db nhtkvhdmem, ihu`m resu`t dn ldnhr hr lhmerkte dnoury.
IKU]DHN usem wdtchut tce Ikutdhn, rdsf hb mknjer sdjn ,dnmdiktes k ckzkrm wdtc k phtentdk``y ckzkrmhus sdtuktdhn wcdic,db nht kvhdmem, lky resu`t dn prhperty mklkje.
Ikutdhn, rdsf hb e`eitrdi schif
Ikutdhn, cht surbkie
Ikutdhn, rdsf hb mknjer
Ikutdhn, `dbtdnj ckzkrm
Ikutdhn, cknm entknj`elent ckzkrm
Nhtdie, nhn-dhndzdnj rkmdktdhn
Mdreit iurrent
K`ternktdnj iurrent
Ahtc mdreit knm k`ternktdnj iurrent
]cree-pckse k`ternktdnj iurrent
Ekrtc (jrhunm) terldnk`
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Ykbety knm Ihllhn Yylah`s
DR © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Yylah` Mesirdptdhn
Wrhteitdve ihnmuithr terldnk`
Brkle hr ickssds terldnk`
Equdphtentdk`dty
Hn (supp`y)
Hbb (supp`y)
Equdplent prhteitem tcrhujchut ay mhua`e dnsu`ktdhn hrrednbhriem dnsu`ktdhn
Dn phsdtdhn hb k ad-stka`e pusc ihntrh`
Hut phsdtdhn hb k ad-stka`e pusc ihntrh`
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© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 R
]ka`e hb Ihntents
Wrebkie ................................................................................................................. RDD
Kahut ]cds Lknuk̀ ................................................................................................ DS
]h tce Dnstruithr .................................................................................................... SD
Dntrhmuitdhn MI Whwer Idriudts ........................................................................ ;
MDYIUYYDHN HB BUNMKLEN]K@Y ....................................................... ;
Dntrhmuitdhn .............................................................................. ;
Enerjy ..................................................................................... 1
E`eitrdidty ................................................................................. 9
Whsdtdve knm nejktdve ickrjes ................................................. 9
E`eitrdi bde`m ............................................................................. =
Rh`tkje (phtentdk` mdbberenie) ................................................... 5
Qesdstknie ............................................................................... 2
Iurrent ..................................................................................... :
Hcl's ̀ kw, Fdricchbb's vh`tkje knm iurrent ̀ kws ..................... :
Exeridse ; Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw .............................................. 4
MDYIUYYDHN ..................................................................................... 4
E`eitrhlhtdve bhrie (vh`tkje) ................................................... 4
Aktterdes ................................................................................... 4
K sdlp`e mi idriudt .................................................................. ;7
Hcl—s `kw .............................................................................. ;1
]ypes hb e`eitrdik` iurrent ..................................................... ;9
Leksurdnj resdstknie, vh`tkje, knm iurrent .......................... ;9
]ce hclleter ..........................................................................;9
]ce vh`tleter ...........................................................................;=
]ce klleter ............................................................................;5
Lu`tdleters ..............................................................................;5
]ce resdstdve ̀ hkm lhmu`e ...................................................... ;:
Ykbety ru`es ............................................................................ ;3
WQHIEMUQE .................................................................................. ;4
Yetup knm ihnneitdhns .......................................................... ;4
W`httdnj tce shurie iurrent ks k bunitdhn hb tce shurie
vh`tkje hn k jrkpc ................................................................. 1;
Melhnstrktdnj Hcl—s ̀ kw ay perbhrldnj vh`tkje, iurrent,
knm resdstknie leksurelents .............................................. 1=
Exeridse 1 Equdvk`ent Qesdstknie ............................................................... 14
MDYIUYYDHN ................................................................................... 14
Dntrhmuitdhn ............................................................................ 14
Qesdsthrs dn serdes ................................................................. 14
Ik`iu`ktdnj tce equdvk`ent resdstknie .......................................97
Qesdsthrs dn pkrk``e` ............................................................... 97
Ik`iu`ktdnj tce equdvk`ent resdstknie .......................................9;
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]ka`e hb Ihntents
RD © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
]ce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e ................................................... 9;
WQHIEMUQE .................................................................................. 99
Yetup knm ihnneitdhns .......................................................... 99
Qesdsthrs dn serdes ................................................................. 9=
Qesdsthrs dn pkrk``e` ............................................................... 92
Qesdsthrs dn serdes-pkrk``e` (ikse ;) ...................................... 94
Qesdsthrs dn serdes-pkrk``e` (ikse 1) ...................................... =;
Exeridse 9 Whwer dn MI Idriudts .................................................................. =5
MDYIUYYDHN ................................................................................... =5
Enerjy knm phwer .................................................................. =5
E`eitrdik` phwer ..................................................................... =5
MI phwer shurie ................................................................... =2
Whwer ihnversdhn dn k mi idriudt ............................................ =2
Ik`iu`ktdnj phwer .................................................................. =:
WQHIEMUQE .................................................................................. =3
Yetup knm ihnneitdhns .......................................................... =3
Leksurdnj tce phwer ihnsulem ay k resdsthr ....................... 57
Leksurdnj phwer dn k idriudt wdtc resdsthrs dn serdes ............. 51
Leksurdnj phwer dn k idriudt wdtc resdsthrs dn pkrk``e` ........... 55
Exeridse = Yerdes knm Wkrk``e` Idriudts ....................................................... 54
MDYIUYYDHN ................................................................................... 54
Fdricchbb—s vh`tkje knm iurrent `kws ...................................... 54
Ydlp`dbdiktdhn hb serdes idriudts ............................................... 54
Ydlp`dbdiktdhn hb pkrk``e` idriudts ............................................. 2; ]ce vh`tkje mdvdmer prdnidp`e .................................................. 21
]ce iurrent mdvdmer prdnidp`e .................................................. 21
WQHIEMUQE .................................................................................. 29
Yerdes idriudt .......................................................................... 29
Wkrk``e` idriudt ........................................................................ 22
Yerdes-pkrk``e` idriudt (ikse ;) ............................................... 24
Yerdes-pkrk``e` idriudt (ikse 1) ............................................... :;
Kppenmdx K Equdplent Utd`dzktdhn Ickrt ...................................................... ::
Kppenmdx A
J`hsskry hb New ]erls ............................................................. :4
Kppenmdx I Dlpemknie ]ka`e bhr tce @hkm Lhmu`es .................................. 3;
Dnmex hb New ]erls ............................................................................................. 39
Ada`dhjrkpcy ......................................................................................................... 35
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© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 RDD
Wrebkie
]ce prhmuitdhn hb enerjy usdnj renewka`e nkturk` reshuries suic ks wdnm,sun`djct, rkdn, tdmes, jehtcerlk` cekt, eti., cks jkdnem luic dlphrtknie dn reientyekrs ks dt ds kn ebbeitdve lekns hb remuidnj jreenchuse jks (JCJ) eldssdhns.]ce neem bhr dnnhvktdve teicnh`hjdes th lkfe tce jrdm slkrter cks reient`yelerjem ks k lkohr trenm, ks tce dnirekse dn e`eitrdik` phwer melknm haservem
whr`mwdme lkfes dt ckrmer bhr tce kituk` jrdm dn lkny ihuntrdes th feep up wdtcmelknm. Burtcerlhre, e`eitrdi vecdi`es (brhl adiyi`es th ikrs) kre meve`hpem knmlkrfetem wdtc lhre knm lhre suiiess dn lkny ihuntrdes k`` hver tce whr`m.
]h knswer tce dnireksdnj`y mdversdbdem neems bhr trkdndnj dn tce wdme bde`m hbe`eitrdik` enerjy, tce E`eitrdi Whwer ]eicnh`hjy ]rkdndnj Wrhjrkl wksmeve`hpem ks k lhmu`kr stumy prhjrkl bhr teicndik` dnstdtutes, ih``ejes, knmundversdtdes. ]ce prhjrkl ds schwn ae`hw ks k b`hw ickrt, wdtc ekic ahx dn tceb`hw ickrt representdnj k ihurse.
]ce E`eitrdi Whwer ]eicnh`hjy ]rkdndnj Wrhjrkl.
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Wrebkie
RDDD © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
]ce prhjrkl stkrts wdtc k vkrdety hb ihurses prhvdmdnj dn-meptc ihverkje hb aksdithpdis re`ktem th tce bde`m hb e`eitrdik` enerjy suic ks ki knm mi phwer idriudts,phwer trknsbhrlers, rhtktdnj lkicdnes, ki phwer trknsldssdhn `dnes, knm phwere`eitrhndis. ]ce prhjrkl tcen aud`ms hn tce fnhw`emje jkdnem ay tce stumenttcrhujc tcese aksdi ihurses th prhvdme trkdndnj dn lhre kmvkniem suaoeits suic
ks chle enerjy prhmuitdhn brhl renewka`e reshuries (wdnm knm sun`djct), `krje-sik`e e`eitrdidty prhmuitdhn brhl cymrhphwer, `krje-sik`e e`eitrdidty prhmuitdhnbrhl wdnm phwer (mhua`y-bem dnmuitdhn jenerkthr VMBDJ\, synicrhnhus jenerkthr,knm ksynicrhnhus jenerkthr teicnh`hjdes), slkrt-jrdm teicnh`hjdes (YRI,Y]K]IHL, CRMI trknsldssdhn, eti.), sthrkje hb e`eitrdik` enerjy dn aktterdes,knm mrdve systels bhr slk`` e`eitrdi vecdi`es knm ikrs.
Mh yhu ckve sujjestdhns hr irdtdidsl rejkrmdnj tcds lknuk`8
Db sh, senm us kn e-lkd` kt mdmGme.besth.ihl.
]ce kutchrs knm Besth Mdmkitdi `hhf bhrwkrm th yhur ihllents.
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© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 DS
Kahut ]cds Lknuk`
Kahut tce ihurse MI Whwer Idriudts
]ce MI Whwer Idriudts ihurse tekices tce aksdi ihniepts hb e`eitrdidty. Ytumentskre dntrhmuiem th tce bunmklentk` `kws hb e`eitrdidty. ]cey `ekrn chw th ik`iu`ktevh`tkje, iurrent, resdstknie, knm phwer dn mdreit-iurrent (mi) idriudts. Ytuments
knk`yze sdlp`e mi idriudts, knm `ekrn chw th meterldne tcedr equdvk`ent resdstkniebhr vkrdhus ihladnktdhns hb serdes knm pkrk``e` resdsthrs. Bdnk``y, stuments use tcekiqudrem fnhw`emje th sdlp`dby ihlp`ex idriudts. ]cey verdby tcedr ik`iu`ktdhns ayperbhrldnj idriudt leksurelents.
Ykbety ihnsdmerktdhns
Ykbety sylah`s tckt lky ae usem dn tcds lknuk` knm hn tce equdplent kre `dstemdn tce Ykbety Yylah`s tka`e kt tce aejdnndnj hb tce lknuk`.
Ykbety prhiemures re`ktem th tce tksfs tckt yhu wd`` ae ksfem th perbhrl krednmdiktem dn ekic exeridse.
Lkfe sure tckt yhu kre wekrdnj kpprhprdkte prhteitdve equdplent wcenperbhrldnj tce tksfs. Thu schu`m never perbhrl k tksf db yhu ckve kny rekshn thtcdnf tckt k lkndpu`ktdhn ihu`m ae mknjerhus bhr yhu hr yhur tekllktes.
Yystels hb undts
Undts kre expressem usdnj tce Dnternktdhnk` Yystel hb Undts (YD) bh``hwem ay tceundts expressem dn tce U.Y. iusthlkry systel hb undts (aetween pkrentceses).
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© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 SD
]h tce Dnstruithr
Thu wd`` bdnm dn tcds Dnstruithr Judme k`` tce e`elents dni`umem dn tce YtumentLknuk` thjetcer wdtc tce knswers th k`` questdhns, resu`ts hb leksurelents,jrkpcs, exp`knktdhns, sujjestdhns, knm, dn shle ikses, dnstruitdhns th ce`p yhujudme tce stuments tcrhujc tcedr `ekrndnj prhiess. K`` tce dnbhrlktdhn tckt kpp`desth yhu ds p`kiem aetween lkrfers knm kppekrs dn rem.
Kiiurkiy hb leksurelents
]ce nulerdik` resu`ts hb tce cknms-hn exeridses lky mdbber brhl hne stument thknhtcer. Bhr tcds rekshn, tce resu`ts knm knswers jdven dn tcds lknuk` schu`m aeihnsdmerem ks k judme. Ytuments wch ihrreit`y perbhrlem tce exeridses schu`mexpeit th melhnstrkte tce prdnidp`es dnvh`vem knm lkfe haservktdhns knmleksurelents sdld`kr th tchse jdven ks knswers.
Equdplent dnstk``ktdhn
Dn hrmer bhr stuments th ae ka`e th perbhrl tce exeridses dn tce Ytument Lknuk`,tce E`eitrdi Whwer ]eicnh`hjy ]rkdndnj Equdplent lust ckve aeen prhper`ydnstk``em, kiihrmdnj th tce dnstruitdhns jdven dn tce user judme E`eitrdi Whwer]eicnh`hjy ]rkdndnj Equdplent, pkrt nulaer 93=32-E.
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Yklp`e Exeridse
Extrkitem brhl
tce Ytument Lknuk`
knm tce Dnstruithr Judme
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© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 4
Zcen yhu ckve ihlp`etem tcds exeridse, yhu wd`` ae ka`e th leksure vh`tkjesknm iurrents dn e`eitrdik` idriudts. Thu wd`` ae ka`e th melhnstrkte Hcl—s `kw,tcrhujc tce leksurelent hb iurrent knm vh`tkje.
]ce Mdsiussdhn hb tcds exeridse ihvers tce bh``hwdnj phdnts?
E`eitrhlhtdve bhrie (vh`tkje) Aktterdes K sdlp`e mi idriudt Hcl—s `kw ]ypes hb e`eitrdik` iurrent Leksurdnj resdstknie, vh`tkje, knm iurrent
]ce resdstdve `hkm lhmu`e Ykbety ru`es
E`eitrhlhtdve bhrie (vh`tkje)
E`eitrdi ihlphnents suic ks wdres knm `klps kre lkme hb ihnmuitdnj lkterdk`,knm sh k``hw e`eitrhns th pkss tcrhujc tcel.
]h prhmuie k b`hw hb e`eitrhns, tce e`eitrdi ihlphnents lust ae ihnneitem th kshurie hb e`eitrhlhtdve bhrie tckt pusces tce e`eitrhns tcrhujc tce ihlphnents.
Dn e`eitrdik` mi idriudts, tce shurie hb e`eitrhlhtdve bhrie ds k mi phwershurie hr k akttery. ]ce e`eitrhlhtdve bhrie ds ik``em vh`tkje. ]celkjndtume hb tce vh`tkje ds leksurem dn vh`ts (R).
]cere ds k`wkys kn hpphsdtdhn th tce b`hw hb e`eitrhns tcrhujc kn e`eitrdiihlphnent. ]cds hpphsdtdhn th e`eitrhn b`hw ds ik``em resdstknie.Qesdstknie ds leksurem dn hcls. Hcls kre sylah`dzem ay tce Jreef`etter hlejk ().
]ce resu`t hb e`eitrhns b`hwdnj tcrhujc e`eitrdi ihlphnents ds ik``emiurrent. ]ce lkjndtume hb tce iurrent ds leksurem dn klperes (K). Hneklpere ds equk` th tce lhtdhn hb 2.1= x ;7
;3e`eitrhns pkst k jdven irhss
seitdhn dn ; seihnm.
Aktterdes
Krhunm ;:=5, Ewk`m Jehrj vhn F`edst knm Wdeter vkn Lussicenarhef dnventem kmevdie usem th sthre e`eitrdi ickrjes, ik``em tce @eymen okr . ]cey ihladnemseverk` @eymen okrs dn pkrk``e` th dnirekse tce lkxdlul sthrem ickrje.
Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw
Exeridse ;
E SEQIDYE HAOEI]DRE
MDYIUYYDHN HU]@DNE
MDYIUYYDHN
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
;7 © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Dn ;:=4, Aenokldn Brknf`dn dntrhmuiem tce terl akttery bhr kn krrknjelent hblu`tdp`e @eymen okrs.
]cen, dn ;:44, K`essknmrh Rh`tk dnventem tce bdrst vh`tkdi ie``, wcdic `em th tcemeve`hplent hb lhmern aktterdes. Nhwkmkys, aktterdes kre lkme hb severk`e`eitrhiceldik` jk`vkndi ie``s. Murdnj tce ickrjdnj hb k akttery, tce akttery ie``ssthre iceldik` enerjy, wcdic irektes k vh`tkje (phtentdk` mdbberenie) aetween
tce phsdtdve (+) knm nejktdve (’) terldnk`s hb tce akttery.
K sdlp`e mi idriudt
Bdjure 9 schws k sdlp`e mi idriudt ihnsdstdnj hb k akttery, k swdtic usem th stkrtknm sthp tce b`hw hb iurrent dn tce idriudt, ihnmuithr wdres, knm k `hkm (k `djctau`a). ]ce akttery ihu`m k`sh ae k mi vh`tkje shurie.
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 ;;
Bdjure 9. Ydlp`e e`eitrdik` mi idriudt.
Zcen tce swdtic ds i`hsem, tce vh`tkje mdbberenie aetween tce phsdtdve (+) knmnejktdve (-) terldnk`s hb tce akttery exerts kn e`eitrdik` pressure tckt pusces tce
e`eitrhns tcrhujc tce wdres, ikusdnj tce au`a th turn hn.
]eicndik``y, tce mdreitdhn hb iurrent b`hw, tckt ds, tce mdreitdhn hb e`eitrhn b`hw, dsbrhl tce nejktdve terldnk` th tce phsdtdve terldnk` hb tce akttery, ks tce upperseitdhn hb Bdjure 9 schws. Zcen knk`yzdnj idriudts wdtc sicelktdi mdkjrkls,chwever, tce ihnventdhn ds tckt tce mdreitdhn hb iurrent ds brhl tce phsdtdveterldnk` th tce nejktdve terldnk`, ks tce `hwer seitdhn hb Bdjure 9 schws.
@djct au`a
Akttery
(k) Wdithrdk` mdkjrkl
(a) Yicelktdi mdkjrkl
@djct au`aYwdtic
Ihnventdhnk` mdreitdhn hbiurrent b`hw (brhl tce phsdtdve terldnk`th tce nejktdve terldnk` hb tce akttery)
Kituk` mdreitdhn hb iurrent b̀ hw,tckt ds, e`eitrhn b`hw (brhl tcenejktdve terldnk` th tce phsdtdveterldnk` hb tce akttery)
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
;1 © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Hcl—s `kw
]ce re`ktdhnscdp aetween vh`tkje, iurrent, knm resdstknie ds ik``em Hcl—s `kw.]cds `kw ds expressem dn Equktdhn (;).
(;)
wcere ds tce iurrent b`hwdnj tcrhujc tce mevdie, expressem dn klperes (K).
ds tce vh`tkje, hr phtentdk` mdbberenie kirhss kn e`eitrdi mevdie, dnvh`ts (R).
ds tce resdstknie hb tce e`eitrdi mevdie, dn hcls ().
Hcl—s `kw ikn ae rebhrlu`ktem th perldt ik`iu`ktdhn hb tce iurrent, vh`tkje, hrresdstknie wcen tce vk`ues hb tce htcer twh vkrdka`es kre fnhwn. ]cds dsd``ustrktem dn Bdjure =.
WkrkleterIhllhnsylah`
Undt hbleksurelent
Iurrent Klpere (K)
Rh`tkje Rh`t (R)
Qesdstknie Hcl ()
Bdjure =. Hcl's ̀ kw.
]ce `etter ‐ “ ikn k`sh ae usem th represent vh`tkje. Ze ikn tcerebhrewrdte , , eti.
Bhr exklp`e, Hcl—s `kw ikn ae rebhrlu`ktem th bdnm vh`tkje?
(1)
Equktdhn (1) dnmdiktes tckt tce vh`tkje, , present kirhss kn e`eitrdik` mevdie dsequk` th tce iurrent, , b`hwdnj tcrhujc tce mevdie lu`tdp`dem ay tce resdstknie, ,hb tce mevdie.
Hcl—s `kw ikn k`sh ae rebhrlu`ktem th bdnm resdstknie?
(9)
]h bdnm iurrent ]h bdnm vh`tkje ]h bdnm resdstknie
E
8 Q
8
D Q
E
D 8
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 ;9
]ypes hb e`eitrdik` iurrent
]ce iurrent b`hw tcrhujc kn e`eitrdik` idriudt lky ae hne hb twh types? mdreitiurrent hr k`ternktdnj iurrent.
Mdreit iurrent (mi) ds tce type hb iurrent prhmuiem ay aktterdes knmmi shuries. ]cds type hb iurrent b`hws dn hn`y hne mdreitdhn? brhl tce
phsdtdve (+) terldnk` hb tce akttery hr phwer shurie th tce nejktdve (’)terldnk` (ihnventdhnk` mdreitdhn).
K`ternktdnj iurrent (ki) ds tce type hb iurrent supp`dem th lhst chusesknm bkithrdes. ]cds type hb iurrent icknjes mdreitdhn (ph`krdty) lknytdles ekic seihnm. Exklp`es hb mevdies tckt prhmuie ki iurrent krerhtktdnj lkicdnes suic ks k`ternkthrs knm ki jenerkthrs.
Bdjure 5 schws sylah`s usem th represent mi knm ki vh`tkje shuries dn e`eitrdik`mdkjrkls. ]ce krrhw hn k sylah` dnmdiktes tckt tce shurie vh`tkje ikn aevkrdem.
Dn Bdjure 5, tce ‐+“ knm ‐’“ sdjns kppekrdnj hn tce `ebt hb tce sylah`s bhr tce
mi vh`tkje shuries kre schwn bhr dnstruitdve purphses. Hbten, tcese sdjns krenht schwn dn e`eitrdik` idriudts aeikuse tce ph`krdty hb tce shurie terldnk`s dsdnmdiktem ay tce `enjtc hb tce `dnes (mksces) dn tce shurie sylah`? tce `hnjer`dne dmentdbdes tce phsdtdve (+) terldnk`, wcd`e tce schrtest `dne dmentdbdes tcenejktdve (’) terldnk`.
Bdjure 5. Yylah`s usem th represent mi knm ki vh`tkje shuries dn e`eitrdik` mdkjrkls.
Leksurdnj resdstknie, vh`tkje, knm iurrent
Qesdstknie ds leksurem wdtc kn hclleter , vh`tkje ds leksurem wdtc kvh`tleter , knm iurrent ds leksurem wdtc kn klleter .
]ce hclleter
]ce hclleter ds usem th leksure resdstknie. ]ce hclleter nhrlk``y ihntkdnsk vh`tkje shurie (usuk``y k akttery) usem th prhmuie k iurrent b`hw tcrhujc tceihlphnent unmer test. ]ce hclleter meterldnes tce resdstknie hb tceihlphnent unmer test brhl tce lkjndtume hb tce iurrent b`hwdnj tcrhujc dt.
]ce hclleter ds ihnneitem kirhss tce ihlphnent hb unfnhwn resdstknie vk`ue,ks Bdjure 2 schws. Db tce ihlphnent ds pkrt hb kn e`eitrdik` idriudt, tce vh`tkjeshurie lust ae turnem hbb knm tce ihlphnent lust ae mdsihnneitem brhltce idriudt. ]cds ds d``ustrktem dn Bdjure 2.
AktteryBdxem-vh`tkje
shurie
Mdreit-iurrent (mi) shuries K`ternktdnj-iurrent (ki) shurie
Rkrdka`e-vh`tkjeshurie
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
;= © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Bdjure 2. Leksurdnj resdstknie wdtc kn hclleter.
Nhte tckt k resdsthr () ds ihnneitem dn serdes wdtc tce mi vh`tkje shuriedn tce hclleter. ]cds resdsthr prevents thh cdjc k iurrent brhl b`hwdnj tcrhujctce mi vh`tkje shurie dn ikse tce hclleter terldnk`s kre dnvh`untkrd`y ihnneitemthjetcer (schrt-idriudtem).
]ce vh`tleter
]ce vh`tleter ds usem th leksure vh`tkje. ]ce vh`tleter lust ae ihnneitem dnpkrk``e` wdtc (kirhss) tce idriudt hr ihlphnent, knm tce phwer shurie lust aeturnem hn. Ks kn exklp`e, Bdjure : schws k vh`tleter ihnneitem dn pkrk``e` wdtc
k resdsthr6 tce phwer shurie ds k akttery.
Rh`tleters ckve k cdjc dnternk` resdstknie th ldndldze tce iurrent b`hw vdk tcedrterldnk`s. ]cds ldndldzes tcedr ebbeit hn idriudt hperktdhn.
Bdjure :. Leksurdnj vh`tkje wdtc k vh`tleter.
Equdvk`ent idriudt mdkjrkl
Hclleter
Ihlphnentunmer test
Rh`tleter
Equdvk`ent idriudt mdkjrkl
(Cdjc vk`ue)
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 ;5
Zcen usem dn mi idriudts, tce vh`tleter lust ae ihnneitem kiihrmdnj th tceihnventdhnk` mdreitdhn hb iurrent b`hw bhr dts rekmdnj th ckve tce prhper ph`krdty.]cds lekns tckt tce phsdtdve terldnk` (rem prhae) hb tce vh`tleter lust aeihnneitem th tce phsdtdve sdme hb tce ihlphnent unmer test, knm tce nejktdveterldnk` (a`kif prhae) hb tce vh`tleter th tce nejktdve sdme hb tcds ihlphnent.
]ce phsdtdve sdme hb k ihlphnent ds tce sdme tckt ds nekrest th tce phsdtdve
terldnk` hb tce phwer shurie. ]ce vh`tkje hn tce phsdtdve sdme hb k ihlphnent dsk`wkys cdjcer tckn tce vh`tkje hn dts nejktdve sdme.
]ce klleter
]ce klleter ds usem th leksure iurrent. Ks Bdjure 3 schws, tce klleter lustae ihnneitem dn serdes wdtc tce ihlphnents dn tce idriudt. Klleters ckve k `hwdnternk` resdstknie th ldndldze tce kmmdtdhn hb extrk resdstknie th tce idriudt. Ksbhr tce vh`tleter, ph`krdtdes lust ae haservem wcen ihnneitdnj kn klleter dn kmi idriudt.
Yerdes lekns tckt k`` tce shurie iurrent wd`` b`hw tcrhujc tce klleter knm tcerest hb tce idriudt wcen tce phwer shurie ds turnem hn.
Bdjure 3. Leksurdnj iurrent wdtc kn klleter.
Lu`tdleters
Lu`tdleters ihladne kn hclleter, k vh`tleter, knm kn klleter dn k sdnj`eeni`hsure. ]cey k``hw tce leksurelent hb severk` pkrkleters dni`umdnj mi knmki vh`tkjes, mi knm ki iurrents, knm resdstknie.
Bdjure 4 schws k lu`tdleter set th leksure resdstknie (hclleter). ]ce prhaes
hb tce lu`tdleter kre ihnneitem th tce (vh`t/hcl) terldnk` knm tceIHLLHN (IHL) terldnk` hb tce lu`tdleter. ]ce se`eithr swdtic hn tcelu`tdleter ds set th resdstknie ().
Klleter
Equdvk`ent idriudt mdkjrkl
(@hw vk`ue)
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
;2 © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Bdjure 4. ]ce lu`tdleter ds usem ks kn hclleter.
Bdjure ;7 schws k lu`tdleter set th leksure vh`tkje (vh`tleter). ]ce prhae(usuk``y rem) ihnneitem th tce (vh`t/hcl) terldnk` hb tce lu`tdleter ds tce
phsdtdve (+) terldnk` hb tce vh`tleter. ]ce prhae (usuk``y a`kif) ihnneitem th tceIHLLHN (IHL) terldnk` hb tce lu`tdleter ds tce nejktdve (’) terldnk` hb tcevh`tleter. ]ce se`eithr swdtic hn tce lu`tdleter ds set th vh`tkje ( hr ).
Bdjure ;7. ]ce lu`tdleter ds usem ks k mi vh`tleter.
Bdjure ;; schws k lu`tdleter set th leksure iurrent (klleter). ]ce prhae(usuk``y rem) ihnneitem th tce (iurrent) terldnk` hb tce lu`tdleter ds tcephsdtdve (+) terldnk` hb tce klleter. ]ce prhae (usuk``y a`kif) ihnneitem th tceIHLLHN (IHL) terldnk` hb tce lu`tdleter ds tce nejktdve (’) terldnk` hb tce
klleter. ]ce se`eithr swdtic hn tce lu`tdleter ds set th iurrent ().
Wrhaes
Ye`eithr swdtic setth resdstknie ()
Ye`eithr swdtic setth vh`tkje ()
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 ;:
Bdjure ;;. ]ce lu`tdleter ds usem ks k mi klleter.
]ce resdstdve `hkm lhmu`e
Bdjure ;1 schws tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e. ]cds lhmu`e ihnsdsts hb tcreedmentdik` seitdhns. Ekic seitdhn cks tcree resdsthrs hb mdbberent vk`ues wcdic iknae ihnneitem th e`eitrdik` idriudts tcrhujc k pkdr hb terldnk`s.
]h dnsert k pkrtdiu`kr resdsthr dn kn e`eitrdik` idriudt, tce terldnk`s hb tce seitdhn dnwcdic tcds resdsthr ds `hiktem kre ihnneitem th tce idriudt, knm tce thjj`e swdticksshidktem wdtc tcds resdsthr ds set th tce D (hn) phsdtdhn.
Dn Bdjure ;1, bhr exklp`e, tce thjj`e swdtic ksshidktem wdtc tce resdsthr kt tceextrele `ebt hb tce lhmu`e brhnt pkne` ds set th tce D (hn) phsdtdhn, wcd`e tce thjj`eswdtices ksshidktem wdtc k`` htcer resdsthrs kre set th tce H (hbb) phsdtdhn. ]cdsk``hws tcds pkrtdiu`kr resdsthr th ae dnsertem dn k idriudt, usdnj tce ihrresphnmdnj
seitdhn terldnk`s (rem terldnk`s).
Yeverk` ihladnktdhns hb swdtic phsdtdhns kre phssda`e, k``hwdnj yhu th p`kiemdbberent resdstknie vk`ues dn k idriudt, ks yhu wd`` see dn tce next exeridse.
Kppenmdx I hb tcds lknuk` `dsts ihladnktdhns hb swdtic phsdtdhns requdrem thhatkdn vkrdhus resdstknie vk`ues.
Ye`eithr swdtic setth iurrent ()
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Mdsiussdhn
;3 © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Bdjure ;1. ]ce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e.
Ykbety ru`es
Haserve tce bh``hwdnj skbety ru`es wcen usdnj e`eitrdik` equdplent?
;. K`wkys lkfe sure tckt tce e`eitrdik` phwer supp`y ds mdska`em wcenihnneitdnj hr mdsihnneitdnj `ekms hr ihlphnents.
1. Never `ekve kny e`eitrdik` `ekm unihnneitem. ]huicdnj tce unihnneitemenm hb k `ekm wcd`e tce e`eitrdik` phwer supp`y ds enka`em ihu`m jdve yhukn e`eitrdi schif. K schrt idriudt ihu`m k`sh hiiur db tce unihnneitem enmhb k `ekm thuices k ihnmuitdnj surbkie.
9. Lkfe sure tckt tce phwer swdtic hn tce e`eitrdik` phwer supp`y ds set thtce hbb phsdtdhn aebhre ihnneitdnj tce phwer supp`y `dne ihrm.
=. Zcen ihnneitdnj kn e`eitrdik` idriudt, lkfe sure tckt tce ihntkitterldnk`s kre bree hb mdrt, hd`, knm wkter. Mdrt knm hd` kre dnsu`kthrs knm
dlpkdr tce ihnneitdhn aetween twh ihlphnents. Zkter ds k ihnmuithrknm ldjct lkfe k ihnneitdhn wcere dt ds nht wkntem.
Yeitdhn terldnk`s
@ever hb tce thjj`eswdtic ksshidktem
wdtc tce ̀ ebtlhstresdsthr set th D (HN)
Qesdsthr th ae dnsertem dn k idriudt
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Wrhiemure Hut`dne
© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 ;4
]ce Wrhiemure ds mdvdmem dnth tce bh``hwdnj seitdhns?
Yetup knm ihnneitdhns W`httdnj tce shurie iurrent ks k bunitdhn hb tce shurie vh`tkje hn k jrkpc Melhnstrktdnj Hcl—s `kw ay perbhrldnj vh`tkje, iurrent, knm resdstknie
leksurelents
Yetup knm ihnneitdhns
Dn tcds seitdhn, yhu wd`` ihnneit k sdlp`e e`eitrdik` idriudt. Thu wd`` set tcelu`tdleters th leksure mi iurrent (klleter lhme) knm mi vh`tkje (vh`tleterlhme). Thu wd`` set tce swdtices hb tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e th dnsert k speidbdiresdstknie vk`ue dnth tce idriudt.
;. Qeber th tce Equdplent Utd`dzktdhn Ickrt dn Kppenmdx K th hatkdn tce `dst hbequdplent requdrem th perbhrl tcds exeridse.
Dnstk`` tce equdplent requdrem dn tce Zhrfstktdhn.
Lkfe sure tckt tce lkdn phwer swdtic hn tce Bhur-[ukmrkntMynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y ds set th tce H (hbb) phsdtdhn tcen ihnneit tceWhwer Dnput th kn ki phwer wk`` hut`et.
Yet up tce idriudt schwn dn Bdjure ;9. ]ce upper pkrt hb tce bdjure schws tcee`eitrdik` mdkjrkl hb tce idriudt th ihnneit. ]ce ahtthl pkrt hb tce bdjureschws tce metkd`em idriudt ihnneitdhns.
]ce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e ds usem th dnsert k resdsthr () dn tce idriudt. ]hhatkdn tce resdstknie vk`ue dnmdiktem next th dn tce e`eitrdik` mdkjrkl,lkfe tce neiesskry ihnneitdhns knm swdtic settdnjs hn tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e. ]erldnk`s K knm A dn Bdjure ;9 ihrresphnm th tce terldnk`s hb tce
resdsthr seitdhns hb tce lhmu`e tckt kre usem th dlp`elent .
Yet lu`tdleter ; th leksure mi iurrent knm ihnneit dt dn serdes wdtcresdsthr . Ae ikrebu` th haserve tce terldnk` ph`krdty.
Yet lu`tdleter 1 th leksure mi vh`tkje knm ihnneit dt kirhss (dn pkrk``e`wdtc) tce resdsthr. Ae ikrebu` th haserve tce terldnk` ph`krdty.
Kppenmdx I hb tcds lknuk` `dsts tce swdtic settdnjs th perbhrl hn tce Qesdstdve@hkm lhmu`e dn hrmer th dnsert vkrdhus resdstknie vk`ues dnth tce idriudt. Bhrexklp`e, th dnsert k resdstknie vk`ue equdvk`ent th 32 dnth tce idriudt, twhresdsthr seitdhns hb tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e lust ae ihnneitem dn pkrk``e`,knm tce `evers hb tce thjj`e swdtices ksshidktem wdtc resdsthrs , , , ,, knm dn tcese seitdhns lust ae set th tce D (hn) phsdtdhn. ]ce ihniept hb
equdvk`ent resdstknie wd`` ae stumdem dn metkd` dn tce next exeridse.
1. ]urn tce Bhur-[ukmrknt Mynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y hn ay settdnj tceWhwer Dnput swdtic th tce D (hn) phsdtdhn.
WQHIEMUQE HU]@DNE
WQHIEMUQE
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Wrhiemure
17 © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Bdjure ;9. Yetup bhr vh`tkje knm iurrent leksurelent.
(k) E`eitrdik` mdkjrkl
(a) Ihnneitdhn mdkjrkl
K
A
K
A
Ae`hw? ihnneitdhns th tcednternk` phwer shurie
Lu`tdleter ; Lu`tdleter 1
Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e
32
]wh hb tce tcree resdsthr seitdhnskre ihnneitem dn pkrk``e` knm tce
swdtices kre set th dlp`elent tcerequdrem vk`ue bhr
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Wrhiemure
© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 1;
9. Lkfe tce bh``hwdnj settdnjs hn tce Bhur-[ukmrknt Mynklhleter/WhwerYupp`y?
Yet tce Hperktdnj Lhme swdtic th Whwer Yupp`y . ]cds ihnneits tcednternk` phwer shurie hb tce lhmu`e th tce Whwer Yupp`y terldnk`s hntce brhnt pkne`.
Ye`eit tce Rh`tkje Yhurie (+) lhme hb hperktdhn hb tce phwer shurieusdnj tce Bunitdhn pusc autthn. ]ce lhme hb hperktdhn se`eitem dsdnmdiktem hn tce lhmu`e mdsp`ky. Ye`eitdnj tcds lhme lkfes tce dnternk`phwer shurie hperkte ks k phsdtdve vh`tkje shurie. Zcen tce Bhur-[ukmrknt Mynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y hperktes ks k phsdtdve vh`tkjeshurie, tce vh`tkje kt tce ye``hw terldnk` ds phsdtdve wdtc respeit th tcevh`tkje kt tce wcdte terldnk` (neutrk` terldnk` N).
Yet tce vh`tkje hb tce phsdtdve vh`tkje shurie th 57 R ay usdnj tceIhllknm fnha. ]cds vh`tkje ds dnmdiktem hn tce lhmu`e mdsp`ky. Nhtdietckt tce mdsp`kyem vh`tkje ds a`dnfdnj. ]cds hiiurs aeikuse tce hutput hbtce dnternk` phwer shurie ds mdska`em. ]ce hutput hb tce dnternk` phwershurie ikn ae enka`em ay mepressdnj tce Ytkrt/Ythp pusc autthn. ]cds
wd`` ae mhne dn tce next seitdhn hb tce Wrhiemure.
W`httdnj tce shurie iurrent ks k bunitdhn hb tce shurie vh`tkje hn k jrkpc
Dn tcds seitdhn, yhu wd`` dnirekse tce vh`tkje hb tce phsdtdve vh`tkje shurie aysteps. Bhr ekic new settdnj, yhu wd`` reihrm tce vh`tkje dnmdiktem ay tcevh`tleter knm tce iurrent dnmdiktem ay tce klleter. ]cds wd`` k``hw yhu th p`ht tceshurie iurrent ks k bunitdhn hb tce shurie vh`tkje hn k jrkpc.
=. Hn tce Bhur-[ukmrknt Mynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y, enka`e tce hutput hb tcednternk` phwer shurie ay mepressdnj tce Ytkrt/Ythp pusc autthn. ]ce mdsp`ky
dnmdiktes Ytkrtem , tcereay ihnbdrldnj tckt tce dnternk` phwer shurie ds hn.
5. Haserve tckt tce vh`tkje dnmdiktem ay tce vh`tleter () ds vdrtuk``y tce skleks tce shurie vh`tkje dnmdiktem hn tce mdsp`ky hb tce Bhur-[ukmrkntMynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y.
K`sh, haserve tckt tce iurrent dnmdiktem ay tce klleter () ds vdrtuk``y tceskle ks tce shurie iurrent () dnmdiktem hn tce mdsp`ky hb tce Bhur-[ukmrkntMynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y. Ds tcds yhur haservktdhn8
Tes Nh
Tes. ]ce vh`tkje knm tce iurrent dnmdiktem hn tce vh`tleter knm tce klleterkre vdrtuk``y tce skle ks tchse dnmdiktem hn tce mdsp`ky hb tce Bhur-[ukmrkntMynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y.
2. Yet tce shurie vh`tkje th 7 R ay settdnj tce Ihllknm fnha hb tce shurie thtce bu``y ihunteri`hifwdse phsdtdhn.
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Wrhiemure
11 © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
:. Bd`` dn ]ka`e ;. ]h mh tcds, dnirekse tce vh`tkje hb tce phsdtdve vh`tkje shurieay steps brhl 7 th 57 R. Yeven hr edjct steps wd`` ae enhujc. Bhr ekicsettdnj, reihrm tce shurie vh`tkje knm tce shurie iurrent dn tce tka`e.
]ka`e ;. Leksurem vh`tkjes knm iurrents.
Rh`tkje (R) Iurrent (K)
7 7
57
Leksurem vh`tkjes knm iurrents.
Rh`tkje (R) Iurrent (K)
7 7.77
: 7.73
;= 7.;2
1; 7.1=
13 7.99
95 7.=;
=1 7.=4
57 7.53
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Wrhiemure
1= © Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7
Kiihrmdnj th tce hatkdnem iurve, mhes tce shurie iurrent vkry `dnekr`y dnmdreit prhphrtdhn th tce shurie vh`tkje (tce iurrent mhua`es, trdp`es, eti. wcentce vh`tkje mhua`es, trdp`es)8
Tes Nh
Tes. ]ce shurie iurrent vkrdes `dnekr`y dn mdreit prhphrtdhn th tce shurie
vh`tkje (tce iurrent mhua`es, trdp`es, eti. wcen tce vh`tkje mhua`es,trdp`es).
4. Ik`iu`kte tce rktdh bhr severk` vh`tkje/iurrent vk`ues. Ds tce rktdhkpprhxdlkte`y equk` th tce resdstknie hb tce resdsthr usem dn tce idriudt8
Tes. ]ce rktdh ds kpprhxdlkte`y equk` th tce vk`ue hb tce resdsthr usemdn tce idriudt (32 ).
;7. Ik`iu`kte tce rktdh bhr k shurie vh`tkje hb 57 R. Ds tcds rktdh equk`th tce iurrent reihrmem dn ]ka`e ; bhr tcds vh`tkje8
K
Tes Nh
7.53 K
Tes. ]ce rktdh ds kpprhxdlkte`y equk` th tce iurrent reihrmem dn tcetka`e bhr k vh`tkje hb 57 R.
Melhnstrktdnj Hcl—s `kw ay perbhrldnj vh`tkje, iurrent, knm resdstknieleksurelents
Dn tcds seitdhn, yhu wd`` melhnstrkte Hcl—s `kw, tcrhujc tce leksurelent hb tceidriudt vh`tkje, iurrent, knm resdstknie.
;;. Hn tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e, lhmdby tce phsdtdhn hb tce swdtices bhr tcevk`ue hb th ae ;77 . (Qeber th Kppenmdx I th bdnm tce swdtic settdnj thperbhrl hn tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e).
]cen, rekmoust tce vh`tkje hb tce phsdtdve vh`tkje shurie untd` tce shurieiurrent ds equk` th 7.= K. Qeihrm tce shurie vh`tkje ae`hw.
R
]ce shurie vh`tkje schu`m ae kpprhxdlkte`y equk` th =7 R.
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Wrhiemure
© Besth Mdmkitdi 32957-;7 15
Ds tce shurie vh`tkje equk` th tce prhmuit 8
Tes Nh
Tes. =7 R < 7.= K º ;77
;1. Kmoust tce shurie vh t̀kje th 97 R.
;9. Ik`iu`kte tce equdvk`ent resdstknie requdrem th k``hw k iurrent hb
7.15 K th b`hw dn tce idriudt, wdtc k shurie vh`tkje hb 97 R.
;17
;=. Hn tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e, lhmdby tce phsdtdhn hb tce swdtices bhr tcevk`ue hb tce idriudt resdstknie th k``hw k iurrent equk` th 7.15 Kkpprhxdlkte`y.
;5. ]urn hbb tce Bhur-[ukmrknt Mynklhleter/Whwer Yupp`y ay settdnj tceWhwer Dnput swdtic th tce H (hbb) phsdtdhn.
Leksure tce equdvk`ent resdstknie usem th k``hw k iurrent hb 7.15 K dn tceprevdhus step, usdnj tce steps ae`hw.
Zcen leksurdnj tce resdstknie hb k ihlphnent, lkfe sure tckt tce vh`tkje shurie ds
turnem hbb knm tckt tce ihlphnent ds mdsihnneitem brhl tce idriudt th prevent mklkje th
tce hclleter.
Mdsihnneit tce idriudt exiept tce twh `ekms dnterihnneitdnj tceresdsthr seitdhns tckt yhu usem hn tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e. ]kfeikre nht th icknje tce phsdtdhn hb tce thjj`e swdtic `evers hn tcdslhmu`e. Qeturn tce htcer `ekms th tcedr sthrkje `hiktdhn.
Yet k lu`tdleter th leksure resdstknie (hclleter lhme).
Ihnneit tce hclleter th tce terldnk`s hb hne hb tce resdsthrseitdhns tckt yhu usem hn tce Qesdstdve @hkm lhmu`e dn hrmer thleksure dts equdvk`ent resdstknie. Qeihrm tce hclleter rekmdnjae`hw.
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Exeridse ; ’ Rh`tkje, Iurrent, knm Hcl—s @kw Ihni`usdhn
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Ds tce leksurem resdstknie kpprhxdlkte`y equk` th tce equdvk`ent resdstknieyhu ik`iu`ktem dn step ;98
Tes Nh
Tes, tce leksurem resdstknie ds kpprhxdlkte`y equk` th tce equdvk`entresdstknie ik`iu`ktem dn step ;9.
;2. Mdsihnneit k`` `ekms knm lu`tdleters knm return tcel th tcedr sthrkje`hiktdhn.
Dn tcds exeridse, yhu perbhrlem vh`tkje, iurrent, knm resdstknie leksurelents thmelhnstrkte Hcl—s `kw. Thu verdbdem tckt Hcl—s `kw perldts ik`iu`ktdhn hb tceidriudt iurrent, vh`tkje, hr resdstknie wcen tce vk`ues hb kny twh hb tcese tcreevkrdka`es kre fnhwn.
;. Zd`` k vh`tleter ckvdnj kn dnternk` resdstknie hb ;77 777 ckve `ess ebbeithn idriudt hperktdhn tckn k vh`tleter ckvdnj kn dnternk` resdstkniehb ; 777 777 8 Zcy8
Nh. ]ce cdjcer tce dnternk` resdstknie hb k vh`tleter, tce `hwer dts ebbeit hnidriudt hperktdhn. ]cerebhre, tce rdsf tckt k vh`tleter hb ;77 777 wd`` kbbeitidriudt hperktdhn ds cdjcer tckn wdtc k vh`tleter hb ; 777 777 .
1. Kn klleter cks kn dnternk` resdstknie equk` th tce equdvk`ent resdstknie hbtce idriudt dn wcdic tce iurrent lust ae leksurem. Zckt wd`` ckppen th tceidriudt iurrent wcen tce klleter ds dnsertem dnth tce idriudt8 Exp`kdn.
]ce idriudt iurrent wd`` meirekse ay ck`b. ]cds hiiurs aeikuse tce klleter dsihnneitem dn serdes wdtc tce idriudt. Zdtc kn dnternk` resdsthr equk` th tceequdvk`ent resdstknie hb tce idriudt, tce klleter wd`` dnirekse tce idriudtresdstknie ay twh, tcereay meireksdnj tce idriudt iurrent ay ck`b.
9. Zckt mhes ‐phtentdk` mdbberenie“ (vh`tkje) lekn wcen spekfdnj hb k aktteryhr mi phwer shurie8 Chw ds tcds phtentdk` mdbberenie (vh`tkje) usem dne`eitrdik` idriudts8
Whtentdk` mdbberenie (vh`tkje) ds k mdbberenie dn vh`tkje aetween tce
phsdtdve (+) knm nejktdve (-) terldnk`s hb k akttery hr mi phwer shurie. Zcentce akttery hr mi phwer shurie ds ihnneitem th kn e`eitrdik` idriudt, tcdsphtentdk` mdbberenie (vh`tkje) irektes kn e`eitrdik` pressure tckt puscese`eitrhns tcrhujc tce idriudt ihlphnents knm lkfe tce iurrent b`hw.
IHNI@UYDHN
QERDEZ [ UEY]DHNY
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Ada`dhjrkpcy
Okifshn, Ceraert Z., Dntrhmuitdhn th E`eitrdi Idriudts, 5tc emdtdhn, New Oersey?
Wrentdie Ck``, ;43;, DYAN 7-;9-=3;=91-7.
Zd`md, ]cehmhre, E`eitrdik` Lkicdnes, Mrdves, knm Whwer Yystels, 2tc em., Upper
Ykmm`e Qdver? Wrentdie Ck``, 1775, DYAN 4:3-7;9;::24;9.