EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY FOR THE PRACTICING CLINICIAN
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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY FOR THE PRACTICING
CLINICIANRay F. Moss, Ph.D.
Professor Health SciencesFurman University
Director of Molnar Human Performance Laboratory
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Years of Training.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 10.0+
%Pe
rfor
man
ce C
apac
ity
VO2MAX
100%
Lactate ThresholdRunning Economy
Components Of Running Performance
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Cash Currency for Performance
ATP used
CP reforming ATP
Eventually all paid for aerobically
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PCr Shuttle
PCr + ADP ATP + Cr
ATP ADP
CPK
mitochondria
sarcoplasm PCr Cr
CPK
ADP ATPATPase
Sarcomere
Major Regulators of Cell Metabolism
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MAXIMUM OXYGEN UPTAKE
(VO2Max)
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Maximal Oxygen Uptake
• Maximal amount of oxygen that can be consumed during physical activity at sea level
• VO2 = Cardiac Output x arterial – venous O2
Endurance athletes have VO2Max levels as high as
94 mlO2/kg/min for 76 kg athlete
212 b/min x 200 ml/beat x 20 Vol% - 3 Vol% = 7.2 L/min
Average 25 year old male has VO2Max of
42 mlO2/kg/min
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Contributing Factors
• Very large stroke volumes
Over 200 ml/beat (42 L/min)
• Increased blood volume
• Increased capillarization of skeletal muscle
• Increase myoglobin All of these permit greater delivery of O2 to
skeletal muscle to generate ATP
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption VO2MAX
Increasing Workload
O
xyge
n U
ptak
e in
ml/m
in
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
VO2Max
Hea
rt R
ate
beat
s/m
in
6070
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
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Generating ATP
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Mitochondria and Training
• Increases in Number/size of mitochondria May actually be a reticulum
Density of mitochondria
More protein per volume
This reduces the “strain” on mitochondria during heavy exercise
Mitochondria greater capacity to produceATP
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Adaptability / Trainability
Fat(%)
60
40
20
0
CHO(%)
100
80
60
40
Aerobic Power (%)0 (Rest) 50 100 (Max)
Untrained
Untrained
“Cross-Over”
FAT
CHO
1-mile Pace (min/mile)
15 10 8 5
100 (Max)Trained
Trained
“Cross-over”
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LACTATE THRESHOLD
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Lactate Threshold (LT)
• When the body’s requirements of O2, surpass the body’s ability to deliver that O2, there begins a rapid rise in blood lactate
Considered to be best predictor of endurance
performance
LT in untrained occurs about 50% of VO2Max
LT in trained occurs as high as 90% of VO2Max
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Determination Of Lactate ThresholdL
acta
te
Running Velocity
Lactate Threshold
Lactate Increase by 1 mM from previous stage
Sample blood after every 4 minute stage of work
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% VO2MAX
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Lactate Untrained Trained
Lactate Threshold in Trained and Untrained Runners
LT
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0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
La
cta
te A
pp
ea
ran
ce
(m
g/k
g m
in-1
VO2 (L/min)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Lactate Appearance During Exercise
Pre-Training
Post-Training
Brooks et al 2000
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La
cta
te C
lea
ran
ce (
mg
/kg
min
-1)
Lactate (mM)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Pre-TrainingPost-Training
Lactate Clearance During Exercise
Brooks et al 2000
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Lactate Shuttle Systems
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LactateMono Carboxylate Transport Protein
Lactate OxidizedInside Mitochondrion
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PERFORMANCE ECONOMY
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Running Economy And Performance
Defined as the Cost of Running a Particular Pace Improving Economy Decreases the Cost of Running
There are Many Areas in which to Improve Running
Economy
a. Biomechanically
b. Metabolically
c. Psychologically
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Why Does It Take 10 + Years To Improve Economy?
1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Associated Pumps
2. Sarcolemmal Transport Protein Carriers a. Sodium Pump
b. Monocarboxilic Transport Protein
3. Glucose Receptor Density
a. Glut 4 Receptors
4. Mitochondrial Matrix/Membrane Proteins
5. Biomechanics of Stride Rate/Length
a. Stretch-Shortening Cycle of Connective Tissue
6. Heat Shock Prevention of Glycolytic and Oxidative
Metabolic Enzymes
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Increase in Glut 4 Receptors; Skeletal and Adipose Tissue
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Questions? Ha, Ha, Ha