Exercise and the Cardiovascular System - EIUcfje/4340/4340-CV2.pdf · ¥ During exercise the O2...
Transcript of Exercise and the Cardiovascular System - EIUcfje/4340/4340-CV2.pdf · ¥ During exercise the O2...
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Exercise and the Cardiovascular System
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Oxygen Supply
• T h e F i c k E q u a t i o n
• VO2 = Q x a-v O2 difference
• or
• VO2 = HR x SV x a-v O2 difference
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Supply and Demand
• Example...at rest the muscles demand (or need) 0.21 Liters of O2/min...
• demand is met with a supply of = 60 beats/min x 70 ml/beat x 5 ml O2/100 ml blood
• = 4,200 ml/min x 5 ml of O2 / 100 ml of blood
• = 42 ml/min x 5 ml of O2
• = 210 ml of O2/min
• = 0.21 Liters of O2/min
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Supply and Demand• Example...during exercise the muscles need 2.496
Liters of O2/min...
• Then, the demand is met with a supply of... = 160 beats/min x 130 ml/beat x 12 ml O2/100 ml blood
• = 20,800 ml/min x 12 ml of O2 / 100 ml of blood
• = 208 ml/min x 12 ml of O2
• = 2,496 ml of O2/min
• = 2.496 Liters of O2/min
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Supply and Demand
• During exercise the O2 demand of the muscles increase
• Therefore the CV systems needs to increase O2 supply
• The next series of slides will answer how this is accomplished.
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SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE
• Steady state, continuous exercise
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Cardiac Output & Exercise
• Q = HR x SV
• Represents the amount of blood flow to the musclesSubmaximal Exercise
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Heart Rate & Exercise
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Catecholamines released
Submaximal Exercise
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Stroke Volume & Exercise
1. ↑ Preload (or end-diastolic volume)
• Muscle pump
• Venoconstriction
2. ↑ Strength of contraction
• Sympathetic stimulation
3. ↓ Afterload
• VasodilationSubmaximal Exercise
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Venoconstriction
Muscle PumpIncrease Preload
or blood flow into the heart
Preload
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Afterload
Vasodilation
Decrease afterload leading to increase blood flow out of the heart
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Vasodilation
Autoregulation or Metabolic Vasodilation
• Waste products from muscle contraction.
• ↑ CO2 and ↑ acid
• Other
• ↑ potassium, ↑ adenosine, and ↑ nitric oxide
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a-v O2 Difference & Exercise
• At rest: 5 ml of O2/100 ml of blood
• Increase during exercise
• ↓ partial pressure
• redistribution of blood flow
Submaximal Exercise
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Partial Pressure
The total pressure of a gas = sum of the partial pressures of each gas
Example: partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)• Air is 20.93% oxygen• Expressed as a fraction: 0.2093• Total pressure of air = 760 mmHg
PO2 = 0.2093 x 760 = 159 mmHg
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Partial Pressure
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Partial Pressure and a-v O2 difference
Rest
PO2 = 40
PO2 = 100
PO2 = 100
PO2 = 100
no movement of O2
Submaximal Exercise
Exercise
PO2 = 15
PO2 = 100
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Redistribution of Blood FlowVASOCONSTRICTION
VASODILATION
Submaximal Exercise
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Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise
VASOCONSTRICTION
VASODILATION
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O2 Supply Summary
• How is the increase in O2 demand by the muscles during exercise met?
• Increase Q
• Increase HR
• Increase SV
• Increase a-v O2 difference
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Blood Pressure
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Upper Body Exercise
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PROLONGED, SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE
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Cardiovascular Drift
Heart Rate
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume
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Steady State, Submaximal Exercise
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INCREMENTAL EXERCISE TO MAXIMAL EFFORT
SPEED
ELEVATION
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Circ
ulat
ory
Resp
onse
s to
Incr
emen
tal E
xerc
ise
Incremental Exercise
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Circulatory Responses to Incremental Exercise
Cardiac Output Heart Rate
Incremental Exercise
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Maximum Heart Rate
• HRmax = 220 – age is an estimation, only
• Margin of error ± 12 bpm
• ALTERNATIVE FORMULA
• HRmax = 208 – (0.70 x age)
F.Y.I.
Incremental Exercise
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Circulatory Responses to Incremental Exercise
• Stroke Volume
Incremental Exercise
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Circulatory Responses to Incremental Exercise
• Systolic blood pressure
• Diastolic blood pressure
Incremental Exercise
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Cardiac Output
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Heart Rate
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Stroke VolumeNote the plateau
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Endurance Training
Pages 264-270
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Heart rateAt rest
Increase parasympathetic stimulationIncrease in SV
During steady state exerciseAt maximal exercise
Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
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Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
Stroke Volume
At rest
Steady state exercise
Maximal exercise
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Cardiac Output
At rest
Steady state exercise
Maximal exercise
Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
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a-v O2 difference
At rest
During steady state exercise
At maximal exercise
Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
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Oxygen Uptake (VO2)
At rest
Submaximal exercise
Maximal exercise (VO2max) by 25-30%
Genetics: 40-66% of baseline VO2max
Improvements in VO2max
50% due to ↑ SV
50% due to ↑ a-vO2
Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
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Blood
Total blood volume
Plasma volume
Red blood cells
Hematocrit
Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
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Blood Pressure (p. 333)
What is hypertension?
What affect does chronic exercise training have on hypertension?
Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
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Overview
↓Blood PressureBlood volume
Heart sizeHeart strength
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Adaptations from Chronic Exercise
Rest Submax MaxQ ↔ ↔ ↑SVHR
a-vO2 diffPlasma vol
RBCHtBP
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Detraining
Stroke Volume
(Blood Volume)
a-v O2 difference
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RetrainingContinued
Retraining
Detraining
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Detraining & Retraining
About 50% of the increase in mitochondria was lost after one week of detraining All of the adaptations were lost after five weeks of detrainingIt took four weeks of retraining to regain the adaptations lost in the first week of detraining