Exercise 15 - External Respiration
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Transcript of Exercise 15 - External Respiration
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External RespirationDOMINGO,GALOS,GENUINO,HILVANO,LAPIRA,LOZANO
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Abstract
The rate of breathing, being a function of metabolic activity of an
organism, is under control by the brain’s medulla oblongata, which
in turn, is affected by the blood’s pH. As the CO2 concentration in
the blood increases, it becomes slightly acidic.
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Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to clarify the relationship of the breathing
rate with the CO2 concentration. To show this relationship, we expose a test
subject to various situations of alteration of temperature, and letting the
subject expend energy. These various alterations will vary the amount of CO2
present inside the organism, thus stimulating a change in breathing phase. As
a conclusion to the experiment, temperature is directly proportional to the
breathing rate and a subject exposed to strenuous activity will most likely
expend more of the product formed in its system’s metabolic processes, thus
increasing breathing rate.
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Abstract
The experiment has shown that increase in temperature will hasten chemical
processes which in turn increase the amount of CO2 in the system, thus
increasing the organism’s breathing rate. On the other hand, decreasing the
temperature slows down metabolc processes and thus decreases the
breathing rate. Also, a subject exposed to strenuous activity will show
increase in breathing rate because it expended more of the product formed
in the metabolic processes. These results imply that the breathing rate is
directly proportional to the concentration of CO2 inside the system.
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I. Introduction
One of the requirements for the production of ATP in animals is
the presence of fresh oxygen in the body. Terrestrial animals fulfill
this requirement through a process called external respiration, more
commonly known as breathing. Air from the environment is taken in
the body, and is sent through respiratory structures.
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I. Introduction
It is brought into contact with respiratory membranes, where the
required oxygen is transmitted into the bloodstream. Waste gases,
such as carbon dioxide, are expelled from the body through these
respiratory structures as well.
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I. Introduction
In most terrestrial animals, external
respiration starts with the flattening of the
diaphragm. The suction effect this has allows
air to enter the respiratory system. It first
passes into the nasal cavity, where the air is
filtered for dirt and other unwanted solids. It
then passes through the pharynx, and enters
the larynx when the glottis opens to allow air
through.
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I. Introduction
Air then passes through the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchial
tubes, and finally the bronchioles, where the alveoli facilitate the
transfer of gases into and out of the bloodstream. The relaxation of
the diaphragm then allows the waste gases to be expelled into the
environment.
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I. Introduction
Because the production of ATP highly depends
on external respiration, the rate at which one
performs external respiration is affected by the
amount of metabolic activity in the body.
Strenuous activities, such as running, causes the
body to breath faster in order to accommodate
the large demand of ATP. When one is sleepy, the
body induces yawning in order to gather the ATP
necessary to stay awake; when one sleeps, the
rate of breathing becomes slower (though not by
a significant amount.)
10In this exercise, the group’s objectives
were to:
measure the breathing rate of an individual
relate the breathing rate to the amount of carbon dioxide produced
determine how exercise affects breathing rate
determine how temperature affects breathing rate
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Objectives
Objectives 1 – 3 were fulfilled by comparing the relative rates
of breathing after performing different physical activities.
Objective 4 was completed by comparing the relative rates
of breathing of a goldfish in different thermal conditions.
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II. Methodology
Part 1
Effect of Physical
Activity on Breathing
Rate
100 ml of lime water (saturated calcium
hydroxide in water) was poured into a 125-
ml capacity Erlenmeyer flask, making sure
to slowly dilute the flask with water while
shaking when the solution was too cloudy.
A drinking straw was inserted into the flask.
The lime solution was blown into, breathing
normally. Changes were observed as the
clear solution became cloudy.
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II. Methodology
Part 1
Effect of Physical
Activity on Breathing
Rate
The number of breaths in one minute after
a student had performed the following
exercises was counted by his/her partner.
Normal, unforced breathing while sitting
down
Unforced breathing while sitting down
after 100 jumping jacks
Unforced breathing while sitting down
after holding one's breath for as long as
possible.
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II. Methodology
Part 1
Effect of Physical
Activity on Breathing
Rate
The preceding exercises were
repeated. This time, a flask of
limewater (100 ml) was blown into by
the student performing the
exercises, and the time it took for the
clear solution to turn cloudy was
recorded. The count was stopped the
moment the solution began to
change.
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II. Methodology
Part 2
Effect of
Temperature on
Breathing Rate
A jar was filled with a sufficient
amount of dechlorinated water, and
a fish was placed in it. The
temperature of the water was
measured with a thermometer.
The aquatic breathing rate of the fish
was determined by counting the
number of times the operculum
opens and closes in one time.
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II. Methodology
Part 2
Effect of
Temperature on
Breathing Rate
The jar containing the fish was
transferred and immersed in an ice
bath. The temperature of the water
in the jar and the aquatic breathing
rate of the fish were determined.
The jar was removed from the ice
bath and the temperature was
allowed to return to room
temperature.
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II. Methodology
Part 2
Effect of
Temperature on
Breathing Rate
The jar was placed in a warm water
bath (about 37 degrees Celsius.) The
temperature of the water and the
breathing rate of the fish were
determined.
18III. Results and Discussion (Physical
Activity)
The data obtained from the exercise is tabulated below.
Activity Breathing Rate Minimum Time for Lime
Sitting 13 breaths/min 31 seconds
After exercise 29 breaths/min 21 seconds
Holding breath 16 breaths/min 25 seconds
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1. Explain what happened to the clear
solution of CaOH after one had blown air
into it. Show the chemical equation.
The solution of lime water began to turn murky white after it was
breathed into a few times.
The chemical reaction that occurred is as follows:
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2
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1. Explain what happened to the clear
solution of CaOH after one had blown air
into it. Show the chemical equation.
The calcium hydroxide in the lime water solution reacted with the
carbon dioxide that came from the expiration of air from the lungs of
the student who breathed into the flask. The results were water, and
calcium carbonate; it was the presence of calcium carbonate in the
solution that turned it murky white.
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2. What does the above procedure mean,
is it accurate?
The procedure above was meant to measure the rate of external
respiration of a person after different physical activities of increasing
degree of stress on the body.
Although the experiment can yield relatively accurate results
qualitatively, there are a few factors that limit the credibility of the results:
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2. What does the above procedure mean,
is it accurate?
The first is that the student performing the exercises was aware of
the experiment. Our normal rate of breathing, relaxed or after
exercise, is mostly involuntary. When one is aware of his/her
breathing, he/she cannot be expected to exhibit his/her normal rate
of breathing. This affects the results greatly.
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2. What does the above procedure mean,
is it accurate?
The second is that the results will differ between people. People
who are relatively healthy will not exhibit a change in breathing as
drastic as those who are not physically active after exercise.
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3. What relationship exists between
breathing rate and activity performed by
the student?
As the physical activity performed became more relatively taxing
on the body, the breathing rate increased.
The breathing rate after holding one's breath was not
significantly greater than normal; the difference in breathing rate was
very large, however, after the one hundred jumping jacks.
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4. What relationship exists between the rate
of change in the solution and the activity
performed by the student?
The rate of change of color of the solution increased with the
relative difficulty of the exercise.
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4. What relationship exists between the two
sets of data?
The data shows that the difficulty of the physical activity, breathing rate, and rate of change of
color of the solution are proportional to each other.
As the body increases its metabolic and systemic output to accommodate the student's
strenuous activity, the rate of consumption of ATP increases. The body expels CO2 at a faster rate
as a result; this caused the increase in rate of change of color of the lime water solution. The
increased demand of O2 and the increased amount of expelled CO2 also demanded a faster rate of
breathing.
27III. Results and Discussion
(Temperature)
The data obtained from the exercise is tabulated below.
Activity Temperature 1st 2nd 3rd
Room
Temperature
23o C 104 100 110
Cold Water
Bath
20o C 89 84 87
Warm Water
Bath
37o C 158 128 149
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1. Based on your tabulated data, how does
temperature affect the breathing rate of
an organism? Explain.
As a general trend, the breathing rate
of the goldfish decreases with
temperature.
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1. Based on your tabulated data, how does
temperature affect the breathing rate of
an organism? Explain.
Because goldfish are cold-blooded animals, their biological processes are under the
control of external forces (the temperature.) Most chemical processes occur faster at
higher temperatures than they do at lower ones, especially the ones dealing with
metabolization. In this case, the goldfish are metabolizing their food at a faster rate at
higher temperature, so need to respire faster. They are also far more active at the higher
temperature, again, because they can metabolize their food faster.
302. The fish is a poikilotherm. Would a
relatively small increase in the temperature
have as much effect on the breathing rate
of a homeotherm? Explain.
The small increase in temperature would not have as much
effect on the breathing rate of a homeotherm, or warm-blooded,
organism. Homeothermy is internal thermoregulation regardless of
external influence; as such metabolic activity inside a warm-blooded
organism such as a human will continue at a relatively constant rate
regardless of temperature. Thus respiration will not increase or
decrease drastically because of changes in temperature.
Poikilotherm- an organism that
cannot regulate its
body temperature
except by behavioral
means
Homeotherm- an organism that can
regulate its body
temperature by
metabolic means
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IV. Conclusion
The production of ATP in organisms is highly dependent on the external
respiration of the organism. Thus, the rate of respiration in an animal is
greatly affected by many environmental factors. As a useful rule of the
thumb: as metabolic activity in an animal increases, the required external
respiration in order to maintain that metabolic activity increases.
Environmental factors that affect the rate of respiration are the difficulty of
physical activity, and the external temperature (for poikilotherm.)
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References
Biology 10 (General Biology) Laboratory Manual. Department of Biology - College of Arts and
Sciences - University of the Philippines, Manila. Print.
Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B. & Meyers, N. (2006). Biology. Frenchs Forest: Pearson
Education.
Delos Reyes, J. (2006). Introduction to Biology: Principles and Processes (6th ed.). Department of
Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila.
Klein, David R. (2012). Organic Chemistry. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.