EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXTENDED CONSULTANCY FOR THE …€¦ · Endurance of the flow controller The...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXTENDED CONSULTANCY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL STANDARD FOR WATER SAVING DEVICES FOR

A WATER SAVING PROJECT

(AGREEMENT REF: 2C7TP09)

(HKPC REF: PROJECTS\40114221\4177D003.doc)

Prepared by

Environmental Management Division Hong Kong Productivity Council

7th May 2010

Extended Consultancy for the Development of Technical Standard for Water Saving Devices for a Water Saving Project

Environmental Management Division 4103\PROJECTS\40114221\4177D003.doc Hong Kong Productivity Council Page i

Table of Contents

1 Introduction.................................................................................................1

1.1 Project Background .........................................................................1

2 Taps ...........................................................................................................2

2.1 Overview of Oversea Technical Standards......................................2

2.2 Natures of the Schemes ..................................................................2

2.3 Types of the Schemes .....................................................................2

2.4 Types of Taps..................................................................................3

2.5 Water Efficiency Grading for Non-mixer Taps .................................3

2.6 Test Parameters and Methodology for Non-mixer Taps ..................5

2.7 Recommended Water Efficiency Grade for Non-mixer Taps ...........5

2.8 Other Concerns for Non-mixer Taps................................................6

2.9 Water Efficiency Grading for Mixer Taps .......................................10

2.10 Test Parameters and Methodology for Mixer Taps........................12

2.11 Recommended Water Efficiency Grade for Mixer Taps.................12

2.12 Other Concerns for Mixer Taps .....................................................13

2.13 Technical Specifications of Non-mixer and Mixer Taps on

Materials ........................................................................................17

2.14 Technical Specification of Non-mixer and Mixer Taps on

Workmanship.................................................................................20

3 Urinals ......................................................................................................21

3.1 Overview of Oversea Technical Standards....................................21

3.2 Natures of the Schemes ................................................................21

3.3 Types of the Schemes ...................................................................21

3.4 Types of Urinals.............................................................................22

3.5 Water Efficiency Grading ...............................................................22

3.6 Test Parameters and Methodology................................................23

3.7 Recommended Water Efficiency Grade.........................................24

3.8 Other Concerns .............................................................................25

3.9 Technical Specification on Materials..............................................25

3.10 Technical Specification on Workmanship ......................................29

4 Toilets/Lavatory Equipment ......................................................................30




4.4 Types of Toilets/Lavatory Equipment.............................................31


Environmental Management Division 4103\PROJECTS\40114221\4177D003.doc Hong Kong Productivity Council Page ii




4.8 Technical Specification on Workmanship ......................................41

5 Showers ...................................................................................................42




5.4 Types of Showers ..........................................................................42




5.8 Other Concerns .............................................................................47

5.9 Technical Specification on Materials..............................................47

6 Summary of the Recommended Grades for Various Water Saving

Devices.....................................................................................................50

6.1 Summary of the Recommended Grades .......................................50

APPENDIX A TESTING GUIDELINES FOR TAPS

APPENDIX B TESTING GUIDELINES FOR URINALS

APPENDIX C TESTING GUIDELINES FOR TOILETS/LAVATORY EQUIPMENT

APPENDIX D TESTING GUIDELINES FOR SHOWERS


Environmental Management Division 4103\PROJECTS\40114221\4177D003.doc Hong Kong Productivity Council Page 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Project Background

1.1.1 The scope of the original project was to provide recommendations for the WSD’s

water saving project which was focused on government buildings, municipal

venues and schools only. After completion of the original project, an additional

project was proposed to extend the study to develop recommendations of water

saving devices for new buildings.

1.1.2 In the original project, oversea technical standards of water saving devices were

reviewed so that technical standards, including the water efficiency grading system,

the test parameters and testing methodology, for Hong Kong context were

developed. Technical specifications, especially the recommended water efficiency

grades, for different types of water saving devices were also proposed for the

WSD’s water saving project.

1.1.3 In this extended project, study has been conducted to review if any modifications to

the previous findings and recommendations developed in the original project were

needed for the application of water saving devices in the new buildings. The scope

of study has been agreed to confine to:

(a) water saving devices used in general toilets, excluding disabled toilets, in all

new buildings except hospitals; and

(b) kitchen taps in all new buildings except hospitals.

As “new buildings” will include domestic and non-domestic buildings, the scope of

this study will cover all the general toilets and kitchen taps for residential

establishments, hotels or similar establishments, schools, offices, shops,

commercial establishments, clinics, car parks and factories, etc.



2 Taps

2.1 Overview of Oversea Technical Standards

2.1.1 Water efficiency grading schemes of taps have been implemented or being

planned in overseas. Several schemes have been well established in Australia,

New Zealand, Singapore, U.K. and U.S. Therefore, this review focuses on the

standards established from these five countries.

2.2 Natures of the Schemes

2.2.1 The schemes established in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore are mandatory

and all the taps specified under these schemes must be registered, rated and

labeled according to the requirements of the standards. On the other hand, the

schemes established in U.K. and U.S. are implemented on a voluntary basis. As an

initiative to promote water saving in Hong Kong, the technical standard established

in this project will be on a voluntary basis.

2.3 Types of the Schemes

2.3.1 The schemes established in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore are of grading

type. Under these schemes, all the taps are rated to different grades of water

efficiency in accordance with the flow rate test results and are subject to the

compliance with other specified performance requirements. Labels will be affixed to

the taps so as to indicate their water consumption levels and efficiency grading.

2.3.2 The schemes established in U.K. and U.S. are of recognition type. Verification

water efficiency labels would be fixed to those taps that have met the specified

water flow rate requirement and are in compliance with the other specified

performance criteria. Only one flow rate is specified in this type of schemes. It may

not be flexible enough if different types of taps have to be used under different

situations.

2.3.3 In view of the higher flexibility, a grading system is recommended for the proposed

technical standard for taps in Hong Kong.



2.4 Types of Taps

2.4.1 In this study, “taps” means any tap or tap outlet that is for use over a basin and

kitchen sink, regardless of the operating mechanism or obturator type.

Note: Tap types include combination taps, mixing taps, electronic taps/sensor taps;

This standard does not apply to any tap or tap outlet that is:

(a) solely for use over a bath; or

(b) part of an appliance such as a chilled or boiling water dispenser.

2.5 Water Efficiency Grading for Non-mixer Taps

2.5.1 Unlike the mixer taps that may have compatibility problems with the domestic water

heaters, non-mixer taps can actually achieve much lower flow rates than the mixer

taps. As non-mixer taps are mostly installed over basins, the Singaporean standard

for basin tap/mixer is benchmarked. As illustrated by the Singaporean standard, the

best water efficiency basin tap/mixer can achieve flow rates as low as < 2 L/min.

2.5.2 Based on the information as of 19th February 2010 posted in the webpage of PUB,

Singapore as shown in Table 2.1, there are 178 basin taps/mixers and 476 sink

taps/mixers registered as the best water efficiency taps with flow rates < 2 L/min

and < 4 L/min respectively. This proves that taps of higher water efficiency are

technically feasible and available in the market.

Table 2.1 Registry of Water Efficiency Taps in Singapore

Types of Taps No. of

Ticks

Flow Rate (L/min) (1) Number of Registered Taps

(as of 19th February 2010)

3 f ≤ 2 178

2 2 < f ≤ 4 304

1 4 < f ≤ 6 300

Basin Tap/Mixer

0 f > 6 516

3 f ≤ 4 476

2 4 < f ≤ 6 212

1 6 < f ≤ 8 54

Sink Tap/Mixer

0 f > 8 681

Remarks:

(1) Flow rates are determined according to the respective Singaporean standards.



2.5.3 The proposed water efficiency grading for non-mixer taps is shown in Table 2.2 and

illustrated in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Oversea Standards (Australia/New Zealand and Singapore) and

Recommended Hong Kong Standard for Taps

Table 2.2 Water Efficiency Grading for Non-mixer Taps

Proposed Hong Kong Standard Nominal Flow Rate f (L/min)

Level 1 (Excellent) f ≤ 2.0

Level 2 (Very Good) 2.0 < f ≤ 4.0

Level 3 (Good) 4.0 < f ≤ 6.0

Level 4 (Ordinary) f > 6.0

# An extra merit is proposed to the water taps with automatic shut-off mechanism.

Level 4 - ordinary non-mixer taps equivalent to zero tick in the Singaporean standard

for basin tap/mixer

Level 3 - Non-mixer taps with minimal water saving, equivalent to 1 tick in the

Singaporean standard for basin tap/mixer

Level 2 - Non-mixer taps equivalent to 2 ticks in the Singaporean standard for basin

tap/mixer

Level 1 - The best non-mixer taps equivalent to 3 ticks in the Singaporean standard for

basin tap/mixer



2.6 Test Parameters and Methodology for Non-mixer Taps

2.6.1 The nominal flow rates of the water taps shall be tested in accordance with the

testing methodology in Appendix A. The water taps are then rated to different levels

according to the nominal flow rate test results subject to the compliance with other

performance requirements as shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Performance Requirements for Water Taps

Performance Property Performance Requirements

The difference between the highest and

lowest average flow rates measured in the

nominal flow rate measurement

The difference shall not exceed 2.0 L/min.

Endurance of the flow controller The flow rate shall be within ±1 L/min of the

nominal flow rate, as determined in the flow

rate test.

2.7 Recommended Water Efficiency Grade for Non-mixer Taps

2.7.1 With reference to the assessment criteria used in the previous study, the

recommended grade for new buildings is determined based on the following

assessment criteria:

- Water saving performance;

- Technical applicability; and

- Availability in local market

The factor of cost implication is not considered in this study since the prices of the

water efficiency non-mixer taps may vary substantially when they are getting

popular in Hong Kong.

2.7.2 In general, Level 1 will be recommended from the perspective of water saving

unless there are technical applicability problems or inadequate local availability

hindering the use of Level 1 non-mixer taps.

2.7.3 As demonstrated from the registration of water efficiency taps in Singapore, taps

with flow rates < 2 L/min are technically feasible and available in the market

although they may not be currently common in Hong Kong.

2.7.4 However, there is one technical issue that needs to be addressed. The flow rates of

taps are specified in terms of nominal flow rates which are the average values of



the measured water flow rates under pressure of 150 kPa, 250 kPa and 350 kPa.

For the highest floors of a building, if fresh water is supplied from the rooftop fresh

water tank by gravity without any booster pump, the water supply pressure can be

lower than 150kPa. In order to make sure that the actual flow rates of the water

efficiency taps would not be far below their specified nominal flow rates, it is

recommended to explicitly specify a minimum water supply pressure of at least 150

kPa to be maintained at the point of use in all new buildings.

2.7.5 As shown in Table 2.4, it is recommended to use Level 1 (Excellent) water

efficiency non-mixer taps in the general toilets of all new buildings except hospitals.

Table 2.4 Recommended Grade of Water Efficiency Non-mixer Taps

Assessment Criteria Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Water saving performance

Technical applicability

Availability in local market

Recommended grade Excellent Very Good Good

2.8 Other Concerns for Non-mixer Taps

2.8.1 Some people may think that hand washing may not be so effective when using a

water efficiency tap and would concern about the hand hygiene. The hand hygiene

guidelines given by both the World Health Organization1 and the Centre for Health

Protection of Hong Kong2 only suggest to rinse hands thoroughly under running

water. They do not specify how much water to be used or how long for the rinsing.

Therefore, technically, a water efficiency tap will not impair the hand hygiene during

hand washing provided that sufficient amount of running water is used. In fact,

there are no reports from overseas, like Singapore or Australia, saying that water

efficiency taps will affect hand hygiene. However, users may consider lower levels

of water efficiency taps if they have concerns about hygiene in some critical

applications, like clinics or elderly centres.

1 Pittet, D., Allegranzi, B. and Boyce, J. (2009) “The World Health Organization

Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and Their Consensus Recommendations”,

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiol, 30, 611-622 2 Centre for Health Protection Leaflet “Hand Hygiene – An Easy and Effective Way to

Prevent Infection” printed in June 2009



2.8.2 Users shall also be reminded that as the flow rates of the water efficiency taps will

definitely be smaller than those of ordinary taps, longer time will be required by the

water efficiency taps to fill up containers, like kettles or buckets. Users may

consider using taps of lower water efficiency levels if the afore-mentioned issue is

very critical to their operations.

2.8.3 The recommended grades of water efficiency of non-mixer taps for different

applications are summarized in Table 2.5.



Table 2.5 Recommended Grades of Non-mixer Taps for Various Applications

Level 1#

Excellent

(f ≤ 2.0 L/min)

Level 2#

Very Good

(2.0 L/min < f ≤ 4.0 L/min)

Level 3#

Good

(4.0 L/min < f ≤ 6.0 L/min)

- No technical constraints;

- Used in public places ;

- For general personal hygiene purpose

- Mainly for hand washing;

- Not recommended for high volume

usage such as cleansing and filling up

containers like kettles and buckets,

- Examples: Toilets and pantries for

offices, shopping malls and cultural

venues (e.g. libraries and museums

etc.); Guest rooms of hotels and

serviced apartments.


- Used in private and public facilities;

- For general personal hygiene purposet;

- For high volume usage such as

cleansing purpose and filling up

containers, like kettles and buckets;

- For facilities that involve physical

activities such as sports which lead to

frequent and high volume usage.

- For facilities which have peak demand

of water and where prolonged queuing

time is required in case of low water flow

rate;

- Examples: Toilets for residential

premises, including dormitories of

boarding schools and universities,

performance venues (e.g. town halls,

cultural centres, theatres etc.), schools

and leisure venues (e.g. sports centres,

playgrounds, sports stadiums,

swimming pools etc,


- Used in places where require critical

hygienic condition.

- For higher personal hygiene

requirement;

- For high volume usage that includes

cleansing of dirty substances to remove

germs.

- Examples: Elderly homes, child care

centres, nursery or social services

centres; Clinic, medical centres and

rehabilitation centres; Workshops and

machinery plants.



2.9 Water Efficiency Grading for Mixer Taps

2.9.1 Mixer taps are normally associated with some water heating systems to provide hot

water supply. The water efficiency grading for mixer taps shall be designed with

due consideration of the possible compatibility problems when water efficiency

mixer taps are connected to the domestic water heaters.

2.9.2 According to the compatibility test, the flow-controlled water heaters, no matter if

town gas, LPG or electricity is used, have minimum flow rate requirement of about

3 L/min. Whereas, the pressure-controlled water heaters, again no matter if town

gas, LPG or electricity is used, normally require higher minimum water flow rates

than the flow-controlled ones to trigger the operations. Their values vary from 3

L/min to about 5.8 L/min. In the case of storage type water heaters, no minimum

flow rate is required for their operation.

2.9.3 The flow rates of taps are specified in terms of nominal flow rates which are the

average values of the measured water flow rates under pressure of 150 kPa, 250

kPa and 350 kPa. If the maximum difference between the highest and lowest

average flow rates of the mixer taps is restricted to not exceeding 2.0 L/min as

proposed in the Hong Kong standard and the water supply pressure is maintained

at no less than 150 kPa, the actual flow rates of a water efficiency mixer tap under

different pressures will be its nominal flow ±1.0 L/min. In order to ensure that the

water efficiency mixer taps can deliver water flow rates that are adequate to trigger

the operation of the water heaters, the lower limits of the taps’ flow rates, i.e.

nominal flow -1.0 L/min, must be greater than the minimum flow rates of the water

heaters. Hence, since the minimum flow rate requirement of the flow-controlled

water heaters is about 3 L/min, the nominal flow rates of any compatible water

efficiency mixer taps should be greater than 4 L/min. Whereas, as the minimum

flow rate requirement of the pressure-controlled water heaters is about 3-5.8 L/min,

the nominal flow rates of any compatible water efficiency mixer taps should not be

less than 6.8 L/min. Since the storage type water heaters, including the centralized

water heating system, do not have any minimum flow rate requirement to trigger

their operation, there is basically no minimum requirement for the nominal flow

rates of the compatible water efficiency mixer taps.

2.9.4 Based on the above rationales, the water efficiency grading as listed in Table 2.6

and illustrated in Figure 5.1 is proposed for mixer taps used in new buildings.



Table 2.6 Water Efficiency Grading for Mixer Taps

Proposed Hong Kong Standard Nominal Flow Rate f (L/min)



Level 3 (Good) 7.0 < f ≤ 9.0


* An extra merit is proposed to the mixer taps that can achieve a nominal flow rate ≤ 2

L/min;


Level 4 - ordinary mixer taps which are compatible to all types of water heaters,

equivalent to zero tick in the Singaporean standard for shower tap/mixer

Level 3 - mixer taps with minimal water saving, which are compatible to the storage

type water heaters and both flow-controlled and pressure-controlled

instantaneous type water heaters, equivalent to 1 tick in the Singaporean

standard for shower tap/mixer

Level 2 - mixer taps which are compatible to the storage type water heaters and

flow-controlled instantaneous type water heaters, equivalent to 2 ticks in the

Singaporean standard for shower tap/mixer

Level 1 - mixer taps which are only compatible to the storage type water heaters and

centralized water heating system, equivalent to 3 ticks in the Singaporean

standard for shower tap/mixer

2.9.5 With the proposed water efficiency levels for mixer taps, it is anticipated that no

serious compatibility problem with the water heaters shall be encountered if the

public is aware of the types of water heaters that each category of mixer taps are

compatible to.

2.9.6 Besides, when storage type water heaters or centralized water heating systems are

used, the compatibility problem between the water efficiency mixer taps and the

water heaters no longer exists. There is room to pursue higher water efficiency than

just <5 L/min. This is particularly true for those high water consuming non-domestic

users, like hotels, hostels, sports centers, etc., where centralized water heating

systems are used. In order to encourage the use of the best water efficiency mixer

taps in the market, an extra credit is proposed for mixer taps that can achieve

nominal flow rates < 2 L/min. This water efficiency level will be equivalent to the

best water efficiency level achieved for non-mixer taps as shown in Figure 2.1.



2.10 Test Parameters and Methodology for Mixer Taps

2.10.1 The nominal flow rates of the mixer taps shall be tested in accordance with the

testing same methodology as that for non-mixer taps (Appendix A). The mixer taps

are then rated to different grades according to the nominal flow rate test results

subject to the compliance with other performance requirements as shown in Table

2.7.

Table 2.7 Performance Requirements for Mixer Taps






Endurance of the flow controller The flow rate shall be within ±1 L/min of the

nominal flow rate, as determined in the flow

rate test.

2.11 Recommended Water Efficiency Grade for Mixer Taps








water efficiency mixer taps may vary substantially when they are getting popular in

Hong Kong.



hindering the use of Level 1 mixer taps.

2.11.3 Based on the compatibility test results, Level 1 water efficiency mixer taps will be

recommended if storage type water heaters or centralized water heating systems

can be used in the new buildings. Whereas, if instantaneous type water heaters

have to be used, it is recommended to use flow-controlled type water heaters and

Level 2 water efficiency mixer taps will be compatible to these water heaters.

However, if only pressure-controlled type instantaneous water heaters can be



used, it will be advisable to install Level 3 water efficiency mixer taps in order to

avoid any compatibility problem between the taps and the water heaters.

2.11.4 As shown in Table 2.8, water efficiency mixer taps of different levels will be

recommended according to the types of domestic water heaters used in the new

buildings.

Table 2.8 Recommended Grade of Water Efficiency Mixer Taps

Assessment

Criteria

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Water saving

performance

Technical

applicability

Applicable to

storage type

water heaters

Applicable to

storage type

and

flow-controlled

water heaters

Applicable to

storage type,

flow-controlled and

pressure-controlled

water heaters

Applicable to

all types of

water heaters

Availability in

local market

Recommended

grade Excellent Very Good Good Ordinary

2.12 Other Concerns for Mixer Taps

2.12.1 The water supply pressure is maintained at no less than 150 kPa.

2.12.2 Similar to non-mixer taps, users may consider lower levels of water efficiency taps

if they have concerns about hygiene in some critical applications, like clinics or

elderly centres.

2.12.3 Users shall also be reminded that as the flow rates of the water efficiency taps will

definitely be smaller than those of ordinary taps, longer time will be required by the

water efficiency taps to fill up containers, like kettles or buckets. Users may

consider using taps of lower water efficiency levels if the afore-mentioned issue is

very critical to their operations.



2.12.4 When storage type water heaters or centralized water heating systems are used,

users may consider using mixer taps with nominal flow rates of < 2 L/min so as to

get an extra credit.

2.12.5 Users shall also consider using mixer taps with automatic shut-off mechanism and

an extra credit will be given to recognize the additional benefit in water saving.

2.12.6 The recommended grades of water efficiency of non-mixer taps for different

application are summarized in Table 2.8.



Table 2.9 Recommended Grades of Mixer Taps for Various Applications

Level 1*, #

Excellent

(f ≤ 5.0 L/min)

Level 2#

Very Good

(5.0 L/min < f ≤ 7.0 L/min)

Level 3#

Good

(7.0 L/min < f ≤ 9.0 L/min)

- Applicable to centralized water heating

system or storage type heaters;

- Used in plubic places;

- For general personal hygiene purpose

- Not recommended for high volume

usage such as cleansing and filling up

containers like kettles and buckets;

- Examples:

Toilets and pantries for offices, shopping

malls, cinemas, theatres and so on, but

less likely to be installed;

Guest rooms of hotels and serviced

apartments;

Toilets for schools, club houses and

sport centres;

and so on.


system or storage type heaters and

flow-controlled water heaters;

- Used in private places and public

facilities;

- For general personal hygiene purpose;

- For facilities that involve physical

activities such as sports which lead to

frequent and high volume usage;

- For facilities which have peak demand

of water and where prolonged queuing

time is required in case of low water flow

rate;




- Examples:

Toilets for residential premises including

dormitories of boarding schools and

universities;

Kitchens.


system or storage type heaters ,

flow-controlled water heaters and

pressure-controlled water heaters ;

- Used in places where require critical

hygienic condition;

- For higher personal hygienic

requirement;




- For high volume usage that includes

cleansing of dirt substances to remove

germs;

- Examples:

Elderly homes, child care centres,

nurseries or social services centres;

Clinic, medical centres and rehabilitation

centres;

Factories, warehouses, workshops;

and so on.



* An extra merit is proposed to the mixer taps that can achieve a nominal flow rate ≤ 2 L/min;




2.13 Technical Specifications of Non-mixer and Mixer Taps on Materials

Compatibility to existing system

2.13.1 An issue is related to the compliance of water saving taps to certain British

Standards in order to obtain the approval from Office of the Water Authority. Water

saving taps may not comply with certain condition stated in the British Standard,

such as the flow rate requirement in BS 1415:Part 2:1986.

2.13.2 As informed by the Water Supplies Department, the flow rate requirement in BS

1415:Part 2:1986 has been relaxed. It is no longer necessary to comply with this

flow rate requirement in order to obtain the approval from Office of the Water

Authority.

General Specification for Building (2007 Edition)

2.13.3 This section of technical specification makes reference to the section of “Sanitary

Appliances” of General Specification for Building (2007 Edition) issued by the

Architectural Services Department.

2.13.4 Taps and combination tap assemblies shall be chromium plated brass to BS 5412.

2.13.5 Taps shall be:

(a) Sensor tap shall conform to BS EN 816:1996. Operating pressure between

0.3-10 bar. Flow rate 2-6 litre per min. Max. water temp. 80 degree aerator.

Self cleaning. Turn-off control pre-set 0-3 sec.

(b) Sensor mixer or cold.

(c) Self-closing tap for time delay function.

(d) Bib tap.



Specification Library 2008 Edition


Appliances” of Specification Library 2008 Edition issued by the Hong Kong Housing

Authority.

2.13.7 The bath/showers mixers and basin mixers shall be tested for conformity with the


Table 2.10 Performance Requirement for Bath/showers Mixers and Basin Mixers

Reference to the Specification Library 2008 Edition

Items Method Acceptance Standards

Flow Rate BS 1415:Part 1:1976:

Cl. 12.1

BS 1415:Part1:1976:

Cl.12.3

Water Tightness Tests BS 5412:1996:

Cl.8.2.1 to 8.2.3

BS 5412:1996:

Cl.8.2 & Table 12

Pressure Resistance Tests BS 5412:1996:Cl.9.2 BS 5412:1996:

Cl.9.2.2.2 and 9.2.3.2

Mechanical Strength Test BS 5412:1996:Cl.11 BS 5412:1996:Cl.11.2.4

Mechanical Endurance

Tests

- Endurance Test of the

Operating Mechanism

BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.1 BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.1.4

- Endurance of Diverters

(For bath mixer only)

BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.2 BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.2.2

Pressure Drop Test (For

bath mixer & shower mixer

only)

Method No.1 Total pressure drop

across the mixer with hot

water tap fully open and

cold water tap fully closed

not more than 0.25 bar at 7

litre/minute

Blend Water Extreme

Temperature

BS 5779:1979:Cl.16 & App K

Temperature of supply water:

Cold water = 20°C ± 1°C

Hot water = 82°C ± 1°C

BS 5779:1979:Cl.16

2.13.8 The performance requirements indicated in red and bold in Table 2.10 are

recommended to be relaxed. The requirement on flow rate is not related to the



other essential performance requirements of water saving taps, such as water

tightness, pressure resistance and mechanical endurance. The requirement on

pressure drop is indispensable only at locations with low water pressure. The

number of these locations is expected to be minimal in new buildings, as the water

pressure is proposed to be maintained at no less than 150 kPa. Therefore, these

two requirements are recommended to be relaxed.

2.13.9 The kitchen sink mixers shall be tested for conformity with the performance

requirements as shown in Table 2.11.

Table 2.11 Performance Requirement for Kitchen Sink Mixers Reference to the



Flow Rate BS 1415:Part 1:1976:

Cl. 12.3

BS 1415:Part1:1976:

Cl.12.3

Water Tightness Tests BS 5412:1996: Cl.8.2

(Tests in Cl.8.2.4 & 8.2.5 do

not apply)

BS 5412:1996:Cl.8.2 &

Table 12

Pressure Resistance Tests BS 5412:1996:Cl.9.2 BS 5412:1996:Cl.9.2.2.2

and 9.2.3.2

Mechanical Strength Test BS 5412:1996:Cl.11 BS 5412:1996:Cl.11.2.4

Mechanical Endurance

Tests

- Endurance Test of the

Operating Mechanism

BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.1 BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.1.4

- Endurance of Swivel

Nozzles

BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.3 BS 5412:1996:Cl.12.3.2.4

Blend Water Extreme

Temperature

BS 5779:1979:Cl.16 & App K

Temperature of supply water:

Cold water = 20°C ± 1°C

Hot water = 82°C ± 1°C

BS 5779:1979:Cl.16

2.13.10 The performance requirements indicated in red and bold in Table 2.11 is

recommended to be relaxed. The requirement on flow rate is not related to the

other essential performance requirements of water saving taps, such as water

tightness, pressure resistance, mechanical strength and mechanical endurance.

Therefore, this requirement is recommended to be relaxed.



Specification developed from the proposed standard

2.13.11 The water supply pressure is maintained at no less than 150 kPa.

2.13.12 The taps shall be tested for conformity with the performance requirements as

shown in Table 2.12.

Table 2.12 Performance Requirement for Non-mixer and Mixer Taps






Endurance of the flow controller The flow rate shall be within ±1 litre/min of

the nominal flow rate, as determined in the

flow rate test.

2.13.13 The testing methodology is described in Appendix A with reference to the testing

conditions and requirements specified in the Australia/New Zealand Standard No.

AS/NZS 3718:2005 – Water Supply – Tap Ware with Amendment Nos. 1 and 2.

The non-mixer and mixer taps are then rated to different grades according to Table

2.2 and Table 2.6 respectively.

2.14 Technical Specification of Non-mixer and Mixer Taps on Workmanship





2.14.2 Fix taps to make water tight seal with the sanitary appliance. Place hot tap to left of

cold tap as viewed by the user. Ensure that Hot/Cold markings are correctly applied

and located.



3 Urinals


3.1.1 Water efficiency grading scheme of urinals have been implemented or being


New Zealand, Singapore and U.S. Therefore, this review focuses on the standards

established from these four countries.


3.2.1 The schemes established in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore are mandatory

and all the urinals specified under these schemes must be registered, rated and

labeled according to the requirements of the standards. On the other hand, the

scheme established in U.S. is implemented on a voluntary basis. As an initial


in this project will be on a voluntary basis. .



type. Under these schemes, all the urinals are rated to different grades of water

efficiency in accordance with the volume of discharge test results and are subject to

the compliance with other specified performance requirements. Labels will be

affixed to the urinals so as to indicate their water consumption levels and efficiency

grading.

3.3.2 The scheme established in U.S. is of recognition type. Verification water efficiency

labels would be fixed to those urinals that have met the specified volume of

discharge requirement and are in compliance with the other specified performance

criteria. Only one volume of discharge is specified in this type of scheme. It may not

be flexible enough if different types of urinals have to be used under different

situations.


technical standard for urinals in Hong Kong.



3.4 Types of Urinals

3.4.1 In this study, “urinals” means:

(a) a urinal suite;

(b) a urinal;

(c) a urinal flushing control mechanism; or

(d) a combination of a urinal and urinal flushing control mechanism

3.4.2 This study does not apply to waterless urinals and trough urinals. Waterless urinals

are not commonly used and their performance is yet to be assessed and proved. If

necessary, an additional piece of technical standard specifying the applicable

performance criteria and testing methodologies may be developed for the waterless

urinals in the future.

3.4.3 Unlike wall-hung urinals, trough urinals are normally tailor-made in Hong Kong,

which makes trough urinals difficult to satisfy the required performance criteria of

the proposed technical standard of water efficiency urinals, like flushing test and

splash test. However, there are no suitable factory-tested standard trough urinals

available in Hong Kong market. Trough urinals in the proposed technical standard

of water efficiency urinals for new buildings in Hong Kong.

3.5 Water Efficiency Grading

3.5.1 The rationales for the WSD’s water saving project in the previous study are

applicable to the new buildings in this study. Therefore, the water efficiency grading

for urinals proposed in the previous study will be used for new buildings. It is listed

in Table 3.1 and illustrated in Figure 3.1.

Table 3.1 Water Efficiency Levels for Urinals

Proposed Hong Kong Standard Volume of Discharge f (L)



Level 3 (Good) 2.5 < f ≤ 4.5


Level 4 - conventional urinals currently used (mostly flushed with cisterns)

Level 3 - urinals with minimal water saving

Level 2 - equivalent to 1-3 stars in the Australian/New Zealand standards

Level 1 - the best flushing control mechanisms in the market (mostly flushing with



electronic sensor flushing valves), equivalent to 4-6 stars in the

Australian/New Zealand standards


Recommended Hong Kong Standard for Urinals

3.6 Test Parameters and Methodology

3.6.1 The volume of discharge of the urinals shall be tested in accordance with the

testing methodology in Appendix B. The urinals are then rated to different grades

according to the volume of discharge test results subject to the compliance with

other performance requirements as shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Performance Requirements for Urinals


Flushing test for single stall

wall-hung urinals

The urinal shall flush coloured water over the serviced

area 130 mm below the spreader on a spreader type

urinal and 50 mm below the weir outlet on a box rim type

urinal.

Splash test for urinals The urinals shall not splash water onto the floor.



3.7 Recommended Water Efficiency Grade

3.7.1 In the previous study for WSD’s water saving project, the recommended water

efficiency grade of the water efficiency urinals was Level 2. It was due to the

consideration about the difficulties to retrofit the existing urinals to achieve Level 1.

However, there is no such constraint for new buildings.








water efficiency urinals may vary substantially when they are getting popular in

Hong Kong.



hindering the use of Level 1 urinals.

3.7.4 The flushing performance of urinals is mainly dependent on two factors: the

flushing volume setting of the flushing apparatus and the design of urinal pans. The

most common types of flushing apparatus in Hong Kong are flushing cisterns and

flushing valves. In light of the type test results in the previous study, electronic

sensor type flushing valves shall have no problem to meet the requirements of

Level 1. As for the urinal pans, the type tests in the previous study have revealed

that a number of urinal pans can be classified as Level 1. In this regard, there

should be no technical applicability problems or inadequate local availability

hindering the use of Level 1 urinals in Hong Kong.

3.7.5 As shown in the assessment result of Table 3.3, it is recommended to use

wall-hung type Level 1 (Excellent) urinals in the general toilets of all new buildings

except hospitals.



Table 3.3 Recommended Grade of Water Efficiency Urinals






3.8 Other Concerns

3.8.1 Trough urinals are not recommended as water efficiency urinals for new buildings

because of no suitable factory-tested standard products available in Hong Kong

market. However, users shall be reminded that a trough urinal can normally occupy

less space than the equivalent number of wall-hung urinals. Therefore, if it is

intended to install water efficiency urinals in the new buildings, adequate space

shall be allocated to accommodate enough number of wall-hung urinals.

3.9 Technical Specification on Materials

Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing Installation in

Buildings

3.9.1 According to Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing

Installation in Buildings Feb 2004 Version, issued by Water Supplies Department

(WSD), the water discharge mechanism of flushing devices shall either be one of

the following types:

(a) with a flushing cistern:

(i) valveless siphonic;

(ii) drop valve;

(iii) flap valve; or

(iv) dual flush valve;

(b) without a flushing cistern:

(i) flushing valve (flushometer valve).

They can either be actuated by mechanical means or by sensors.



3.9.2 Every flushing cistern shall have an overflow terminating in a conspicuous position.

3.9.3 The discharge volume of the flushing devices shall be preset at the smallest

compatible with the toilet bowl to ensure that effective clearance can be achieved

by a single flush of water.

3.9.4 The requirements on the use of valve type flushing cisterns (refer to paragraph

3.9.1(a)(ii), (iii) and (iv)) are as follows:

(a) The valve seal of the flushing devices shall be easily replaceable.

(b) A dual flush valve which is designed to give two different volumes of flush shall

have a readily discernible method of actuating the flush at different volumes.

Such method should be illustrated clearly and permanently displayed at the

cistern or nearby.

(c) For dual flush devices, the reduced flushing volume shall not be more than

two-thirds of the larger flushing volume.

(d) The components of all valve type flushing devices shall be resistant to salt

water corrosion.

(e) The flushing devices must pass the 200,000-cycle endurance test.

3.9.5 The requirements on the use of flushing valves (refer to paragraph 3.9.1(b)) are as

follows:

(a) Installation of a filter before a flushing valve or a group of flushing valves is

required.

(b) The cartridge and other valve components shall be easily replaceable.

(c) The valve components shall be resistant to salt water corrosion.

(d) Flushing valves shall be used within the range of working pressures specified

by the manufacturer.


(f) Flushing valve shall only be used where there is a good maintenance

management system for frequent inspection and cleaning of filters. Normally

only public toilets (such as those administered by government,

quasi-government bodies, hotel operators, commercial complex management

offices, etc.) will be considered.

(g) To facilitate users to report defective flushing valves in case they occur, it is

advisable to secure in a conspicuous place in the public toilet, where the

flushing valves are installed, a plate etched with the name of the responsible

party and the telephone number in both Chinese and English. Other effective

arrangements may also be considered.



3.9.6 For an existing building with permission to use mains water (fresh or salt) for

flushing purposes, any existing flushing apparatus found unsuitable shall be

replaced with a proper apparatus as specified above.

3.9.7 It is the requirement under the Buildings Ordinance [Hong Kong Law Chapter 123]

that all new buildings shall be provided with a plumbing system to supply water for

flushing purposes and every part of such plumbing system (including the storage

tank) shall be constructed of such materials that are suitable for use with salt water.


3.9.8 This sections of technical specification makes reference to the section of “Sanitary



Flushing valve

3.9.9 In the case of urinals, the discharge volume shall be not less than 4.5 litres for

every basin or stall, or for every metre of a trough urinal.

The flow rate of the flush water shall be adjustable. The flush valve to maintain a

minimum of 1.5 litres/second flow rate.

Urinals

3.9.10 Sensor valve shall conform to BS EN 12164’sCW602N. Operating pressure shall

be 0.3-10 bar rinse. Time-off control approx. 9 sec. and remote adjust from 7-22

sec. Dry battery shall be 6V Lithium 2 CR5. A/C operate shall be 220-230/50z;

voltage 6V.

Sensor fittings shall be suitable for use in salt water application.

3.9.11 The performance requirements indicated in red and bold above is recommended

to be relaxed. The relax on the discharge volume will not affect the performance of

urinals as they are specified by the technical specification developed from the

proposed standard.






Authority.

3.9.13 The urinals shall be tested for conformity with the performance requirements as

shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Performance Requirement for Urinals Reference to the


Items Requirements

Bowl Urinal Suite Comprising

1. Vitreous china bowl to BS 5520:1977:

(a) Inlet supply: top of surface fixed pipework or back

for concealed pipeworks;

(b) Non-corroding, concealed, screw fixed brackets;

(c) Colour: as shown on Drawings or to Approval.

2. Plastics waste outlet, 40 mm nominal size with backnut

and plastics or stainless steel domed outlet grating


3.9.14 The urinals shall be tested for conformity with the performance requirements as

shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Performance Requirements for Urinals


Flushing test for single stall

wall-hung urinals

The urinal shall flush coloured water over the serviced

area 130 mm below the spreader on a spreader type

urinal and 50 mm below the weir outlet on a box rim type

urinal.

Splash test for urinals The urinals shall not splash water onto the floor.

3.9.15 The testing methodology is described in Appendix B with reference to the testing

conditions and requirements specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard No.

AS/NZS 3982:1996 – Urinals.



3.10 Technical Specification on Workmanship





3.10.2 Fix urinals as follows:

(c) Wall type

(i) Fix bowl and division to wall with brackets, concealed hangers or screws,

as required.



4 Toilets/Lavatory Equipment


4.1.1 Water efficiency grading scheme of toilets/lavatory equipment have been

implemented or being planned in overseas. Several schemes have been well

established in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, U.K. and U.S. Therefore, this

review focuses on the standards established from these five countries.


4.2.1 The schemes established in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore are mandatory.

And all the toilets/lavatory equipment specified under these schemes must be

registered, rated and labeled according to the requirements of the standards. On

the other hand, the schemes established in U.K. and U.S. are implemented on a

voluntary basis. As an initiative to promote water saving in Hong Kong, the

technical standard established in this project will be on a voluntary basis. .



types. Under these schemes, all the toilets/lavatory equipment are rated to different

grades of water efficiency in accordance with the volume of discharge test results

and are subject to the compliance with other specified performance requirements.

Labels will be affixed to the toilets/lavatory equipment so as to indicate their water

consumption levels and efficiency grading.

4.3.2 The schemes established in U.K. and U.S. are of recognition types. Verification

water efficiency labels would be fixed to those toilets/lavatory equipment that have

met the specified volume of discharge requirement and are in compliance with the

other specified performance criteria. Only one value of “volume of discharge” is

specified in this type of schemes. It may not be flexible enough if different types of

toilets/lavatory equipment have to be used under different situations.


technical standard for toilets/lavatory equipment in Hong Kong.



4.4 Types of Toilets/Lavatory Equipment

4.4.1 In this study, “toilets/lavatory equipment” means:

(a) a toilet suite; or

(b) a water closet pan; or

(c) a water closet cistern; or

(d) a combination of a water closet and cistern

4.4.2 Unlike water closets which have dominated the market, squat toilets are seldom

used in new buildings. In addition, squat toilets have very few choices in the market

and little performance data are available. In general, squat toilets require more

water for flushing than the water closets. In this regard, it is recommended not to

include squat toilets in the proposed technical standard of water efficiency

toilets/lavatory equipment for new buildings in Hong Kong.




for toilets/lavatory equipment proposed in the previous study will be used for new

buildings. It is listed in Table 4.1 and illustrated in Figure 4.1.

Table 4.1 Water Efficiency Levels for Toilets/Lavatory Equipment

Proposed Hong Kong Standard Equivalent Volume of Discharge

f (L)



Level 3 (Good) 4.5 < f ≤ 7.5


Level 4 - ordinary toilets with single flush cisterns currently used

Level 3 - toilets equipped with better single flush cisterns

Level 2 - toilets equipped with dual flush cisterns, equivalent to 2-3 stars in the

Australian/New Zealand standards

Level 1 - toilets equipped with the best dual flush cisterns available in the market,

equivalent to 4-6 stars in the Australian/New Zealand standards




Recommended Hong Kong Standard for Toilets/Lavatory Equipment


4.6.1 The volume of discharge for full-flush and reduced-flush (if any) of the

toilets/lavatory equipment shall be tested in accordance with the testing

methodology in Appendix C. The toilets/lavatory equipment are then rated to

different grades according to the equivalent volume of discharge test results subject

to the compliance with other performance requirements as shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Performance Requirements for Toilets/Lavatory Equipment


Full-flush test on water

closets

A pan shall discharge from the outlet spigot of the pan all of

the paper in at least two of the three tests.

Reduced-flush test on water

closets


the paper in at least two out of the three tests.

Solids discharge test A pan shall discharge all four test pieces with a trailing water

volume of not less than 2.5 L in at least eight of ten

consecutive tests.

If the pan does not pass in the initial ten tests, the

procedure may be repeated for a further ten tests and the




trailing water volume shall be not less than 2.5 L in at least

sixteen out of the twenty tests.

Splash test A pan shall not splash water onto the floor.

Wetting test A pan shall wash the sawdust from all areas more than 50

mm below the lower edge of the flushing rim.

Reduced-flush liquid

contaminant test

No more than 7% of dye shall be left in the sump after

flushing.









water efficiency toilets/lavatory equipment may vary substantially when they are

getting popular in Hong Kong.

4.7.2 In the previous study for WSD’s water saving project, the recommended water

efficiency grade of the water efficiency toilets/lavatory equipment was Level 1. In

general, Level 1 will be recommended from the perspective of water saving unless

there are technical applicability problems or inadequate local availability hindering

the use of Level 1 toilets/lavatory equipment.

4.7.3 The water efficiency technology for water closets (especially for wash down type) is

quite mature. All grades of water closets can be easily found in the market although

Level 1 toilets/lavatory equipment may not be as common as the others.

4.7.4 As shown in the assessment result of Table 4.3, it is recommended to use Level 1

(Excellent) water efficiency toilets/lavatory equipment in the general toilets of all

new buildings except hospitals.



Table 4.3 Recommended Grade of Water Efficiency Toilets/Lavatory Equipment






Compatibility to existing setup

4.7.5 In general, there is little compatibility problem for the installation of water saving

toilets/lavatory equipment to the existing plumbing system.

4.7.6 The flushing water volume is reduced. If the trap outlet of toilets/lavatory equipment

is not connected with the anti-syphonage pipe, then the sewage cannot be drained

away easily. This issue is expected to be prevented in new buildings, as every

anti-syphonage pipe in buildings shall be connected with the trap outlet of

toilets/lavatory equipment, regulated by Building (Standards of Sanitary Fitments,

Plumbing, Drainage Works and Latrines) Regulations [Hong Kong Law Chapter

123I].

4.7.7 A compatibility issue is found, which is related to the technical specification of the

current practice. According to the paragraphs 19.53.1 and 19.81 of General

Specification for Building (2007 Edition) issued by the Architectural Services

Department, it has been stated that:

Flushing valve shall be corrosion resistant, made of brass, stainless steel or high

grade thermoplastics and activated by simply pressing on a push-button or lever.

The volume of water per flushing cycle for water closet fitment shall be ranging

from 7.5 litres to 15 litres. In the case of urinals, the discharge volume shall be not

less than 4.5 litres for every basin or stall, or for every metre of a trough urinal.





4.7.8 W.C. pans shall be vitreous china washdown with horizontal outlet to BS 5503: Pt 3

or BS 5504: Pt 4, white plastic single ring seat and cover with plastic fixing bolts all

to BS 1254 and flushing cistern to BS 7357, complete with 7.5 litres max capacity

flushing apparatus, discharge pipe, ball valve and overflow, of one of the following

types as specified:

(a) Low level plastic.

(b) High level plastic.

(c) Low level vitreous china.

(d) Close coupled vitreous china

Sensor valve where specific for automatic flushing shall conform to BS EN

12164’sCW602N. Operating pressure shall be 0.5-10 bar rinse. Time-off control

approx. 10 sec. and remote adjust from 1.5-30 sec. Dry battery shall be 6V Lithium

2 CR5. A/C operation shall be 220 to 230/50z; voltage 6V. Sensor fittings shall be

suitable for use in salt water application.

4.7.9 It should be noted that:

(a) Paragraph 4.7.7 is contradictory to paragraph 4.7.8.

(b) The requirement on the discharge volume and the flow rate of the flush water

may not be conformed to paragraph 4.7.7 if the proposed standard for

toilets/lavatory equipment in Hong Kong is applied.

Therefore, it is proposed to relax the limit in order to encourage water conservation.

Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing Installation in

Buildings

4.7.10 According to Hong Kong Waterworks Standard Requirements for Plumbing

Installation in Buildings Feb 2004 Version, issued by WSD, the water discharge

mechanism of flushing devices shall either be one of the following types:

(a) with a flushing cistern:

(i) valveless siphonic;

(ii) drop valve;

(iii) flap valve; or

(iv) dual flush valve;

(b) without a flushing cistern:

(i) flushing valve (flushometer valve).

They can either be actuated by mechanical means or by sensors.



4.7.11 Every flushing cistern shall have an overflow terminating in a conspicuous position.

4.7.12 The discharge volume of the flushing devices shall be preset at the smallest

compatible with the toilet bowl to ensure that effective clearance can be achieved

by a single flush of water.

4.7.13 The requirements on the use of valve type flushing cisterns (refer to paragraphs

4.7.10(a)(ii), (iii) and (iv) above) are as follows:

(a) The valve seal of the flushing devices shall be easily replaceable.

(b) A dual flush valve which is designed to give two different volumes of flush

shall have a readily discernible method of actuating the flush at different

volumes. Such method should be illustrated clearly and permanently

displayed at the cistern or nearby.

(c) For dual flush devices, the reduced flushing volume shall not be more than

two-thirds of the larger flushing volume.

(d) The components of all valve type flushing devices shall be resistant to salt

water corrosion.


4.7.14 For an existing building with permission to use mains water (fresh or salt) for

flushing purposes, any existing flushing apparatus found unsuitable shall be

replaced with a proper apparatus as specified above.

4.7.15 It is the requirement under the Buildings Ordinance [Hong Kong Law Chapter 123]

that all new buildings shall be provided with a plumbing system to supply water for

flushing purposes and every part of such plumbing system (including the storage

tank) shall be constructed of such materials that are suitable for use with salt water.


4.7.16 This sections of technical specification makes reference to the General

Specification for Building (2007 Edition) issued by ASD.

4.7.17 Flushing valve shall be corrosion resistant, made of brass, stainless steel or high

grade thermoplastics and activated by simply pressing on a push-button or lever.

The volume of water per flushing cycle for water closet fitment shall be ranging

from 7.5 litres to 15 litres. In the case of urinals, the discharge volume shall be not

less than 4.5 litres for every basin or stall, or for every metre of a trough urinal.





4.7.18 W.C. pans shall be vitreous china washdown with horizontal outlet to BS 5503: Pt 3

or BS 5504: Pt 4, white plastic single ring seat and cover with plastic fixing bolts all

to BS 1254 and flushing cistern to BS 7357, complete with 7.5 litres max capacity

flushing apparatus, discharge pipe, ball valve and overflow, of one of the following

types as specified:

(a) Low level plastic.

(b) High level plastic.

(c) Low level vitreous china.

(d) Close coupled vitreous china

Sensor valve where specific for automatic flushing shall conform to BS EN

12164’sCW602N. Operating pressure shall be 0.5-10 bar rinse. Time-off control

approx. 10 sec. and remote adjust from 1.5-30 sec. Dry battery shall be 6V Lithium

2 CR5. A/C operation shall be 220 to 230/50z; voltage 6V. Sensor fittings shall be

suitable for use in salt water application.

4.7.19 The performance requirements indicated in red and bold above is recommended

to be relaxed. The relax on the discharge volume will not affect the performance of

urinals as they are specified by the technical specification developed from the

proposed standard.




Authority.

4.7.21 The WC pan shall be tested for conformity with the performance requirements as

shown in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 Performance Requirement for WC Pan Reference to the



Functional Dimensions BS 5503:Part 3:1990: Table 1

and Fig. 2

BS 5503:Part 3:1990: Table

1

X: refer to Drawings

Visual Examination BS 3402:1969:Cl. 5.1 & 5.4 BS 3402:1969:Cl. 5.1 &

Table 1.

Water Absorption BS 3402:1969:Cl. 6 & App. A. BS 3402:1969:Cl. 6.



Crazing BS 3402:1969:Cl. 7 & App. B. BS 3402:1969:Cl. 7.

Chemical Resistance BS 3402:1969:Cl. 8 & App. C. BS 3402:1969:Cl. 8.

Resistance to Staining and

Burning

BS 3402:1969:Cl. 9 & App. D. BS 3402:1969:Cl. 9.

4.7.22 The cistern shall be tested for conformity with the performance requirements as

shown in Table 4.5.



Table 4.5 Performance Requirement for Cistern Reference to the Specification Library

2008 Edition


Dimensional Test on:

- Shell Thickness BS 7357:1990:Cl. 5.1.3. BS 7357:1990:Cl. 5.1.3.

- Spill-over Level BS 7357:1990:Cl. 12 & Fig.

1.

BS 7357:1990:Cl. 12

- Warning Pipe

Connections

BS 7357:1990:Cl. 13.1. BS 7357:1990:Cl. 13.1.

Visual Examination BS 3402:1969:Cl. 5.2 & 5.4. BS 3402:1969:Cl. 5.2 &

Table 2.

(requirements on

discolouration and polishing

marks do not apply to the

back of the cistern.)

Operating Mechanism Test BS 7357:1990:Cl. 17.1, 17.3

& App. H.2.

BS 7357:1990:Cl. 17.1 and

17.3

Flushing Apparatus Torque

Test

BS 7357:1990:Cl. 8 & App. D BS 7357:1990:Cl. 8

Hydraulic Pressure Tests

- Static Pressure BS 1212:Part 3:1990:Cl. 14.1 BS 1212:Part 3:1990:Cl.

14.1

- Shut-off Pressure BS 1212:Part 3:1990: Cl.

14.2 & App. D

BS 1212:Part 3:1990: Cl.

14.2

- Dynamic Pressure on

Discharge Arrangement

BS 1212:Part 3:1990: Cl.

14.3 & App. E

BS 1212:Part 3:1990: Cl.

14.3

4.7.23 The completed assembly shall be tested for conformity with the performance

requirements as shown in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6 Performance Requirement for Completed Assembly Reference to the



Flushing Test BS 7358:1990:Cl. 8 & App. A BS 7358:1990:Cl. 8

Volume of Discharge per

Flush

BS 7358:1990:Cl. 9 & App. B 7.5 +1.0, -0.0 Litres



4.7.24 The performance requirement indicated in red and bold is recommended to be

relaxed. The requirement on flush volume is not necessary if other performance

requirements of water saving toilets/lavatory equipment are fulfilled.


4.7.25 The volume of discharge for full-flush and reduced-flush (if any) of the

toilets/lavatory equipment shall be tested in accordance with the testing

methodology in Appendix C. The toilets/lavatory equipment are then rated to

different grades according to the equivalent volume of discharge test results subject

to the compliance with other performance requirements as shown in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Performance Requirements for Toilets/Lavatory Equipment


Full-flush test on water

closets


the paper in at least two of the three tests.

Reduced-flush test on water

closets


the paper in at least two out of the three tests.

Solids discharge test A pan shall discharge all four test pieces with a trailing water

volume of not less than 2.5 L in at least eight of ten

consecutive tests.

If the pan does not pass in the initial ten tests, the

procedure may be repeated for a further ten tests and the

trailing water volume shall be not less than 2.5 L in at least

sixteen out of the twenty tests.

Splash test A pan shall not splash water onto the floor.

Wetting test A pan shall wash the sawdust from all areas more than 50

mm below the lower edge of the flushing rim.

Reduced-flush liquid

contaminant test

No more than 7% of dye shall be left in the sump after

flushing.

Flush pipe restrictor test on

flush pipe restrictor

The flush pipe restrictor flow rate shall be 1.4±0.1 L/s.

4.7.26 The testing methodology for toilets/lavatory equipment is described in Appendix C

with reference to the testing conditions and requirements specified in the

Australian/New Zealand Standard Nos. AS/NZS 1172.1:2005 – Water Closets

(WC) Part 1: Pans and AS/NZS 1172.2 – Water Closet (WC) Pans of 6/3 L

Capacity or Proven Equivalent Part 2: Cistern with amendment nos.1 and 2.



4.8 Technical Specification on Workmanship





4.8.2 Fix W.C. pans as follows:

(a) Pedestal type

(i) Bed W.C. pans on concrete floors in white lead putty or other

non-hardening compound. If cement mortar is used for bedding, it shall

be not richer than 1:6, and a thin layer shall be applied only to that part of

the pedestal which is in contact with the floor. Fix with No. 14 SG

round-headed brass screws 70 mm long with domed plastic inserts in

colour to match to fixture.

(ii) Joint W.C. pans to soil or drain pipes with approved PVC W.C. pan

connectors to BS 5627 or other approved type.

(c) Wall hung type

(i) Fix wall hung type WC pans to load bearing walls or support frame by

non-ferrous fixing bolts. Water tight seal between the walls and the edge

of the W.C. pans shall be made by appropriate sealant.



5 Showers


5.1.1 Water efficiency grading scheme of showers have been implemented or being


New Zealand, Singapore and U.K. Therefore, this review focuses on the standards

established from these four countries.


5.2.1 The schemes established in Australia and New Zealand are mandatory and all the

showers specified under these schemes must be registered, rated and labeled

according to the requirements of the standards. On the other hand, the schemes

established in Singapore and U.K. are implemented on a voluntary basis. As an


in this project will be on a voluntary basis..



types. Under these schemes, all the showers are rated to different grades of water

efficiency in accordance with the flow rate test results and are subject to the

compliance with other specified performance requirements. Labels will be affixed to

the showers so as to indicate their water consumption levels and efficiency grading.

5.3.2 The schemes established in U.K. are of recognition type. Verification water

efficiency labels would be fixed to those showers that have met the specified water

flow rate requirement and are in compliance with the other specified performance

criteria. Only one flow rate is specified in this type of schemes. It may not be flexible

enough if different types of showers have to be used under different situations.


technical standard for showers in Hong Kong.

5.4 Types of Showers

5.4.1 A shower may include the showerhead and the accessories such as fixed or pivot

arm, a flexible hose (with or without a flow controller), tap top assemblies or other



components, which is used solely for personal bathing. There are different types of

showers available in the markets, such as:

(a) wall mounted shower and;

(b) hand shower.




for showers proposed in the previous study will be used for new buildings. It is listed

in Table 5.1 and illustrated in Figure 5.1.

Table 5.1 Water Efficiency Levels for Showers

Hong Kong Standard Nominal Flow Rate

f (L/min)



Level 3 (Good) 12.0 < f ≤ 16.0


Level 4 - ordinary showers currently used

Level 3 - showers equivalent to 1 star in the Australian/New Zealand standards

Level 2 - showers equivalent to 2 stars in the Australian/New Zealand standards

Level 1 - The best water efficient showers equivalent to 3-6 stars in the Australian/New

Zealand standards




Recommended Hong Kong Standard for Showers


5.6.1 The nominal flow rates of the showers shall be tested in accordance with the testing

methodology in Appendix D. The showers are then rated to different grades

according to the nominal flow rate test results subject to the compliance with other


Table 5.2 Performance Requirements for Showers



lowest average flow rates measured in

the nominal flow rate measurement


Mean spray spread angle The mean spray spread angle shall be between

0°and 8°.

Temperature drop The temperature drop shall not exceed 3°C

Endurance of the flow controller

(if incorporated in a shower or being a

component of a shower)

The flow rate shall be within ±1 L/min of the

nominal flow rate, as determined in the flow rate

test.











water efficiency showers may vary substantially when they are getting popular in

Hong Kong.



hindering the use of Level 1 showers.

5.7.3 Technically, the water saving technology for showers is actually quite mature in

overseas although water efficiency showers are not commonly used in Hong Kong.

Most of the water efficiency showers achieve flow reduction by means of flow

restrictors.

5.7.4 Nevertheless, similar to the mixer taps, showers are normally associated with some

water heating systems to provide hot water supply. There may be compatibility

issues when water efficiency showers are connected to the domestic water heaters

as every instantaneous type domestic heater requires a minimum flow in order to

trigger its operation. If the flow rates of the water efficiency showers are too small,

especially when the water supply pressure is relatively low, the water heaters may

not operate.

5.7.5 To resolve this compatibility problem, it is recommended:

(a) To maintain a water supply pressure of at least 150kPa at the point of use in

all new buildings;

(b) To limit the variation of the actual flow rates for each water efficiency shower

under pressures between 150 kPa and 350 kPa to within ±1 L/min of the

nominal flow rate as determined in the flow rate test; and

(c) To ensure that the actual flow rates of the water efficiency showers can satisfy

the minimum flow requirements of domestic water heaters.



5.7.6 The flow rates of showers are specified in terms of nominal flow rates which are the

average values of the measured water flow rates under pressure of 150 kPa, 250

kPa and 350 kPa. For the highest floors of a building, fresh water is normally

supplied from the rooftop fresh water tank by gravity without any booster pump. The

water supply pressure can be lower than 150kPa. In order to make sure that the

actual flow rates of the water efficiency showers would not be far below their

specified nominal flow rates, causing operational problem to the domestic water

heaters, it is recommended to explicitly specify a minimum water supply pressure of

at least 150 kPa to be maintained at the point of use in all new buildings.

5.7.7 Currently, there is no restriction for the maximum difference between the highest

and lowest average flow rates of the showers in Hong Kong. Again, to avoid great

deviation of the actual flow rates of the water efficiency showers from their specified

nominal flow rates, it is deemed necessary to limit the variation of the actual flow

rates for each water efficiency shower under pressures between 150 kPa and 350

kPa to within ±1 L/min of the nominal flow rate, as stated in the performance

requirements in Table 5.2.

5.7.8 According to the compatibility test, the flow-controlled water heaters, no matter if

town gas, LPG or electricity is used, have minimum flow rate requirement of about

3 L/min. Whereas, the pressure-controlled water heaters, again no matter if town

gas, LPG or electricity is used, normally require higher minimum water flow rates

than the flow-controlled ones to trigger the operations. Their values vary from 3

L/min to about 5.8 L/min. In the case of storage type water heaters, no minimum

flow rate is required for their operation. Therefore, if the variation of the actual flow

rates for each water efficiency shower under pressures between 150 kPa and 350

kPa is restricted to within ±1 L/min of its nominal flow rate, the nominal flow rate

needs to be above 6.8 L/min in theory in order to activate the domestic water

heater’s operation. Hence, the proposed Level 1 water efficiency showers with

nominal flow rates of < 9 L/min shall basically be compatible to most domestic

water heaters if recommendations in Paragraph 5.4.5 can be done.

5.7.9 All grades of water efficiency showers are available in the market although Level 1

showers may not be as common as the others.



5.7.10 As shown in the assessment result of Table 5.3, it is recommended to use Level 1

(Excellent) water efficiency showers in the general toilets of all new buildings

except hospitals.

Table 5.3 Recommended Grade of Water Efficiency Showers






5.8 Other Concerns

5.8.1 The water supply pressure is proposed to be maintained at no less than 150 kPa.

5.8.2 The variation of the actual flow rates for each water efficiency shower under

pressures between 150 kPa and 350 kPa is proposed to limit to within ±1 L/min of

the nominal flow rate as determined in the flow rate test.

5.8.3 Users shall be reminded that although most of the water efficiency showers shall

have no problem to trigger the operation of the domestic water heater, the flexibility

for the showers to control the final water temperature is, to some extent, reduced. It

is because less amount of cold water can be mixed with the hot water by a water

efficiency shower to produce a desirable water temperature. Flow-controlled type

water heaters shall not have this problem because they can control their outlet

water temperature quite precisely and do not need to rely on the mixing of hot and

cold water. Therefore, it is better to install flow-controlled water heaters if water

efficiency showers are used.

5.9 Technical Specification on Materials




Authority.



5.9.2 The showers shall be tested for conformity with the performance requirements as

shown in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Performance Requirement for Showers Reference to the



Pressure Drop Test Refer to Method No. 2 as

given in (d)(iii) in the

Specification Library 2008

Total combined pressure

loss across shower hose

and shower head shall not

be more than 0.75 bar at 7

litre/minute

Hot Water Resistance Test Refer to Method No. 3 as

given in (d)(iv) in the

Specification Library 2008

No visual defect e.g. melting

of any component.

The sample shall be able

to pass Pressure Drop

Test after being cooled for

5 minutes.

No leakage or defect found

in hydraulic test.

5.9.3 The performance requirement indicated in red and bold is recommended to be

relaxed. The requirement on pressure drop is indispensable only at locations with

low water pressure. The number of these locations is expected to be minimal in

new buildings, as the water pressure is proposed to be maintained at no less than

150 kPa. The requirement on pressure drop is not necessary if other performance

requirements of water saving showers are fulfilled.


5.9.4 The showers shall be tested for conformity with the performance requirements as

shown in Table 5.2.



Table 5.2 Performance Requirements for Showers


The difference between the

highest and lowest average

flow rates measured in the



Mean spray spread angle The mean spray spread angle shall be between 0° and 8°.

Temperature drop The temperature drop shall not exceed 3 °C.

Endurance of the flow

controller

(if incorporated in a shower or

being a component of a

shower)

The flow rate shall be within ±1 litre/min of the nominal

flow rate, as determined in the flow rate test.

5.9.5 The testing methodology is described in Appendix D with reference to the testing

conditions and requirements specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard No.

AS/NZS 3662:2005 – Performance of Showers for Bathing with Amendment no 1.

The showers are then rated to different grades according to Table 5.1.



6 Summary of the Recommended Grades for Various Water Saving

Devices

6.1 Summary of the Recommended Grades

6.1.1 The recommended water efficiency grades of the water saving devices, including

taps, urinals, toilets and showers, to be used in the recommendation are

summarized in Tables 6.1 and 6.2.

Table 6.1 Recommended Grades of Non-Mixer Taps and Mixer Taps

Various Water

Saving Devices

Recommended

Levels

Equivalent

Performance of Water

Efficiency

Other Concerns

Non-Mixer Taps Level 1 # Nominal flow rate:

≤ 2.0 L/min for taps

Level 1 #,* Nominal flow rate:

≤ 5.0 L/min

Applicable to

storage type water

heaters


5.0 L/min < f ≤ 7.0

L/min

Applicable to storage

type and

flow-controlled water

heaters

Mixer Taps


7.0 L/min < f ≤ 9.0

L/min

Applicable to storage

type, flow-controlled

and

pressure-controlled

water heaters

‧ The water supply

pressure is

maintained at no less

than 150 kPa.

‧ Lower levels may be

considered if more

concerns about

hygiene in some

critical applications,

like clinics or elderly

centres;

‧ Longer time will be

required for filling up

containers;

‧ Lower levels may be

considered if the

afore-mentioned

issue is very critical

to their operations.

# An extra merit is proposed to the water taps with automatic shut-off mechanism

* An extra merit is proposed for using mixer taps with nominal flow rates of not more

than 2 L/min



Table 6.2 Recommended Grades of Non-Mixer Taps and Mixer Taps

Various Water

Saving

Devices

Recommended

Levels

Equivalent

Performance of

Water Efficiency

Other Concerns

Urinals Level 1 Volume of

discharge:

f ≤ 1.5 L/unit

‧ Trough urinals are not

recommended as water

efficiency urinals for new

buildings;

‧ Adequate space shall be

allocated to accommodate

enough number of wall-hung

urinals.

Toilets/lavatory

equipment

Level 1 Equivalent

volume of

discharge:

≤ 3.5 L

(reduced flush: ≈

3 L; full flush: ≈

4.5 L)

‧ Squat toilets are not

recommended as water

efficiency toilets for new

buildings;

Showers Level 1 Nominal flow

rate:

≤ 9.0 L/min

‧ The water supply pressure is

maintained at no less than 150

kPa.

‧ Recommend to install

flow-controlled water heaters if

water efficiency showers are

used.

‧ The flexibility for the showers to

control the final water

temperature is, to some extent,

reduced if pressure-controlled

water heaters are used.


Environmental Management Division 4103\PROJECTS\40104399\executive_summary Hong Kong Productivity Council Page 52

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Page A-1

APPENDIX A

TESTING GUIDELINES FOR TAPS

CONDENSED TESTING REQUIREMENTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE AS/NZS 3718:2005 STANDARD

WITH AMENDMENT NOS. 1 AND 2 Notes: This Appendix is a guideline to facilitate the participant to grasp the context of water efficiency testing requirements. It makes reference to the captioned standard and focuses on the measurement of water flow rate and other related performance aspects. The participant should be able to obtain from the text a good appreciation of the testing requirements. On the other hand, the captioned standard is much more comprehensive and detailed and contains exact definitions. Due to condensed size, this Appendix cannot replace the captioned standard nor is there any intention to do so. In case of doubt, the captioned standard should always be consulted.


Page A-2

Section A Methodology for Determination of the Nominal Flow Rate of Taps

A1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the nominal flow rate through taps. Where a tap (tap and/or tap outlet, or mixer tap) is supplied with an aerator or outlet device, the nominal flow rate shall be measured with the tap and tap outlet in the fully open position providing maximum flow. A2 Principle

The test sample to be tested is supported in a test rig and water is passed through the test sample at dynamic flow pressures of 150 kPa, 250 kPa, 350 kPa and 500 kPa; when the flow rate has stabilized it is recorded at each of these pressures. A3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) A water supply capable of delivering the required volumes at a temperature of 20±5°C

and at a dynamic flow pressure of at least 500 kPa. (b) Test apparatus made from Type B copper tube of diameter equal to the inlet size of the

tap. The branch for flow pressure measurements shall be located at least 250 mm downstream of any valve or fitting. The tap outlet, mixer tap, or flow controller connection(s) shall be not more than 300 mm downstream of the flow pressure measurements.

(c) Pressure gauge having an accuracy of ±2% of the true value. (d) Flow meter having an accuracy of ±2% of the true value. NOTE: See Figure A1 for a typical test arrangement.

Figure A1 Typical Test Arrangement


Page A-3

A4 Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows: (a) Mount the test sample (tap and/or tap outlet, or mixer tap) in the test rig with the inlet(s)

connected to the water supply in accordance with the product manufacturer’s intended method of installation.

(b) The test sample operating mechanism or mechanisms or actuating valve(s) shall be adjusted to achieve the maximum flow at the outlet.

(c) Condition the test sample by allowing the water to flow through and then adjust the control valve gradually until the dynamic flow pressure of 500 kPa is achieved for at least 1 min.

(d) Gradually adjust the control valve to turn off the flow of water. (e) Gradually adjust the control valve until the dynamic flow pressure of 150 kPa is

achieved, allowing the flow and pressure to stabilize. (f) Observe the flow meter and record the flow rate at that dynamic flow pressure. (g) Repeat Steps (e) and (f) with the dynamic flow pressure increased to 250 kPa, 350 kPa

and then to 500 kPa. (h) Gradually adjust the control valve to turn off the flow of water. (i) Repeat Steps (e) to (g) to obtain a second reading of the flow rates at the range of

pressures. (j) Calculate and record the average flow rates at each of the following dynamic

pressures: (i) 150 kPa. (ii) 250 kPa. (iii) 350 kPa. (iv) 500 kPa.

(k) Calculate the mean of the average flow rates obtained in Step (j) (i) to (j) (iii), and record this value as the nominal flow rate.

(l) From the averages obtained in Step (j) (i) to (j) (iii), record the highest and lowest average flow rates.

(m) Calculate and record the maximum differences between the highest and lowest average flow rates at Step (l).

Note: The maximum difference between the highest and lowest average flow rates is not exceed 2.0 L/min.

A5 Test Report

The following shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, brand name, model name and model number (if these are applicable) of

the test sample (tap and/or tap outlet, or mixer tap). (b) The flow rates (in litres per minute) through the test sample, at the dynamic flow

pressures of: (i) 150 kPa; (ii) 250 kPa; (iii) 350 kPa; and (iv) 500 kPa. NOTE: The average flow rates as determined in paragraph A4 (j).

(c) The nominal flow rate. NOTE: As determined in paragraph A4 (k).


Page A-4

(d) The difference between the highest and lowest average flow rates as determined at Step (m) of paragraph A4.


Page A-5

Section B Methodology for Endurance Test for Flow Controllers

B1 Scope

This section sets out the method by which taps or non-integrated tap outlets containing flow controllers are tested for flow controller endurance. The test measures the ability of flow controllers to operate satisfactorily with normal heated and cold-water applications during the expected life of the device. B2 Principle

The test sample is installed in a test rig and connected to a temperature-controlled heated and cold water supply at a given pressure. A cyclic mechanism is used to open and close the valve providing water to the test sample. On completion of the pressure cycles, the test sample is retested in accordance with Section A. B3 Application

The method is applicable to the following cycle range: (a) Where the flow controller is located upstream of the shut-off operating mechanism or

forms part of the shut-off operating mechanism 50 000 ±500 cycles. (b) For other flow controllers 10 000 ±100 cycles. To simulate temperature changes that occur in actual operation, the flow controller is also subjected to alternate supplies of heated and cold water every 55± 5 cycles between the manufacturer’s maximum operating temperature ±3°C and at ambient water temperature. B4 Apparatus

A test rig fitted with a counter to count complete cycles, and capable of the following performance: (a) Operate the test sample through 50 000 ± 500 cycles from 0 kPa to 350 kPa. (b) Deliver heated water at a temperature of 80 ±3°C, or manufacturers maximum

operating temperature. (c) Deliver a flow rate of 20 L/min at 350 kPa. (d) Provide 12 ± 1 cycles per min. (e) Alternate ambient and heated water every 55 ±5 cycles. B5 Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows: (a) Test the flow controller in accordance with Section A to determine and record the initial

nominal flow rate and average flow rates at 150 kPa, 250 kPa, 350 kPa of the flow controller.

(b) Connect the test sample to the test rig. (c) Adjust the supply pressures for each water supply and check that the pressures and

water temperatures are as specified. (d) Commence the opening and closing operations of the valves supplying water to the

test sample.


Page A-6

(e) Reset the cycle counter to zero. (f) Operate the timing and control equipment to achieve the following complete cycle:

(i) Valve opens. (ii) Valve remains open for a period of 1 +5, −0 s. (iii) Valve fully closes. (iv) Valve remains fully closed for 2 +5, −0 s. During each cycle, the test sample shall be supplied with water from either the hot supply or the cold supply. After every 55 ±5 cycles, the supply shall be switched from being cold to hot and vice versa.

(g) Regularly check that the prescribed limits are being met throughout the test. The rig may be turned off to perform this test. Record the results and the number of cycles at which these checks occur.

(h) At the completion of Step (g), retest the test sample in accordance with Section A to determine and record the final nominal flow rate and average flow rates at 150 kPa, 250 kPa, 350 kPa of the test sample.

(i) Calculate the difference between the nominal flow rates of the test sample determined in Step (a) and Step (h).

B6 Test Report

The following shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model, size, and type of the tap or non-integral tap outlet. (b) Number of cycles completed. (c) Initial nominal flow rate and average flow rates of the flow controller determined in

paragraph B5 (a). (d) Final nominal flow rate and average flow rates of the flow controller determined in

paragraph B5 (h). (e) The difference between the nominal flow rates of the test sample determined in

paragraph B5 (i)


Page B-1

APPENDIX B

TESTING GUIDELINES FOR URINALS


Notes: This Appendix is a guideline to facilitate the participant to grasp the context of water efficiency testing requirements. It makes reference to the captioned standard and focuses on the measurement of volume of discharge and other related performance aspects. The participant should be able to obtain from the text a good appreciation of the testing requirements. On the other hand, the captioned standard is much more comprehensive and detailed and contains exact definitions. Due to condensed size, this Appendix cannot replace the captioned standard nor is there any intention to do so. In case of doubt, the captioned standard should always be consulted.


Page B-2

Section A Methodology for Flushing Test – Wall-Hung Single Stall

Urinals A1 Scope

This section sets out flush tests for the effective flushing of wall-hung urinals. A2 Principle

The urinal is set up with the flushing apparatus and piping, and flush tests are then conducted. A3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) A flushing cistern or flushing apparatus. (b) Dye or coloured water for flushing apparatus or cistern. (c) Suitable measuring equipment. A4 Preparation

If a cistern is used, the cistern and flush pipes shall be connected to the urinal installed so that the bottom of the cistern is 450 +10,-0 mm or to manufacture’s height specification (see Figure A1). Volume of flushing water shall be the desired volume for water efficiency grading. A5 Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows: (a) Mount the urinal according to manufacturer’s instructions. (b) Degrease wet areas. (c) For traps of all types check the water level. (d) Connect the urinal to flushing apparatus. (e) Activate the flushing apparatus to discharge at a volume of the desired volume for

water efficiency grading. A6 Test Report

The following information shall be reported: (a) The manufacturer, model and type of urinal. (b) Whether the coloured water flushed the urinal wall areas shown in Figure A1. (c) Whether the water level in a trap is refilled to the original level. (d) Volume of discharge in litres. (e) Compliance or non-compliance with test criteria.


Page B-3

Figure A1 Typical Flush Test Arrangement for Single Stall Wall-Hung Urinals


Page B-4

Section B Methodology for Splash Test B1 Scope

This section sets out the method for splash tests on urinals. B2 Principle

The urinal is set up for splash tests according to manufacturer’s specification with cistern or flushing apparatus. B3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Brackets and fixings as supplied by manufacturer. (b) Cistern or flushing apparatus. (c) Suitable measuring equipment. B4 Preparation

If a cistern is used, the cistern and flush pipes shall be connected to the urinal installed so that the bottom of the cistern is 450 +10,-0 mm or to manufacturer’s height specification (see Figure A1). Volume of flushing water shall be in accordance with the desired volume for water efficiency grading. B5 Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows: (a) Connect the urinal to the cistern or flushing apparatus and supply pipe according to

manufacturer’s instructions. (b) Activate the cistern or flushing apparatus to discharge at a volume of up to the desired

volume for water efficiency grading. B6 Test Report

The following information shall be reported: (a) The manufacturer, model, and type of urinal. (b) Volume of discharge. (c) Whether the flushing water splashed over the step, tread, platform grating or rim onto

the floor. Isolated droplets shall not be a cause for rejection. (d) Compliance or non-compliance with test criteria.


Page C-1

APPENDIX C

TESTING GUIDELINES FOR TOILETS/LAVATORY EQUIPMENT

CONDENSED TESTING REQUIREMENTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE AS/NZS 1172.1:2005 – WATER CLOSETS (WC) PART 1: PANS AND AS/NZS 1172.2 –

WATER CLOSET (WC) PANS OF 6/3 L CAPACITY OR PROVEN EQUIVALENT PART 2: CISTERN WITH AMENDMENT NOS 1 AND 2 STANDARD

Notes: This Appendix is a guideline to facilitate the participant to grasp the context of water efficiency testing requirements. It makes reference to the captioned standard and focuses on the measurement of volume of discharge and other related performance aspects. The participant should be able to obtain from the text a good appreciation of the testing requirements. On the other hand, the captioned standard is much more comprehensive and detailed and contains exact definitions. Due to condensed size, this Appendix cannot replace the captioned standard nor is there any intention to do so. In case of doubt, the captioned standard should always be consulted.


Page C-2

Section A Methodology for Discharge Volume and Flow Rate Test – Matching Sets

A1 Scope

This section sets out the method for measuring the volume of the discharge from dual-flush and single-flush cisterns. A2 Principle

The cistern is filled with water and discharged to establish the discharge volume. A3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Matching set and flush pipe (if required) as specified by manufacturer. (b) A suitable support for pan and cistern in accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions. (c) A suitable container of 10 L minimum capacity graduated at 0.2 L intervals, or

other means of measuring the discharged volume to an equal or greater accuracy.

(d) A water supply. A4 Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows: NOTE: The testing is conducted at ambient room temperature.

(a) Set up the pan, cistern and flush pipe (if required) as specified by the manufacturer.

(b) Fill and flush the cistern and pan at least three times prior to commencement of testing.

(c) Locate the container to collect the water discharging from the pan outlet. (d) Fill the cistern to the working water level and shut off the water supply, if

connected. (e) Operate the full-flush mechanism and collect the discharge and record the

volume. (f) Repeat Steps (c) to (e) for reduced-flush discharge, if applicable. A5 Test Report

The following information shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model and type of cistern and pan combination. (b) The type of pan and size of flush pipe used. (c) Discharge volume of full-flush, if applicable. (d) Discharge volume of half-flush, if applicable. (e) Any structural or other failures observed during testing.


Page C-3

Section B Methodology for Flushing Test – Non-Matching

Single-Flush and Dual-Flush Cisterns B1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the discharge flow rate and volume of single-flush and dual-flush cisterns that are not part of a matching set. B2 Principle

The cistern is filled with water to the normal operating level then discharged. The discharged flow rate and the volume discharged are calculated and recorded. B3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Suitable fixing support for cistern is accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions. (b) A water supply. (c) Flush pipe as nominated by the manufacturer, cut to the minimum height and

length specified by the manufacturer for use with cistern. (d) A flush pipe restrictor set to 1.4 ±0.1 L/s flow rate. (e) A suitable container of minimum 12 L capacity graduated at 0.2 L intervals, or

other means of measuring the discharged volume to an equal or greater accuracy.

(f) A timing device with an accuracy of ±0.1 s. B4 Procedure

B4.1 Discharge flow rate The procedure shall be as follows: NOTE: The testing is conducted at ambient room temperature. (a) Mark a sight line or set a measuring device on the inside of the cistern 100 +10,

−0 mm above the bottom surface of the cistern. NOTE: In the event of an irregularly shaped cistern or a cistern whereby the capacity is reduced, the sight line or method of determining the capacity may be varied in consultation with the certifying authority.

(b) Assemble the flush pipe to the cistern outlet valve, and fix cistern level on the support in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

(c) Fill and flush cistern at least three times prior to commencement of testing. (d) Fill the cistern to the nominal working water level and shut off the water supply, if

connected. (e) Slowly drain water from the cistern by manually lifting the outlet valve, or by other

suitable means. Collect the water discharged. Close the outlet valve when the water level reaches the previously scribed 100 mm mark. Determine the volume of water discharged.

(f) Conduct Steps (d) and (e) three times and record the average volume of water discharged.


Page C-4

(g) Refill the cistern to the nominal working water level and shut off the water supply, if connected.

(h) Activate the full flush and commence timing. Stop timing when the water level in the cistern reaches the 100 mm mark.

(i) Calculate the discharge flow rate by dividing the volume of water discharged by the time taken for discharge.

(j) Conduct Steps (g) to (i) five times and average the five discharge flow rates obtained. Record average of discharged flow rate tests and size of flush pipe used.

(k) If the average discharge flow rate is less than 1.4 L/s the cistern fails and the test can be stopped.

(l) Repeat Steps (g) to (j) for each nominated flush pipe. B4.2 Discharge flush volume The procedure shall be as follows: (a) Assemble the restrictor to the lower end of flushpipe. (b) Fill the cistern to the nominal working water level and shut off the water supply, if

connected. (c) Operate the full-flush mechanism and collect, measure and record the volume of

the discharge. (d) Repeat Steps (b) and (c) for the reduced-flush mechanism and record volume of

discharge. (e) Repeat Steps (a) to (d) for each nominated flush pipe. B5 Test Report

The following information shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model and type of cistern. (b) Average discharge flow rate for each nominated flush pipe. (c) Full-flush and reduced-flush discharge capacities for each nominated flush pipe. (d) Any structural or other failures observed during testing.


Page C-5

Section C Methodology for Paper Discharge Test – Full Flush C1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the effective discharge of paper on full-flush operation. C2 Principle

The matched set is assembled for the full-flush paper discharge tests and flushed to determine the number of pieces of paper fully discharged from the pan outlet. C3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Matching cistern and flush pipe (if required), as specified by the manufacturer. (b) A suitable support for the pan and cistern. (c) 40g/m2 paper crumpling device (see Figure C1). (d) Paper with a weight of 40g/m2 140±5 mm × 115±5 mm. (e) A water supply. C4 Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows: (a) Set up the pan, cistern or flush valve and flush pipe (if required) in accordance

with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and connect to water supply, if required.

(b) Fill and flush the matched set at least three times prior to commencement of the tests.

(c) Use the paper-crumpling device in the sequence shown in Figures C2 to C8 to produce six pieces of paper. Disconnect the paper container.

(d) Drop all six pieces of paper into the bowl at the same time. (e) With the cistern filled to the nominated working level and the water supply (if

connected), turned off, activate the flush valve or cistern for a full-flush operation to discharge the pan 10 +0, −5 s after the paper is dropped into the bowl. Record the number of pieces of paper fully discharged from the outlet.

(f) Repeat Steps (c) and (d) three times. (g) The pan is acceptable if at least two tests out of three discharge all six pieces of

paper out of the pan outlet.

C5 Test Report

The following information shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model, type and nominal flush capacity of pan. (b) Manufacturer, model, nominal flush volume and type of cistern or flush valve. (c) Number of pieces of paper fully discharged with each flush (see paragraph C4

(d)).


Page C-6

Figure C1 Paper-Crumbling Device


Page C-7

Figure C2 Paper Size

Figure C3 Device Assembly

Figure C4 Positioning of Paper


Page C-8


Page C-9

Figure C5 Locating of Fork

Figure C6 Twisting of Paper


Page C-10

Figure C7 Crumbling of Paper


Page C-11

Figure C8 Paper in Container


Page C-12

Section D Methodology for Paper Discharge Test – Reduced Flush D1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the effective discharge of toilet paper on reduced-flush operation. D2 Principle

The matched set is set up for the reduced-flush paper discharge tests and flushed to determine whether the pieces of toilet paper are fully discharged from the pan outlet. D3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Matching cistern and flush pipe (if required), as specified by the manufacturer. (b) A suitable support for the pan and cistern. (c) Single ply toilet tissue sheet size 115 ±5 × 100 ±5 mm. (d) A water supply. D4 Procedure


with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and connect water supply, if required.

(b) Fill and flush the matched set at least three times prior to commencement of tests.

(c) Use six joined sheets of toilet paper and drop into the water area of the bowl. (d) With the cistern filled to the nominated working level and the water supply (if

connected) turned off, activate the flush valve or reduced-flush component of the cistern to discharge the pan 10 +0, −5 s after the paper is dropped into the bowl. Record whether all the toilet paper is discharged from the outlet.

(e) Repeat Steps (c) and (d) three times consecutively. (f) The pan is acceptable if at least two tests out of three discharge all six pieces of

paper out of the pan inlet. D5 Test Report

The following shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model, type and nominal flush capacity of the pan. (b) Manufacturer, model, nominal flush volume and type of cistern, or flush valve. (c) Whether the pan discharged all the toilet paper from the outlet for each flush.


Page C-13

Section E Methodology for Solid Discharge Test E1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the effective discharge of solids (artificial test pieces) and the trailing water volume, after the solids have been discharged. E2 Principle

The unit to be tested is positioned in a special rig and solids discharge tests conducted to determine the number of test pieces discharged. When the last test piece has cleared the outlet of the pan, the trailing water volume is measured. E3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Matching cistern and flush pipe (if required) as specified by the manufacturer. (b) Solids (artificial test pieces). The four test pieces shall be produced using 25±2

mm diameter sausage casing, string, elastomer ‘O’ rings, nominal 10 × 2.5 mm, a metal impulse device (required for use with electronic test device only), a small quantity of water and cotton gauze finger bandage. Follow the method in paragraph E4 to produce the four test pieces (Figures E1 to E6).

(c) A suitable container capable of measuring 37+2, −0 mL. (d) A suitable full-flush manual or electronic testing apparatus, for measuring the

trailing water volume after the solids have been discharged from the pan. The pan with cistern or flush valve shall be supported and connected in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions. An electronic sensor unit is illustrated in Figure E7.

(e) A suitable container to collect the test pieces and discharge volume. (f) A timing device with an accuracy of ±0.05 seconds. (g) A water supply. E4 Test Pieces

The method of preparation is as follows: (a) Cut and mark the casing according to Figure E1. (b) Tie off one end as illustrated in Figure E2, then fill the casing with 37 +2, −0 mL of

water and tie off the opposing end. (c) Expand the rubber ‘O’ rings and fit over test pieces as illustrated. Verify the test

piece in accordance with Figure E3 and cut off surplus casing. The casing must be completely filled with water.

(d) For durability, the casing must be covered with a tight fitting cotton gauze tubular bandage and tied off with a string beyond the ends of the casing with intermediate ties in accordance with Figure E5.

(e) Finally, check the test pieces with a gauge complying with Figure E6.


Page C-14

Figure E1 Test Pieces Measuring Template

Figure E2 Tying Positions of Test Piece

Figure E3 Verification of Flexibility of Test Piece


Page C-15

Figure E4 Roll Cotton Gauze Bandage Over Test Piece

Figure E5 Test Piece Covered with Cotton Gauze Bandage


Page C-16

Figure E6 Gauge to Check the Finished Configuration of Test Piece


Page C-17

Figure E7 Typical Full-Flush Test Device for Determining Trailing Water Volume


Page C-18

E5 Procedure


with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and connect the water supply if required.

(b) Fill and flush the matched set at least three times prior to the commencement of tests.

(c) Fill the cistern to the nominated water level and turn off the water supply if connected.

(d) Drop four test pieces into the water area of the bowl of the pan from a point level with the top of the rim using directional device according to Figure E8.

(e) Full-flush test (recommended) Activate the full-flush mechanism of the cistern or flush valve to flush the pan and observe the discharge to establish when the last of the four test pieces is discharged from the outlet spigot of the pan. The trailing volume water shall be determined using a suitable measuring device (see Figure E7).

(f) Dual-flush test In the case of a dual-flush cistern of a matched performance set, if the effective residual water in the cistern, after the less than full-flush mechanism has been actuated, exceeds 2.5 L and the test pieces were discharged, then the trailing water volume test is deemed to have passed the test criteria as set out in this section, i.e. the full-flush discharge volume of the cistern less the reduced flush discharge volume equals an active retention volume in excess of 2.5 L. If the volume retained in the cistern is less than 2.5 L, the dual-flush cistern matched performance set must be tested in accordance with Paragraph E5 (e), Full-flush test.

(g) Repeat the test nine times (total of ten tests) and record the results. (h) If the pan does not meet the requirements for ten tests, it may be tested a further

ten times (giving a total of twenty consecutive tests). (i) Record the results and record if the requirements of Clause 3.3 are complied

with. E6 Test Report

The following shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model type and nominal flush capacity of the pan. (b) Manufacturer, model, nominal flush volume and type of cistern or flush valve. (c) The volume of trailing water in each of the tests. (d) The number of test pieces discharged in each test.


Page C-19

Figure E8 Directing Device


Page C-20

Section F Methodology for Splash Test F1 Scope

This section sets out the splash test method for full-flush operation. F2 Principle

The matched set is flushed and the floor area is inspected for splashing. F3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) A matching cistern and flush pipe (if required) as specified by the manufacturer. (b) A suitable support for pan and cistern in accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions. (c) A water supply. F4 Procedure


with the manufacturer’s installation instructions. (b) Charge the pan with water to its designed water seal level. (c) Lift the flap and lid if attached. (d) With the cistern filled to the nominated working level and the water supply (if

connected), turned off, activate the flush valve or cistern for full-flush operation to discharge the pan.

(e) Observe and record whether flushing water splashed over rim onto the floor. (f) Repeat Steps (d) and (e) five times. F5 Test Report

The following shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model, and nominal flush capacity of the pan. (b) Manufacturer, model, nominal flush volume and type of cistern or flush valve. (c) Whether the flushing water splashed over the rim onto the floor. Isolated droplets

shall not be cause for rejection.


Page C-21

Section G Methodology for Wetting Test G1 Scope

This Appendix sets out the method for the wetting test for full-flush operation. G2 Principle

The pan has its internal surface wetted and fine sawdust is sprinkled onto the wetted surface. The cistern or flush valve is then activated to determine the effectiveness of the flushing pattern within the pan. G3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Matching cistern and flush pipe (if required) as specified by the manufacturer. (b) A suitable support for the pan and cistern in accordance with the manufacturer’s

specification. (c) 10–20 g of dry sawdust sifted through a 2 mm sieve. (d) A water supply. G4 Procedure


with the manufacturer’s installation instructions. (b) Charge the pan with water to its designed water seal level. (c) Fully wet the entire internal surface of the pan below the rim. (d) Immediately sprinkle fine dry sawdust evenly into the inside of the pan between

the normal water level and flushing rim. (e) Ensure that the sawdust is deposited evenly in any groove. (f) With the cistern filled to the nominated working level and the water supply (if

connected), turned off, activate the flush valve or cistern for full-flush operation to discharge the pan.

(g) Observe and record if any sawdust remains undisturbed on the inside of the pan. G5 Test Report

The following shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model, type and nominal flush capacity of the pan. (b) Manufacturer, model, nominal flush volume and type of cistern or flush valve. (c) Sawdust remaining undisturbed more than 50 mm below the lower edge of the

flushing rim constitutes a failure. Isolated particles of sawdust below that level, and above the water seal shall not be cause for rejection.


Page C-22

Section H Methodology for Reduced Flush Liquid Contaminant Test – Reduced-Flush Matched Performance Dual-Flush Pan

H1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the effective discharge of liquid contaminants. H2 Principle

The matched set is assembled for the reduced-flush liquid contaminant tests. Dye is added to the empty sump and flushed. The percentage of dye remaining in the sump is measured and recorded. H3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required: (a) Matching cistern and flush pipe (if required) as specified by the manufacturer. (b) A suitable support for the pan and cistern. (c) A spectrophotometer capable of measuring in the visible spectrum range. (d) Potassium Permanganate solution (0.5 gram/litre). (e) Suction device for removing water from pan sump. (f) Water supply. H4 PROCEDURE


with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and connect to water supply, if required.

(b) Fill and flush the matched set at least three times. (c) Remove all water from the pan sump. (d) Fill sump until just overflowing with Potassium Permanganate solution. (e) Ensure that no dye contaminates the water supply. (f) With the cistern filled to the nominated working level and the water supply (if

connected) turned off, activate the flush valve or cistern to discharge the pan. (g) 10+0

-5 seconds after the main flush remove a sample from the centre of the sump without disturbing the sump water.

(h) Measure the concentration using the spectrophotometer and record the results as a percentage of the concentration of the original Potassium Permanganate solution (per Item H 3(d)).

(i) Repeat steps (c) to (h) until three sets of results are obtained. (j) Average the three results. H5 Test Report

The following shall be reported: (a) Manufacturer, model, type and nominal flush capacity of pan. (b) Manufacturer, model, type and nominal flush volume and type of cistern or flush

valve. (c) The measured concentration of dye after each test and the average

concentration of dye over 3 consecutive tests.


Page D-1

APPENDIX D

TESTING GUIDELINES FOR SHOWERS


WITH AMENDMENT NO. 1 Notes: This Appendix is a guideline to facilitate the participant to grasp the context of water efficiency testing requirements. It makes reference to the captioned standard and focuses on the measurement of water flow rate and other related performance aspects. The participant should be able to obtain from the text a good appreciation of the testing requirements. On the other hand, the captioned standard is much more comprehensive and detailed and contains exact definitions. Due to condensed size, this Appendix cannot replace the captioned standard nor is there any intention to do so. In case of doubt, the captioned standard should always be consulted.


Page D-2

Section A Methodology for Determination of the Nominal Flow Rate of Showers

A1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the nominal flow rate of a shower.

A2 Principle

The shower to be tested is supported in a test rig and water is passed through the shower

at dynamic flow pressures of 150 kPa, 250 kPa, 350 kPa and 500 kPa; when the flow rate

has stabilized it is recorded at each of these pressures at ambient water temperature.

A3 Apparatus

The following apparatus is required:

(a) A water supply capable of delivering water at:

(i) a flow rate of more than 20 L/min; and

(ii) a dynamic flow pressure of at least 500 kPa.

(b) Test apparatus made from DN 15, Type B copper pipe. The branch for flow pressure

measurements shall be located at least 250 mm downstream of any valve or fitting.

The shower connection shall be not more than 300 mm downstream of the branch for

flow pressure measurements.

NOTE: See Figure A1 for a typical test arrangement.

(c) A pressure gauge having an accuracy of ±2% of the true value.

(d) A flow meter having an accuracy of ±2% of the true value.


Page D-3

Figure A1 Typical Test Arrangement

A4 Procedure

The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Where a shower(s) is(are) supplied with other components (e.g., an arm, shower hose,

elbow with a flow controller or backflow prevention device, mixing valve) assemble the

shower in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification and test in the assembled

configuration.

(b) For showers with adjustable spray settings, adjust the spray to the maximum flow

setting.

(c) Mount the shower in the test rig with the water supply connected to the intended

inlet(s).

(d) Condition the shower by allowing the water to flow and adjusting the control valve

gradually until the dynamic flow pressure of 500 kPa is achieved. Maintain the flow

until the flow and pressure remain stable for at least 1 min.

(e) Gradually adjust the control valve to turn off the flow of water.

(f) Gradually turn on the flow of water until a stabilized flow at a dynamic flow pressure of

150 kPa is achieved.

(g) Observe the flow meter and record the flow rate at that dynamic flow pressure.


Page D-4

(h) Repeat Steps (f) and (g) with the dynamic flow pressure increased to 250 kPa, 350 kPa

and then to a 500 kPa.

(i) Gradually adjust the control valve to turn off the flow of water.

(j) Repeat Steps (f) to (i) to obtain a second reading of the flow rates at the range of

pressures.

(k) Calculate and record the average flow rates at each of the following dynamic

pressures:

(i) 150 kPa.

(ii) 250 kPa.

(iii) 350 kPa.

(iv) 500 kPa.

(l) Calculate the mean of the average flow rates obtained in Step (k) (i) to (k) (iii), and

record this value as the nominal high pressure flow rate.

(m) From the averages obtained in Step (k) (i) to (k) (iii), record the highest and lowest

average flow rates.

(n) Calculate and record the maximum differences between the highest and lowest

average flow rates at Step (m).

Note: The maximum difference between the highest and lowest average flow rates is

not exceed 2.0 L/min.

A5 Test Report

The following shall be reported:

(a) Manufacturer, brand name, model name and model number of the shower and

description of other components tested with the sample.

(b) The average flow rate (in litres per minute) through the test sample, at the dynamic

flow pressures of:

(c) 150 kPa;

(d) 250 kPa;

(e) 350 kPa; and

(f) 500 kPa.

NOTE: The average flow rates as determined in paragraph A4 (k).

(g) The nominal flow rate.

NOTE: As determined in paragraph A4 (l).

(e) The difference between the highest and lowest average flow rates as determined at

Step (n) of paragraph A4.


Page D-5

Section B Methodology for Determination of Mean Spray Spread Angle

B1 Scope

This section sets out the method for determining the mean spray spread angle of a

shower.

B2 Principle

The shower is supported in a test rig. Water at ambient temperature is run through the

shower into an annular gauge, at a dynamic pressure of 250 kPa. The water collected in

each section of the gauge is then measured and the mean spray spread angle is

calculated.

B3 Apparatus


(a) A water supply capable of delivering water at—

(i) a flow rate of more than 20 L/min; and

(ii) a dynamic flow pressure of at least 500 kPa.

(b) An annular gauge as shown in Figure B1.

(c) A flow meter to measure total flow to within ±2% of the true value.

(d) Measuring cylinders to measure, within ±5 mL/L, the volume of water collected in each

annular cylinder of the annular gauge.

(e) A stopwatch with an accuracy of ±0.1 s.

(f) A tape measure.

B4 Procedure


(a) Where a showerhead is supplied with other components (e.g., an arm, shower hose,

elbow with a flow controller), assemble the shower in accordance with the

manufacturer’s specified method of assembly.


setting.

(c) Mount the shower in the test rig with the water supply connected to the intended inlet

with the faceplate horizontal.


Page D-6

(d) Place the annular gauge underneath the shower so that the centre-line of the faceplate

and the centre cylinder are in vertical alignment and the top of the annular gauge is

400±5 mm from the faceplate.

(e) Cover the top of the annular gauge and adjust the water supply to flow at a stabilized

dynamic pressure of 250 ±1 kPa. Remove the cover and allow the water to flow

through the shower and into the annular gauge for at least 60 s.

(f) Record the total flow reading on the flow meter and the time to the nearest second,

ensuring that the water supply is allowed to flow through the shower and into the

annular gauge.

(g) Collect, measure and record the volume of water in each annular cylinder. Determine

the total flow collected by all annular cylinders.

(h) If the total flow collected by all annular cylinders and the total flow recorded on the flow

meter vary by more than ±5%, repeat Steps (e) to (g).

(i) If the total flow collected by all annular cylinders and the total flow recorded on the flow

meter do not vary by more than ±5%, determine the percentage of water collected in

each of the annular cylinders.

(j) Calculate the effective diameter of the shower as indicated in paragraph B5.

(k) Calculate the mean spray spread angle of the shower using the following equation:

Mean spray spread angle =

3200

41211

N

N EDNXTan

where:

ED = effective diameter of showerhead, in millimetres (see paragraph B5

to calculate this variable)

XN = percentages of the total flow collected by the individual annular

cylinders, as determined in Step (i) above

N = number of the annular cylinder, counting from the centre out, i.e.,

= 1 (i.e., the 50 mm diameter cylinder)



= .........................................................

= .........................................................


As such,

X1 = percentage of the total flow collected by the 50 mm diameter

cylinder

X2 = percentage of the total flow collected by the 100 mm diameter

cylinder


Page D-7

Figure B1 Typical Annular Gauge

B5 Calculation of Effective Diameter

B5.1 Case 1 - Showerhead with a circular pattern of holes on single diameter

For a showerhead with a faceplate that has a circular pattern of holes along a single

diameter pattern, calculate the effective diameter (ED) using the following equation:

ED = D

where:

D = projected diameter along which the holes lie

(see Figure B2, Case 1)

B5.2 Case 2 - Showerhead with a circular pattern of holes on several diameters

For a showerhead with a faceplate that has a circular pattern of holes along several circular

patterns of varying diameters, calculate the effective diameter (ED) using the following

equation:


Page D-8

ED =

......

......

54321

5544332211

HHHHH

DHDHDHDHDH

where:

D1 = projected diameter along which the innermost holes lie

D2 = projected diameter along which the second innermost holes lie

D3 = projected diameter along which the third innermost holes lie etc.

and

H1 = number of holes that lie along the innermost projected diameter

H2 = number of holes that lie along the second innermost projected

diameter

H3 = number of holes that lie along the third innermost projected

diameter, etc.


B5.3 Case 3 - Showerhead with holes on evenly spaced pattern

For a showerhead with a faceplate that has an evenly spaced pattern of holes that can be

approximated to a circular pattern, calculate the effective diameter (ED) using the following

equation:

ED = 2

D

where:

D = maximum distance between the outermost holes


B5.4 Case 4 - Showerhead with non-circular patterns of holes

For a showerhead with a non-circular pattern of holes (see Figure B2, Case 4)

Option 1

Rectangular shaped spray patterns

ED =

4BW


Page D-9

where:

B = breadth of the spray pattern

W = width of the spay pattern

Option 2

Rectangular or other shaped spray patterns (circularizing parameters of spray pattern) use

the equation in Case 2.


Page D-10

Figure B2 Various Shaped Showerheads for Calculating the Effective Diameter


Page D-11

B6 Test Report




(b) Total flow rate (L/min) for all the annular cylinders.

(c) Percentage of the total flow collected by each annular cylinder.

(d) The calculated mean spray spread angle.


Page D-12

Section C Methodology for Measurement of Temperature Drop

C1 Scope

This section sets out the method for measuring the temperature drop of water flowing from

a shower.

C2 Principle

Heated water is passed through a shower at a dynamic pressure of 250 kPa. The

temperature of the water flow is measured at 150 mm and at 750 mm below the faceplate

and the temperature drop determined.

C3 Apparatus


(a) A water supply capable of delivering heated water at:

(i) a temperature of 20 ±3°C above ambient;

(ii) flow rate of more than 20 L/min; and

(iii) a dynamic flow pressure of at least 250 kPa.

(b) A temperature gauge as shown in Figure C1, having a differential temperature

accuracy of ±0.5°C.

(c) A pressure gauge having an accuracy of ±2% of the true value.

(d) A flow meter to measure total flow to within ±2% of the true value.

(e) A tape measure.

Figure C1 Typical Temperature Measuring Gauge


Page D-13

C4 Procedure


(a) Where a showerhead is supplied with other components (e.g., an arm, shower hose,

elbow with a flow controller), assemble the shower in accordance with the

manufacturer’s specified method of assembly.


setting.

(c) Mount the shower in the test rig with the water supply connected to the intended inlet

with the faceplate horizontal and 150 ±5 mm vertically above the temperature gauge.

(d) Measure ambient air temperature.

(e) Adjust the water supply temperature to 20 ±3°C above ambient temperature.

(f) Allow the water to flow and adjust the control valve gradually until the dynamic flow

pressure of 250 ±1 kPa is achieved. Maintain the flow until the flow and pressure

remain stable for at least 1 min.

(g) Allow the temperature on the gauge to stabilize and record the reading.

(h) Lower the temperature gauge to a position 750 ±5 mm below the faceplate. Move the

gauge in its horizontal plane to find the most advantageous location to maximize the

temperature reading on the gauge. Allow the temperature on the gauge to stabilize and

record the reading.

(i) Raise the temperature gauge to its original position. Allow the temperature on the

gauge to stabilize and record the reading.

(j) If the temperatures recorded in Steps (g) and (i) vary by more than ±0.5°C, repeat

Steps (d) to (i).

(k) If the temperatures recorded in Steps (g) and (i) do not vary by more than ±0.5°C,

record the reading in Steps (i).

(l) Calculate the difference in the temperatures measured in Steps (g) and (h) and record

this as the temperature drop of the shower.

C5 Test Report




(b) Ambient air temperature.

(c) Supply heated water temperature.

(d) Water temperatures measured when the faceplate was 150 mm from the temperature

gauge, as recorded in paragraph C4 (g).


Page D-14

(e) Water temperatures measured when the faceplate was 750 mm from the temperature

gauge, as recorded in paragraph C4 (h).

(f) Water temperatures measured when the faceplate was returned to its initial position of

150 mm from the temperature gauge, as recorded in paragraph C4 (i).

(g) Temperature drop, as recorded in paragraph C4 (l).


Page D-15

Section D Methodology for Endurance Test for Flow Controllers used in Showers (if Incorporated in a Shower or Being a Component of a Shower)

D1 Scope

This section sets out the method by which flow controllers used in showers are measured

for their ability to operate satisfactorily under normal opening and closing operations with

heated and cold water applications, for the expected life of the flow controller.

D2 Principle

The flow controller, mounted in the same housing (test sample) as used in the shower, is

held in a test rig and connected to a temperature-controlled heated and cold water supply

at a given pressure. A cyclic mechanism is used to open and close the valve providing

water to the test sample. A device to monitor the system for inconsistencies and breakdown

is integrated in the mechanism. On completion of the pressure cycles, the test sample is

retested in accordance with Section A.

D3 Test Rig Apparatus

A test rig fitted with a counter to count complete cycles, and capable of:

(a) operating the test sample through 10 000 ±100 cycles from 0 kPa to 350 kPa;

(b) delivering heated water at a temperature of 55 ±3°C;

(c) delivering a flow rate of 20L/min at 350 kPa;

(d) providing 12 ± 1 cycles per min; and

(e) alternating ambient and heated water every 55 ±5 cycles.

D4 Procedure


(a) Test the sample in accordance with Section A to determine and record the initial

nominal flow rate and average flow rates at 150 kPa, 250 kPa, 350 kPa of the test

sample.

(b) Connect the test sample to the test rig.

(c) Adjust the supply pressures with each water supply and check that the pressures and

water temperatures are as specified.

(d) Commence the opening and closing operations of the valves supplying water to the

test sample.

(e) Reset the cycle counter to zero.

(f) Commence the cycles at 12 ±1 cycles per minute for 10 000 ±100 cycles between 0

kPa and 350 kPa and alternate ambient and heated water every 55±5 cycles.


Page D-16

(g) At the completion of Step (f), retest the test sample in accordance with Section A to

determine and record the final nominal flow rate and average flow rates at 150 kPa,

250 kPa, 350 kPa of the test sample.

(h) Calculate the difference between the nominal flow rates of the test sample determined

in Step (a) and Step (g).

D5 Test Report


(a) Manufacturer, model, size, and type of the housing and flow controller.

(b) Number of cycles completed.

(c) Initial nominal flow rate and average flow rates of the test sample determined in

paragraph D4 (a)

(d) Final nominal flow rate and average flow rates of the test sample determined in

paragraph D4 (g).

(e) The difference between the nominal flow rates of the test sample determined in

Paragraph D4 (h)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXTENDED CONSULTANCY FOR THE …€¦ · Endurance of the flow controller The...

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