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![Page 1: Exception from Informed Consent for Research in Emergency Settings Marilyn Morris MD, MPH Susan S. Fish, PharmD, MPH.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062417/551c105f5503469e4f8b5395/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Exception from Informed Consent for Research in Emergency Settings
Marilyn Morris MD, MPH
Susan S. Fish, PharmD, MPH
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• Historical Context• Regulations and Responsibilities• Ethical Gaps and Public Perceptions• Defining “community”• EFIC in the inpatient setting
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Historical Framework
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1949: The Nuremberg Code
“The voluntary consent of the human subject isabsolutely essential.”
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Helsinki, Finland, 1964 latest revision, 2000
Emergency research is permissible “…only if the condition that prevents obtaining consent is a necessary characteristic of the research population.”
“Consent to remain in the research should be obtained as soon as possible from the individual or a legally authorized surrogate.”
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The Belmont Report: 1979
Basic ethical principles– Respect for Persons
(autonomy)– Beneficence– Justice
Minimal risk standard for research without informed consent
Potential for surrogate consent
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January 1981
• Code of Federal Regulations– Largely based on the Belmont
Report– Allows a waiver of informed
consent for minimal risk research in emergency settings
– No specific mechanism for emergency research posing more than minimal risk
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Deferred Consent
• “Is it ok if I borrow your car yesterday?”
• Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trials• 1993: Dear Colleague Letter
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(J. Am. Med. Assoc. 273, 1283–1287;
JAMA April 1995
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THE FINAL RULE, IRB AND INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
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Exception from Informed Consent Requirements
in Emergency Research 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
(A) IRB with concurring physician finds and documents
1. Life threatening situation with unproven or unsatisfactory
treatment and research is necessary2. Obtaining informed consent is not feasible3. Participation in research has prospect of direct benefit
because:
i. Situation necessitates intervention
ii. Science supports potential of direct benefit
iii. Risks are reasonable compared to medical condition, risks and benefits of standard therapy, and risks and
benefits of proposed intervention
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4. Research could not practicably be done without waiver
5. Potential therapeutic window is short; attempt to contact
subject’s legal representative when possible
6. IRB approves consent procedures and document for subject or legal representative, if feasible; also approves procedures and information for family member
Exception from Informed Consent Requirements
in Emergency Research 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
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7. Additional protections
i. Community consultation
ii. Public disclosure prior to study initiation
iii. Public disclosure after study completion
iv. Independent data monitoring committee
v. Attempt to contact family member when possible
Exception from Informed Consent Requirements
in Emergency Research 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
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Exception from Informed Consent Requirements
in Emergency Research 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
(B) Information provided to subject, legal representative,
and/or family as soon as possible
(C) IRB documentation kept for at least 3 years*
(D) Separate IND/IDE*
(E) If IRB does not approve waiver, documentation ofreasons to be shared with sponsor, FDA,
other researchers, other IRBs *
(*FDA regulations only)
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IRB RESPONSIBILITIES 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
1. Determine if FDA or HHS regulations apply
2. Know state law - is waiver of consent possible?
3. Find and document that criteria are met
4. Determine consent proceduresa. Window of opportunity/therapeutic windowb. Procedures for attempts at consentc. Advanced directives policy
5. Assess possibility of prospective consent (practicability)
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IRB RESPONSIBILITIES 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
6. Provide opportunity for community consultation; use
results to advise IRB deliberations
7. Assure implementation of public disclosure by
investigator; assess adequacy of efforts
8. Consider advice from DMC
9. Ensure information is given to subject, representative,
family as soon as appropriate
10. Keep records at least 3 years
11. Document and share deliberations if study not
approved
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INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILITIES 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
1. Identify how criteria are met
a. Life threatening situation
b. Clinical equipoise exists
c. This research is needed now (basic science
and animal work are supportive)
d. Consent is not feasible
e. Benefit:Risk assessment
f. Study with consent not practicable
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INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILITIES 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
2. Document in protocola. Therapeutic windowb. How to attempt consent
3. Write documentsa. Informed consent formb. Information form
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INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILITIES 21 CFR 50.24 and 45 CFR 46.101(i)
4. Define (in conjunction with IRB)a. Communityb. Methods of community consultationc. Methods of public disclosure
5. Submit/obtain IND/IDE (FDA regulations only)
6. Submit information for continuing review
7. Provide data to DMC
8. Inform subject, representative, family
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What do people think of EFIC?
It depends who (and how) you ask.
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Nov 15, 1996
“The Return of Joseph Mengele”
“The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) this month reversed 50 years of medical ethics by freeing researchers to experiment on patients without consent. New and improved life-saving therapies supposedly will result. But nothing is gained if the most basic of human rights is the price of progress.”
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April 22, 2002
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VOICES
• Focus groups, 25 women, 17 men • Drawn from NYC communities in which the
PAD trial took place• Resistance to the need for EFIC• Disconnect between theory and specific
examples.
Richardson 2008
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Biros 2009
Survey of 1901 people at a “popular public venue”
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Survey of 530 people in ER waiting room
• 49% believed enrolling patients without prior consent in an emergency situation would be acceptable
• 70% would not object to be entered into such a study without providing prospective informed consent.
McClure 2003
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Survivors of SCD
Dickert 2009
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“Would you ask that your child be excluded?”
10%43%
p < 0.01
Paragraph format
Bullet format
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Random Digit Dialing
• Used in proposed hypertonic resuscitation fluid study
(Bulger 2009)
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WHAT IS A COMMUNITY FOR THE PURPOSES OF EFIC RESEARCH?
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Community Consultation
…consultation (including, where appropriate, consultation carried out by the IRB) with representatives of the communities in which the research will be conducted and from which the subjects will be drawn;
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Federal Register: 9/21/95
• The proposed rule recognizes that subjects who are candidates for emergency research will not meet the condition of being fully competent. In many cases, they will be totally incompetent. Such potential subjects, if they are to be enrolled in research, must be provided with special additional protections. The special protections proposed in this rule for subjects of emergency research include prior FDA and community consultation on the research, public disclosure, and careful mandatory oversight of the welfare of subjects by a data and safety monitoring board.
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com·mu·ni·ty
a unified body of individuals: a : state, commonwealth b : the people with common interests living in a particular area; broadly : the area itself <the problems of a large community> c : an interacting population of various kinds of individuals (as species) in a common location d : a group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society <a community of retired persons> e : a group linked by a common policy f : a body of persons or nations having a common history or common social, economic, and political interests <the international community> g : a body of persons of common and especially professional interests scattered through a larger society <the academic community>
Merriam-Webster.com
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Merchant RM, Rubright JD, Pryor HP, Karlawish JHT.
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EFIC in the inpatient setting
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EFIC in the inpatient setting
• What constitutes impracticability?– To what extent is prospective consent possible?
• Who comprises the community?– Setting specific rather than geographic?– Who are the community leaders?
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Themes from an inpatient community consultation
• Pre-consent– Burden on families– Validity of consent
• Need for some communication• Importance of verbal over written
communication• Discomfort with randomization• Discomfort with “control” arm
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The inpatient community
• Parents of children hospitalized in an intensive care unit– 91/91 reported that parents of critically ill children
represent the most important community – 75/91 (82%) felt that the inpatient community
represents the entire relevant community
Morris 2006
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Trial of a brochure to inform parents of an ongoing EFIC trial
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“Is this a good way to communicate with parents about a
research study?”
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“Would you have read this if someone gave it to you when your child was
admitted?”
0
20
40
60
80
Very likely to read Somewhat likely Somewhat unlikely Very unlikely
84%
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“Do you think this study should take place?”
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Evaluation of Public Disclosure
• 75/93 parents interviewed were aware of the study
• 76/93 remembered seeing the brochure– 26% did not read, – 39% read quickly, and – 35% read carefully
• 37/93 remembered seeing the poster– 51% did not read,– 32% read quickly, and – 17% read carefully
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Evaluation of Public Disclosure
• Would you want your child to participate in the study?– 67% yes– 9% no– 24% undecided.
• Of the 7 parents who did not want to participate, 3 had opted out and 4 were unaware that they could opt out.
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“Let us not forget that progress is an optional goal,
not an unconditional commitment. ... Let us also
remember that a slower progress in the conquest of
disease would not threaten society, grievous as it is to
those who have to deplore that their particular disease
be not conquered, but that society would indeed be
threatened by the erosion of those moral values
whose loss, possibly caused by too ruthless a pursuit
of scientific progress, would make its most dazzling
triumphs not worth having.” -Hans Jonas
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RESOURCES
• REGULATIONS: www.fda.gov
• GUIDANCE: www.fda.gov
• IMPLEMENTATION: Biros MH, Fish SS, Lewis RJ. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:1272-1282. (www.aemj.org)
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SUMMARY
• Rare use• Important research• Vulnerable population• Special protections• Respect for persons