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Excellent and Exciting Ecology
Chapter 52 ~ An Introduction
to Ecology and the BiosphereI am the Lorax.
I speak for the trees.I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues.
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Vocabulary Ecology: the study of interactions between
organisms and their environments
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How organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges of the environment
What affects population size and why it changes
Interactions between species
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Energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment
Connected ecosystems
Regional changes in energy and materials influences other places
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Species Distribution
How species interact with their environment determines where they live (distribution)
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Interactions Between Organisms and Environment
Biotic – living components of the environment (other species)
Predation Parasitism Competition Disease
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Interactions Between Organisms and Environment
Abiotic: non-living components Temperature Light Water Nutrients Salinity Rocks/Soil Climate (macro/micro)
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Global Climate
Climate is the prevailing weather in an area
Temperature and Water are major factors determining climate
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Ocean currents influence climate along coasts
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Intensity and angle of sunlight affect climate
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Air Circulation and Wind Patterns affect climate
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Mountains affect sunlight, temperature and rainfall
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Biomes
Major terrestrial or aquatic life zones Characterized by vegetation type and
physical environment
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Aquatic Biomes
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Aquatic biomes
Vertical stratification: Photic zone~ photosynthetic light Aphotic zone~ little light Benthic zone ~ substrate at bottom of aquatic biomes
Benthos~ community of organisms in benthic zone Detritus~ dead organic matter; food for benthic
organisms Thermocline~ narrow stratum of rapid
temperature change
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Standing bodies of water (lakes)
Lake classification:
•oligotrophic~ deep, nutrient poor
•eutrophic~ shallow, high nutrient content, murky water
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Wetlands
Habitat inundated by water at least some of the time
Plants adapted to water saturated soil
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Moving bodies of water (streams and rivers)
Nutrient content depends on overhanging vegetation, usually HIGH OXYGEN content because of turbulence
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Estuary
Transition area between a river and sea Seawater enters during rising tide and
returns to sea when tide falls
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Intertidal Zone
Periodically submerged and exposed by tides
Happens twice daily on marine shores Variation in temp, salinity and air exposure
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Ocean Pelagic
Open blue water, mixed by wind driven ocean currents
70% of Earth’s surface
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Coral Reefs
Formed from Calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
Found mainly in Tropical areas Need high oxygen levels
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Marine Benthic Zone
Seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone and the pelagic zone
Most receive no sunlight Water temperature declines with depth Chemoautotrophic prokaryotes are
producers in deep sea hydrothermal vents
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Terrestrial Biomes
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Tropical Forest
Found near equator Rainfall constant (200-400 cm annually) Air Temperature high year-round (25-29˚
C) Vertical layering with canopy
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Desert
30 ˚ North and south latitude Precipitation low and variable (less than 30
cm per year Temp varies by season and daily (not
always hot in the desert) Adaptations include water
conservation/storage
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Savanna
Found near equator Rainfall averages 30-50 cm per year Dry season can be 8-9 months Temp warm year round Scattered trees, many grasses (Think Lion King )
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Chaparral
Mid-latitude coastal regions Seasonal Precipitation Rainy winters, long dry summers Shrubs, small trees Adaptations to drought and fire
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Temperate Grassland
Seasonal precipitation Dry winters, wet summers Periodic drought is common Cold winters, hot summers Grasses Large grazing mammals (bison)
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Coniferous Forest (Taiga)
Northern North America and Eurasia Cold, long winters, hot summers Cone bearing trees Migratory birds, moose, brown bears
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Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Mid-latitudes in Northern hemisphere 70-200 cm of rain annually Cold winters, hot humid summers Closed canopy Deciduous trees (lose leaves in winter)
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Tundra
Arctic regions High winds, low temperatures 20-60 cm of precipitation Long, cold winters, short summers with low
temperatures Permafrost – permanently frozen layer of
soil
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