presentADVANCE CONSTRUCTION

& EQUIPMENTS

SHAILESH KALASARIYAGuided:-

Civil:-B

Excavating EquipmentSTopic:-

Savani MilanRathod RasheshVegad Kartik

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PARTICIPATED STUDENTS

Excavation Digging of large quantities of earth Moving them to distances which are sometimes

fairly long Placement Compacting Leveling Dozing Grading Hauling

OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION OF ANY

PROJECT

EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS

Power shovel Drag line Hoes Clam shell Trenching Machines Tractors Bull dozer Rippers Scrapers

EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT

To excavate the earth and to load the trucks

capable of excavating all types of earth except hard rock

size varies from 0.5m3 to 5m3 . Basics parts of power shovel

including the track system, cabin, cables, rack, stick, boom foot-pin, saddle block, boom, boom point sheaves and bucket.

POWER SHOVEL

For Excavation above its own track or wheel level

For cutting and for loadingSuitable for heavy positive cutting in all types

of dry soil.

APPLICATION

Old new

Hoist line Boom

axis of rotation Bucket Cab

Crawler mounting

BASIC PARTS AND OPERATION

Crawler mounted. Low travel speed.On soft grounds. Wheel mounted. High speed.On hard ground.

Large open pit , floor must be well drained , haul road must be well.

Angle of swing 90°. Optimum depth.

TYPES OF POWER SHOVEL

CONDITIONS FOR OPERATION

Class of material Depth of cutting Angle of swing Job condition Management condition Size of hauling units Skill of the operator Physical condition of the shovel

FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT OF POWER SHOVEL

The drag line is so name because of its prominent operation of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug.

Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the bucket is loosely attached to the boom through cables.

Because of this construction, a dragline can dig and dump over larger distances than a shovel can do.

Drag lines are useful for digging below its track level and handling softer materials.

DRAG LINE

Hoist cable Hoisting cable

Crane boom

Gantry Hoist Chain Drag Cable

Cab Drag Chain Crawler Bucket Mounting

BASIC PARTS AND OPERATION

Crawler mounted - Low travel speed, soft ground, large projects Wheel mounted - high travel speed, firm ground & scattered job Truck mounted - high travel speed, firm ground & scattered jobs Walking draglines

TYPES OF DRAGLINES

Output = dragline capacity × C × F where C = cycles/hr

F = correcting factor

Advantages Disadvantages Can work from the ground

surface while shovel has to be taken into the pit.

Hauling equipments need not to go in the pit.

Excavated material disposed in one operation.

High range than shovel.

Less digging force. As the boom length

increases the bucket size must be decreased.

Output is less than shovel.

OUTPUT

Size and type of bucket (0.38 to 3.06 )Light bucket – loose, dry.Medium – clays, compacted gravel.Heavy – hard materials

Length of crane boom (50,60 and 70 ft Type of material Angle of swing Depth of cut Working conditions,maintainance Size of hauling unit Operator skill

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTPUT

Also known as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel

It is used to excavate below the natural surface on which it rests.

Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and also for grading works, which requires precise control of depths.

The basic parts are boom, Jack boom, Boom foot drum, Boom sheave, Stick sheave, Stick, Bucket and Bucket sheave

BACK HOE

Bucket cylinder stick cylinder cab boom dipper cylinder stick Bucket boom(dipper)

BASIC PARTS AND OPERATION

Though not efficient as shovel. Most suitable for digging below the machine level. Levelling and loading. Used to trim the surface.

Maximum Excavation depth. Maximum Working radius. Maximum dumping height. Hoisting capability.

APPLICATIONS

POINTS FOR SELECTION OF HOE

Excavation depth. Most affective digging when boom stick

is at 90 to boom. Max. output when excavation near

machine. Optimum depth.(50 to 60% of max

digging depth)

Advantages Disadvantages Hoe exert greater tooth pressure

than shovel due to direct pull. Due to rigidity superior than

draglines. Superior to trenching machines

when the side banks are allowed to have natural slope.

Not efficient as shovels. Slow in working when dumping in

hauling machines. Liable to fall.

FACTORS AFFECTING OUTPUT

The name the machine is derived from the shape of its bucket.

The shape of bucket is that of the shell hinged at the top which can be closed and opened in two parts.

Selection depends largely on the requirement of the job.

CLAM SHELL

Consists of two shells with hinged at the top and provided with sharp edges at the bottom.

Heavy types of buckets with sharp cutting edges are used for hard soils and light buckets with plane edges for loose soil.

Used mostly in lifting the heavy rock pieces.

Sometimes more than two jaws are used for lifting large sized particles.

Shell Hinge Shell

Hoist line

Sheaves

brackets

BUCKET

Unit must be on level ground. Bucket teeth should be sharp. Dumping distance = digging distance. In soft soils teeth should be removed.

Production = capacity() × C × F C = cycles/hr

F = correction factor

EFFECTIVE USE

OUTPUT/PRODUCTION OF CLAM SHELL

Height of lift. Angle of swing. Method of disposing. Operator’s skill.

Used for loose materials such as crushed stones. Main function is to vertical lifting of material from one

place to another. Digging and dumping in vertical plane. Accurate dumping. Charging and removing the materials from a stock

pile,cofferdams,etc.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTPUT

APPLICATIONS :

Excavate all type of soils except rocks. Mostly crawler mounted.

Excavating trenches for water,oil,gas pipes, sewers & telephone cable . Deepening of existing drainages. Used where control on depth and width is

required. Fast digging. Reduces the cost of hand finishing.

TRENCHING MACHINES

APPLICATIONS

1. Wheel type : Consists of power driven wheel

mounted with number of removable buckets with teeth.

They can cut trench of width upto 30 to 150 cm.

Maximum cutting depth 2.5 – 3 m.

Have greater digging speeds. For narrow trench in firm soil this

type is suitable.

TYPES OF TRENCHING MACHINES

2. Ladder type : Consists of two endless chains which

travel along the boom and the buckets equipped with teeth are attached.

Sometimes side cutters are attach to increase the width of the trench.

The conveyer belt disposes the excavated soil on the either side.

Maximum cutting width upto 360 cm. Maximum cutting depth 9.0 to 10.0

m. Digging speed is 30 m or more.

3. Vertical boom type :

Modified of ladder type. Trench width ranges from 40 to 70 cm.

Type of soil. Obstructions Depth and width of the trench. Right of way for disposal of earth.

Amount of work. Topography of the area.Water table. Climatic conditions

POINTS TAKEN CARE WHILE SELECTING THE TYPE

Items Power shovel

Hoe dragline Clam shell

Excavation in hard soil or rock

Good Good Not good Poor

Excavation in wet soil or mud.

Poor Poor Moderate Moderate

Distance between footing and digging.

Small Small Long Long

Loading efficiency. Very good Good Moderate Precise but slow

Footing required. Close to work Close to pit Fairly away from pit

Fairly away from pit

Digging level Digs at or above footing

Digs below footing

Below footing

Digs at or above footing

Cycle time Short Slightly more than shovel

More than power shovel

More than others

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS

Determine the cost of production in terms of rupees/.

Excavating equipment : Hoe with 1.51 having cycle time of 16 sec and operating factor 55 minute/hr.Cost 3500/hour.

Material : good common earth with swell of 20% and fill factor of 0.85.

Hauling units : trucks 8.5 capacity operating factor 50 minutes/hour and having round trip time 22 mins.Cost 400/hour.

Solution :Equipment type : hoeBucket capacity : 1.51Cycle time : 16 secFill factor : 0.85Swelling : 20 % operation factor : 55 min / hour

EXAMPLE : (GTU MAY/JUNE 2012)

Ideal hour output: no of cycle = = = 225 cycles

Ideal hourly output () : 225 × 1.51 = 340 Probable hourly output = 340 × operation factor × fill factor × swell

= 340 × (50/60) × 0.85 × (1/1.20) = 220.76 Cost 3500/hr Cost of excavation / = 3500/220.76 = 15.85 / Hauling cost/ : output /hour = 8.5 × 50/22 = 19.32 cost Rs. 400/hr Hauling cost/ = 400/19.32 = Rs. 20.70/

Total cost of excavation and hauling = 15.85 + 20.70 = Rs. 36.55/

Multi-purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipment.

Tractors may be classified as

a) Crawler type tractor- Used to move bull dozers, scrapers. The crawler has a chain by which these tractors can be very effective even in the case of loose or muddy soils. The speed of this type dose not exceed 12 kmph normally.

b) Wheel type tractor- The engine is mounted on four wheels. The main advantage is higher speed, sometimes exceeding 50 kmph it is used for long-distance hauling and good roads.

TRACTORS

CRAWLER TYPE TRACTOR

WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR

Crawler type Wheeled type

1. Slow speed 1. Greater speed

2. More compact and powerful and can handle heavier jobs

2. Con handle only lighter jobs

3. costly 3. cheaper

4. Cost of operation and maintenance is high

4. Operational and maintenance cost is less

5. Stick control for steering 5. Wheel steering control

6. Moves on rough roads only 6. Moves on rough as well as good roads

7. Used for short distances 7.Used for longer distances

8. Requires skillful operation, maintenance and repairs

8. Lesser skills required for operations, maintenance and repairs

COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER AND WHEELED TRACTORS

BULL DOZERThe heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the material from

one place to another.The tractor can be of the crawler or the wheeled type.

1. Position of bladesa) Bull dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the

direction of movementb) Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the

direction of movement.

CLASSIFICATION OF BULL DOZER

2. Based on mountingsa) Wheel mountedb)Crawler mounted

3. Based on the controlc) Cable controlledd)Hydraulically controlled

Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations1. For spreading the earth fill2. For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky

terrains.3. Clearing construction sites.4. Maintaining haul roads5. Clearing land from the trees and stumps6. back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging the

earth from one place to another

APPLICATIONS

Unique machine for digging and long-distance hauling of plough able materials.

self-operating machine It is not dependent on other equipment. Wheels of machine cause some compaction. The basic parts of scrapers are the bowl, apron and tail gate

or ejector.

SCRAPERS

THANKYOU