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Transcript of Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050...
![Page 1: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b66c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Examples of chemical % yield (continued)
MW 32 44 44 18
Given excess 2.2 g Mol C3H8 =2.2 =0.050
44= 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1
Product H2O moles theory
5O2 + C3H8 3CO2 + 4H2O
Bob reports making 4.0 g H2O from 2.2 g C3H8. Is Bob an idiot or okay ?
Bob Reports 4.0 g H2O
Maximum g H2O=18 g/mol*0.2 mol=3.6 g
Bob’s an idiot
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Moles level 1Mol-mass-count
Moles level 2•Body parts: mole ratios within a compound•Balancing•% composition/combustion
Moles level 3•Reaction stoichiometry•Limiting and %yields
More practice with ?????
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We is done with moles !!!Where we are on the mole road trip….
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And now, after many weeks of &^%!! Moles
….for something completely different….CLASSICAL REACTIONs
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SLO #6Students will be able to:write, balance, identify and predict common reaction classes (metatheses, acid-base, redox).
Today’s Student Learning Objective (SLO):
Translation:
What happens when I add this to that ?
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![Page 7: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b66c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What to read… chapter 4 ( + a bit of Ch. 14)
Metatheses 153-162
Acid-base 163-170; 653-656
Oxidation-reduction 171-177
CLASSICAL REACTIONs (continued)
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Classical Reactions
1) Metathesis (double replacement)
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Complete Molecular reaction
Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s)
Net Ionic Reaction
Pb2+ +2NO3- +2K+ +2I- PbI2(s) + 2K+ +2NO3
-
Complete Ionic Reaction
METATHESIS REACTIONS THIS WEEK IN LAB
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1) Metathesis (double replacement) –continued
General characteristics
Ionic, aqueous salts are reactants
Product formed from cation swap is a solid
Low energy…no appreciable heat in/out
Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s) Net ionic
CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)
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Let,’s practice a few on the board, kids !
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2) Acid-base
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + HOH + heat
acid base salt water
Complete Molecular reaction
H+ + OH- H2O
Net ionic reaction
`neutralization
H+ + Cl- + Na+ +OH- Na+ + Cl- +H2O
Complete Ionic reaction
CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)
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Demo reaction: ID the acid, base and salt below
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2OAcid Base
Sulfuric acid(car battery acid)
sodium hydroxide(essence of Lye)
sodium sulfate(`Glauber’s Salt =laxative)
salt
2H+ + SO42- +2Na+ + 2OH- 2Na+ + SO4
2- +2H2O
Complete ionic reaction?
Net ionic reaction ?
2H+ + 2OH- 2H2O
Let’s run this one
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General characteristicsReactants are specially defined `acid’ and `base’ ionic solutions
Products are soluble salt and water
Significant heat is generated
Indicators signal endpts
H+ + OH- H2O
Net ionic reaction
2) Acid-base…- continued
CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)
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Acid-Base Theories (pp 163-170, 652-655)0) Pre-science: acids and bases are eternal opposites
ACID + BASE = `BALANCE’
Positive + negative = null
Hot + cold = just right
Taoist version
CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)
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Acid-Base Theories (pp 653-656)Modern Theory: Try #1
Svante Arrhenius: Father of the first modern acid/base theory
Young Arrhenius(not considered promising)
Old Arrhenius(wins Nobel prize in 1903 for same acid base theory)
Thesis on Acids & Bases derided by his research committee…
Graduates with Ph.D ordinare(no distinction) see p. 144
CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview (continued)
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A measure of this Ph.D `ordinaire’’s brilliance…In 1896 Arrhenius predicted green house gas (CO2) from profligate burning of the the newly popular fuel source …
petroleum oil…would cause (gasp !) measurable and catastrophic global warming…
…starting in 1990-2000 AD
…the entire scientific establishment (and Standard Oil) laughed at him (again)
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued)
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FYI….Until 2013 not a single current Republican member of the US Congress admitted that global warming is caused by burning of fossil fuels.
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Oil burning starts here
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1) Arrhenius Model
HF HCl HBrHNO3 HClO4 H2SO4
H2CO3
H3PO4
BASE
NaOH KOH NH4OH Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
ACID =H+ donor
=OH- donor
CLASSICAL REACTIONs overview(continued)
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HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O
ACID + BASE = SALT + WATER
Acid-Base reactions ala’ Arrhenius: A+B= neutral
H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O
General rule for Arrhenius acid-base
CLASSICAL REACTIONs (continued)
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The `Inconvenient Truth’ about the Arrhenius model: basic salts
EXAMPLE: Na2CO3
(sodium carbonate)
No H+ or OH-….=> salt only
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW continued)
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The `Inconvenient Truth’ about the Arrhenius model: basic salts (continued)
•Turns pink in presence of phenolphthalein
• gas-forming reaction with HCl, pink disappears
experimental results of adding to water:
EXAMPLE: Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate)
=> A base !!!!????? Where’s OH ???
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued)
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The `Inconvenient Truth’ about the Arrhenius model: basic salts (continued)
Other examples of `basic’ salts
Na3PO4 K2SiO3 NaC2H3O2
Basic salts cannot be rationalized using Arrhenius’ acid/base model
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW (continued)
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Bronsted to the rescue…
Young Bronsted…Swedish chemist circa 1910…
Young James Dean…American actor circa 1955…(“Rebel Without a Cause,”“East of Eden”, “Giant” )
Winner of the Bronsted look alike contest….
Bronsted a few years after marriage and kids
CLASSICAL REACTIONs (continued)
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Bronsted Model of Acids/Bases3 new concepts (see pp 452-453 & 623-6)
Acid=
HF, HCl, HBrHNO3 HClO4 H2SO4 H2CO3
H3PO4
No real change from Arrhenius
proton donor (=H+)
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued)
ARRHENIUS ACIDS = BRONSTED ACIDS
New Concept #1: Follow the protons
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BASE=
OH-
CO3-2 ,PO4
-3, C2H3O2-,SiO3
-2…
proton acceptor
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES: New Concept #1: following the protons (cont.)
The set of Bronsted bases includes Arrhenius bases + ….
…nearly any negative ion (=anion) that even weakly attracts protons
Examples of Bronsted Bases
![Page 27: Examples of chemical % yield (continued) MW 32 44 44 18 Given excess 2.2 g Mol C 3 H 8 =2.2 =0.050 44 = 4 x 0.05 =0.2 mol 1 Product H 2 O moles theory.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051316/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b66c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
How the proton acceptor creates the basic salt effect:
CO32- + H-OH
..Bronsted Base is basic in water because it splits water to make OH- !
Hydrolysis reaction
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES:
New Concept #2
Hydrolysis…Bronsted bases `split’ water !!!
EXAMPLE
HCO3- + OH-
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Conjugate idea is like going drag…Men=acid Women=base
BASE ACIDCONJUGATE ACID
CONJUGATEBASE
Identify `acids’ and bases
BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES: New Concept #3a: conjugate
acid/base pairs
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CO32- + H-OH
Acid conjugate baseBase conjugate acid
Base Acid
Conjugate acid
Conjugate base
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES:
New Concept #3a: conjugate acid/base pairs
HCO3- + OH-
Identify `acid’ and baseIdentify conjugate acid and base
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PO43- + HCO3 - HPO4
2- + CO32-
Acid conjugate baseBase conjugate acid
acidbaseconjugate base
conjugateacid
new concept #3a: Conjugates (continued)
When acid and base reacts….
EXAMPLE: IDENTIFY ACID, BASE AND THEIR CONJUGATE BASE AND ACID ABOVE
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ACID + BASE CONJUGATE BASE + CONJUGATE ACID
Bronsted Model
Contrast to Arrhenius Model
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER
CLASSICAL REACTIONs OVERVIEW(continued) BRONSTED’S MODEL OF ACIDS/BASES:
New Concept #3b:
spontaneous acid + base reactions produce weaker acids + bases
Both products `neutral’
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ARRHENIUS
ACID-BASE THEORIES SUMMARIZED
BRONSTED
ACID = H+ DONOR PROTON DONOR
BASE= OH- DONOR PROTON DONOR
ACID + BASE
SALT + WATER
CONJUGATE ACID + CONJUGATE BASE
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What observation required Bronsted to create a new Acid/Base Theory different than Arrhenius’s model ?
A. Many salts formed conjugate acids.
B. Spontaneous acid+base reactions only occurred if weaker acids and bases formed.
C. H2O spontaneously decomposed to OH- and H+ in presence of various salts.
D. Many salts without OH- somehow created OH- in water.
Many sa
lts fo
rmed co
nju...
Spontaneous a
cid+base
r...
H2O spontaneously
dec...
Many sa
lts w
ithout O
H-...
25% 25%25%25%
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Which part of the Bronsted salt K3PO4 is the proton acceptor ?
A. K+
B. O2-
C. P3-
D. PO43-
E. K3PO4
F. OH-
K+O2-
P3-
PO43-
K3PO4OH-
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
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What new concept of Bronsted’s most directly explains why many salts are bases?
A. The anionic part of salts can hydrolyze water.
B. Spontaneous acid/base reactions lead to weaker conjugate acids/bases.
C. Bronsted bases are proton acceptors.
D. Bronsted acids are proton donors.
The anionic part
of salts
...
Spontaneous a
cid/b
ase r.
..
Bronste
d bases a
re pro
to...
Bronste
d acids a
re pro
to...
25% 25%25%25%
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In-class reaction Jeopardy
Low heat, precipitates, cation swap metathesis
WHAT IS…
Na2CO3 for example A Bronsted baseWhat’s my reaction type:
HCl + KOH KCl + H2O
Acid/base neutralization (Arrhenius)
Pick the Arrhenius acids
H2O HNO3 NaHCO3 HBr NaCl HNO3 HBr
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In-class reaction JeopardyWHAT IS…
What’s my reaction type:K3PO4 + H2O HK2PO4 + KOH
Acid/base hydrolysis(Bronsted)
Write my products ?
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ?AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Pick the Bronsted base(s)
NaOH HBr NaHCO3 K3PO4
NaOH NaHCO3 K3PO4
Pick the Arrhenius basesNaOH