Examples from the WHO Information and Training Package on the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect...
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Transcript of Examples from the WHO Information and Training Package on the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect...
Examples from the
WHO Information and Training Package on the Prevention of
Child Abuse and Neglect
Professor Kevin Browne and Dr Cecilia Pritchard
WHO Collaborating Centre on Child Care and Protection, University of Birmingham
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Birmingham University
WHO Collaborating Centreon Child Care and Protection2006
Florence meeting 13-14 November 2006
Books that support the WHO training and information pack on the prevention of child abuse and neglect
Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
Module 9: Legal Aspects
Aim: Provide knowledge on legal framework for child protection
Birmingham University
Child Care and Protection Unit, 2006
Birmingham University Key Components of Child Protection Systems
Awareness/Knowledge Legal System Services
Data
Media
Education
Advocacy
Courts
CAN Laws
Enforcement
Report/Investigation
Tertiary/Treatment
Protection/Placements
Prevention
_Primary_
Victims
Shelters__Foster Care_Group Homes_Adoption_? Institutions
______Custody Laws_______Reporting Laws____
Mandatory services(system)
Secondary
Offenders Adopted from Balachova, Bonner & Chaffin, 2000
Legal Framework
Birmingham University
Child Care and Protection Unit, 2006 Standards and Guidelines
International (CRC)
LegislationNational Child Protection Laws/Policies
LegislationNational laws/policiesLocalProfessional
Causes of child abandonment by the family
Very serious economic problems Mother’s lack of formal education Few specialist services in local communities
(e.g. to visit pregnant mothers) Lack of sexual education and family planning Poor housing and homelessness Teenage parenting Poor preparation for birth and traditional
practices of peri-natal care
Birmingham University
Child Care and Protection Unit, 2006
Recommendations to Prevent Child Abandonment
Home visits to pregnant mothers by health professionals
Screening pregnant mothers at 20 weeks Social services for high risk mothers Social care and counselling in maternity
units Mother’s identity confirmed and child given
identity before leaving hospital Baby-friendly hospitals Parent education and family planning
Birmingham University
Child Care and Protection Unit, 2006
Placement Decisions
Birmingham University
Child Care and Protection Unit, 2006 Keep balance
betweenchild protection andfamily preservation
Protection/Out of Home Placements
Birmingham University
Child Care and Protection Unit, 2006
Institution ??
No child under 5 should be in institutional care
International Adoption
Last resort
Only in the best interests of the child
Institutional CareCare in CommunityFamily Support with Day care/therapeutic interventions
Care by Non-offending parent (in the absence of the offender)
Kinship Care (grandparent/other relative)
Foster / therapeutic foster home
National Adoption - Only 4% are true orphans!
Proportion of all children under 3 years who are in institutional care, 2003 (blue lines are estimates).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Slovenia
UK
Norway
Turkey
Austria
Greece
Cyprus
Ireland
Denmark
Albania
Croatia
Poland
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Hungary
Estonia
Malta
France
Slovak Republic
Romania
Latvia
Lithuania
Belgium
Czech Republic
Proportion of children under 3 years in institutions *refers to estimates,
Country 2003 Proportionper 10,000
No u3 in institutions
Country 2003 Proportionper 10,000
No u3 in institutions
Czech Rep. 60 1 630 Poland 9 *1 344
Belgium 56 *2 164 Croatia 8 144
Latvia 55 395 Albania 8 *133
Bulgaria 50 1 238 Sweden 8 (*213)
Lithuania 46 458 Denmark 7 133
Hungary 44 773 Germany 7 1 495
Romania 33 2 915 Ireland 6 *95
Slovak Rep. 31 502 Cyprus 4 *15
Finland 28 (*466) Austria 3 *37
Malta 27 44 Greece 3 114
Estonia 26 100 Turkey 2 850
Spain 23 *2 471 Italy 2 *310
Netherlands 16 1 284 Norway <1 (17)
Portugal 16 714 UK <1 (*65)
France 13 *2 980 Slovenia 0 0
Iceland 0 0
Reasons for institutionalisation in 2003
Reasons For Institutionalisation Of Children Under The Age Of Three - EU Member States
0% 4% 4%
69%
23%orphan
abandoned
disabled
abused/neglected
other
Reasons For Insitutionalisation Of Children Under The Age Of Three - other surveyed Countries*
6%
32%
23%
14%
25%orphan
abandoned
disabled
abused/neglected
other
Ratio of national to international adoptions 2003
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Slovenia
Austria
Slovak Rep.
UK
Turkey
Hungary
Estonia
Germany
Romania
Bulgaria
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Cyprus
Ireland
France
Spain
Latvia
Belgium
Luxembourg
Sweden
Norway
Finland
national
international(incoming children)
international(outgoing children)
International adoption promotes institutional care of young children in donor countries (Browne et al., 2005)
Country
Ranks in ( )
Children under 3 in institutional care
(rate per 10,000)
International adoption (% of total adoptions)
Latvia 55 (1) 77 (1)
Bulgaria 50 (2) 47 (3)
Lithuania 46 (3) 56 (2)
Hungary 44 (4) 13 (6)
Romania 33 (5) 31 (4)
Slovakia 31 (6) 5 (7)
Estonia 26 (7) 25 (5)
International adoption promotes institutional care of young children in host countries (Browne et al., 2005)
Countries
>12 children
per 10,000 in institutional care
International adoption (% of total adoptions)
Countries
<8 children
per 10,000 in institutional care
International adoption (% of total adoptions)
Luxembourg 98 Norway
Denmark
98
96
Finland 92 Iceland
Ireland
93
69
Belgium 87 Cyprus
Italy
68
62
Spain 77 Germany
UK
28
5
France 75 Austria
Sweden
3
2
Malta 56 Greece
Slovenia
1
0
Average 64 Average 38.5
Birmingham University
Child Care and Protection Unit, 2006
A third of children in residential care have some form of disability
C.Pritchard, K.Browne1, G.Mulheir, C.Hamilton-Giachritsis, H.Agathonos-Georgopoulou,
M.Anaut, M.Herczog, M.Keller-Hamela, A.Klimackova, I.Leth1, M.Ostergren1, V.Stan,
S.Zeytinoglu 1World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen
EU Daphne/WHO Training Programme, 2006 Florence Seminar 13-14 November 2006
Introduction to the 10 Step Model of Good Practice for De-institutionalising
Young Children into Family Care
Training and dissemination
• Training events planned for 2006 in those countries with the highest rates (30+ per 10,000) of young children in institutional care– Czech Republic, Belgium, Bulgaria, Latvia,
Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia
• Supported by a training manual entitled ‘De-institutionalising and transforming services for children: A guide to good practice’
STEPS TO DE-INSTITUTIONALISATION
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
2
1 Raising awareness
Country/regional level analysis
Design services
Planning transfer of resources
Preparing & moving children
Preparing & moving staff
Logistics
Monitoring & evaluation
Managing the process
Analysis at institution level
EEG Activity Across Regions of the Child’s Brain (Bucharest Early Intervention Project - Nelson and Koga,
2004)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Front Cent Pariet Occip Temp
Institution
Community
Transforming of children’s services
COMMUNITY SERVICES
FOSTER CARE
RESIDENTIAL CARE
Pyramid of services to children and families: There are pitfalls in attempting to reduce residential care
What does an individual child need as an alternative to institutionalised care?
• Local services: what health and social facilities are available to ensure a young child’s needs are being met free of charge (home visits by professionals?)
• Assessment of each family in relation to their child needs, parent’s capacity to meet the needs, social and economic factors inhibiting the parent’s capacity
• Support for families, financial, practical and emotional• Rehabilitation of families assessed as being high risk of harming
the child physically, sexually or emotionally through abuse or neglect
• Foster Care of a high standard to care for the child and act as a role model to parents being rehabilitated
• Adoption only after rehabilitation of parents and extended family interventions have failed
• Free Legal Representation for parents and child involved in public care proceedings
Prevention of Harm to Abandoned and Maltreated Children
• Mother and baby units offer support and shelter to mothers high risk of abandoning their children.
• Alternative family based care for abandoned young children and babies (foster care).
• Surrogate family apartments for abandoned children (consider national adoption).
• Integration of children with and without disabilities.
CHDCHD
The problem of teenage parenting in the UK – no one has recommended international adoption as a solution