Examining the Intersection of Gender and Work Powell ix-xx.
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Transcript of Examining the Intersection of Gender and Work Powell ix-xx.
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Examining the Intersection of
Gender and Work
Powell ix-xx
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In-class exercise 4
COLOR BLIND In this provocative program, five students
from a variety of cultural and ethnic backgrounds speak with candor about racial harassment at their high school in an effort to encourage teenagers to examine their own
attitudes and behaviors.
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What causes the problems in society?• Prejudice
• Discrimination
• Segregation
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Prejudice
• Attitude
• Based on false generalizations of properties attributed to racial-ethnic groups rather than one’s own
• May or may not be used to continue inequality
• May or may not lead to discrimination
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Two types of Prejudice
• Stereotypes– Cognitive aspect
• Come to know by judgment
– Exaggerations of behavioral traits– Examples??
• Social distance– Affective aspect
• Emotional aspect
– Discomfort with social relations – Examples??
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In-class activity 5
What did it mean to be prejudice?
Are you???
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Discrimination
• Acting on one’s prejudice
• Verbal or nonverbal acts that bring about negative consequences for the minority group
• Aimed at denying equal access to societal rewards
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Four types of Discrimination• Individual
– Intentional attempts to harm (act on prejudice)
• Direct Institutional– Incorporation of limitations into the legal structure– Jim Crow Laws
• Statistical – Based on a belief that members of a certain group
are “more likely” to behave in a particular way
• Structural– Outcome of different groups not taking advantage
of available opportunities
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Two ways discrimination can take place
• Indirect (Covert)– equal treatment– equal circumstances– Unequal social conditions– Cafeteria not taking into consideration the needs of
Vegans
• Direct (Overt)– Unequal treatment– Equal circumstances– Unequal social conditions– No Asians are allowed in that restaurant
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Segregation
• Physical separation due to negative feeling
• Complete elimination of the minority group or thing
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The other here has had negative connotations…
“Other” doesn’t have to be negative
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Men-Women Relationships Through
Time
Past to present
(Blau p 12-29)
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Men & Women’s Roles in Society are Changing
• Past– Man is hunter (breadwinner)– What characteristics would be seen here?
• Leader, decision maker
– Female is housekeeper and mother– What characteristics would be seen here?
• Compliant, noncompetitive, nurturing, not instrumental
– Females position is to “help the man”
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Who has the power?• Men and Women do have Physiological and
Psychological differences but why are women seen as inferior?
• Ernestine Fried (anthropologist)– Technology employed by society within the production
process tends to determine the division of labor– Man has the power because he leads the production
process
• Other Scientists– Disagree because slaves in the past were the main
players in the production process…but did they have power?
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Hunting and Gathering Societies
• Men were the hunters of the meat
• Women were gatherers of fruits and vegetables (some small animals)
• Clear division of labor
• Male and female were equal partners in gathering the meal
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Horticultural Societies
• Men hunted and protected land
• Fruits and vegetables grown on plots of land near home (thus no real “gathering” for female just pick it)
• Female tended the home and cooked
• All other chores split equally
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Pastoral Societies
• Men herded large animals (usually farther away from home)
• Women tended to the home
• Women seen as secondary
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Agriculture Societies
• Women “helped” in the field
• Men “worked” the land
• Men received a dowry for the woman when they were married
• Woman seen as secondary in the family
• Responsibilities depended on gender (for children too)
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Industrialization
• Shift from working the land to working in a factory
• Women only worked to subsidize family income or save money for dowry
• Woman’s position is caretaker of family• Labor force participation rates at the end of the
19th century– Male = 84%– Female = 18%– Married Female = 5%
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Early “Traditional Family”
• Male as primary income earner• Female as primary household caretaker• Shift from production unit to consumption
unit• Each now had Economic Roles
– Male’s role was to earn high enough wage for family
– Female’s role was to tend to the household
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Early “Traditional Family” Cont.
• Woman working was seen by society as:
– Inadequacy of her husband
– Selfishness of the woman
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Circular NatureMen and Women as equal partners
Men and Women as unequal partners
Hunting and Gathering
Horticulture
Pastoral
Agriculture, Industrialization, Early Traditional