Exam 3 review presentation Asia
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Transcript of Exam 3 review presentation Asia
INDUS VALLEYINDUS VALLEYCIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION
HARAPPAN HARAPPAN CIVILZATIONCIVILZATION
HARAPPA HARAPPA
MOHENJO-DARO:MOHENJO-DARO:--35,000-40,000 RESIDENTS--35,000-40,000 RESIDENTS--OVER 700 WELLS--OVER 700 WELLS--“GREAT BATH”--“GREAT BATH”
HINDUISMHINDUISM
VishnuVishnu
The Dancing The Dancing ShivaShiva
Prambanan Temple, Prambanan Temple, Java, IndonesiaJava, Indonesia
Angokor Wat, Siem Riep,Angokor Wat, Siem Riep,CambodiaCambodia
BUDDHISMBUDDHISMSHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA (BORN SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA (BORN SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMASIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA))
-- PRINCE OF SHAKYA CLAN-- PRINCE OF SHAKYA CLAN
-- PROPHESIED THAT HE WOULD BECOME EITHER-- PROPHESIED THAT HE WOULD BECOME EITHER
A “CHAKRAVARTION” (WORLD RULER) OR A A “CHAKRAVARTION” (WORLD RULER) OR A
“ “BUDDHABUDDHA” (FULLY ENLIGHTENED PERSON)” (FULLY ENLIGHTENED PERSON)
-- LEAVES PALACE AT AGE 29; AFTER SIX YEARS -- LEAVES PALACE AT AGE 29; AFTER SIX YEARS
OF STRUGGLE, HE ATTAINS ENLIGHTENMENTOF STRUGGLE, HE ATTAINS ENLIGHTENMENT
WHILE MEDITATION UNDER A PIPAL TREE WHILE MEDITATION UNDER A PIPAL TREE
(KNOWN AS THE BODHI TREE). HE THEN (KNOWN AS THE BODHI TREE). HE THEN
BEGINS TEACHING.BEGINS TEACHING.
BUDDHISMBUDDHISMFOUR NOBLE TRUTHSFOUR NOBLE TRUTHS::
-- LIFE IS SUFFERING-- LIFE IS SUFFERING
-- THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING IS IGNORANCE-- THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING IS IGNORANCE
-- IGNORANCE CAN BE OVERCOME-- IGNORANCE CAN BE OVERCOME
-- WAY TO OVERCOME IGNORANCE IS TO FOLLOW-- WAY TO OVERCOME IGNORANCE IS TO FOLLOW
THE THE 8-FOLD PATH8-FOLD PATH
BUDDHISMBUDDHISM8-FOLD PATH8-FOLD PATH::
-- RIGHT VIEW-- RIGHT VIEW
-- RIGHT RESOLVE-- RIGHT RESOLVE
-- RIGHT SPEECH-- RIGHT SPEECH
-- RIGHT ACTION-- RIGHT ACTION
-- RIGHT LIVELIHOOD-- RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
-- RIGHT EFFORT-- RIGHT EFFORT
-- RIGHT MINDFULNESS-- RIGHT MINDFULNESS
-- RIGHT CONCENTRATION-- RIGHT CONCENTRATION
CROWNED A CAPITAL ATCROWNED A CAPITAL ATSARNATH, WHERE BUDDHA SARNATH, WHERE BUDDHA WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE PREACHED HIS FIRST PREACHED HIS FIRST SERMON, WHERE HE IS SAIDSERMON, WHERE HE IS SAIDTO HAVE FIRST “TURNEDTO HAVE FIRST “TURNEDTHE WHEEL OF LAW.”THE WHEEL OF LAW.”
BUDDHIST PRAYERBUDDHIST PRAYER
WHEELSWHEELS
GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI, INDIAGREAT STUPA OF SANCHI, INDIA
COMMISSIONED BY ASHOKA (ENLARGED c.100 BC)COMMISSIONED BY ASHOKA (ENLARGED c.100 BC)
STUPASTUPA::DOME-SHAPEDDOME-SHAPEDBUDDHIST PLACE OFBUDDHIST PLACE OFWORSHIP WORSHIP
WHEN THE BUDDHAWHEN THE BUDDHADIED, HE INSTRUCTEDDIED, HE INSTRUCTEDHIS DISCIPLES TO HIS DISCIPLES TO CREMATE HIS BODY CREMATE HIS BODY AND BUILD A AND BUILD A MEMORIAL MOUND, ORMEMORIAL MOUND, ORSTUPA, AT A STUPA, AT A CROSSROAD WHERECROSSROAD WHEREPEOPLE WOULD PEOPLE WOULD CONGREGATE.CONGREGATE.
IN FACT, SEVERAL IN FACT, SEVERAL KINGS DEMANDEDKINGS DEMANDEDRELICS, SO HIS ASHESRELICS, SO HIS ASHESWERE DIVIDED INTO 8WERE DIVIDED INTO 8PORTIONS, EACHPORTIONS, EACHENSHRINED IN ITS OWNENSHRINED IN ITS OWNSTUPA.STUPA.
IN ORDER TO BRINGIN ORDER TO BRINGTHE BUDDHA’STHE BUDDHA’SPRESENCE INTO THEPRESENCE INTO THEMIDST OF HISMIDST OF HISCITZENRY, ASHOKA CITZENRY, ASHOKA OPENED THEOPENED THEORIGINAL 8 STUPASORIGINAL 8 STUPASAND REDISTRIBUTEDAND REDISTRIBUTEDTHE ASHES AMONG ATHE ASHES AMONG AGREAT NUMBER OF GREAT NUMBER OF SIMPLE, BRICK-FACEDSIMPLE, BRICK-FACEDSTUPAS (LEGENDSSTUPAS (LEGENDSCLAIM 84,000). ONE OFCLAIM 84,000). ONE OFTHESE ORIGINALTHESE ORIGINALSIMPLE BRICK STUPASSIMPLE BRICK STUPASWAS AT SANCHI.WAS AT SANCHI.
GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES) GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES)
THE BUDDHA: NOTTHE BUDDHA: NOTSHOWN IN HISSHOWN IN HISPHYSICAL FORM.PHYSICAL FORM.RATHER, HIS RATHER, HIS PRESENCE IMPLIEDPRESENCE IMPLIEDBY AN EMPTY BY AN EMPTY SPACE ON THE SPACE ON THE HORSE’S BACK, ANDHORSE’S BACK, ANDA SERVANT A SERVANT HOLDING A HOLDING A PARASOL WITH PARASOL WITH WHICH TO SHELTERWHICH TO SHELTERTHE RIDER FROM THE RIDER FROM THE SUN.THE SUN.
The Buddha’s presence impliedThe Buddha’s presence impliedbut not shownbut not shown
Parasol to shield Parasol to shield the Buddha the Buddha
GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES) GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES)
THE BUDDHA: NOTTHE BUDDHA: NOTSHOWN IN HISSHOWN IN HISPHYSICAL FORM.PHYSICAL FORM.
CONSIDERED ATCONSIDERED ATTHAT TIME THAT TIME IMPROPER TO IMPROPER TO SHOW HIM IN HISSHOW HIM IN HISPHYSICAL FORMPHYSICAL FORMSINCE, IN THE SINCE, IN THE PROCESS OF PROCESS OF ATTAINING ATTAINING ENLIGHTENMENT,ENLIGHTENMENT,HE WOULD ACHIEVEHE WOULD ACHIEVETRANSCENDENCE TRANSCENDENCE AND SHED HIS AND SHED HIS PHYSICAL BODY.PHYSICAL BODY.
SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHASCENES FROM THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA (c. 2(c. 2ndnd CENTURY AD; from GANDHARA) CENTURY AD; from GANDHARA)
THE MIRACLE OF THETHE MIRACLE OF THEENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT
DEATH OF THE DEATH OF THE BUDDHABUDDHA
SANGHATI: MONK’SSANGHATI: MONK’S ROBE; DRAPED OVER ROBE; DRAPED OVER ONE SHOULDERONE SHOULDER
HALO: SYMBOL OFHALO: SYMBOL OF DIVINITY DIVINITY
LAKSHANA: 32 MAJOR LAKSHANA: 32 MAJOR DISTINGUISHING DISTINGUISHING MARKS ON HIS BODY,MARKS ON HIS BODY,INCLUDING IMPRESSIONINCLUDING IMPRESSIONOF A WHEEL (CHAKRA)OF A WHEEL (CHAKRA)ON PALMS OF HANDS,ON PALMS OF HANDS,SOLES OF FEETSOLES OF FEET
USHNISHA (KNOB ONUSHNISHA (KNOB ON HEAD): A SYMBOL OFHEAD): A SYMBOL OF HIS ENLIGHTENMENTHIS ENLIGHTENMENT
LAKSHANALAKSHANA
LAKSHANALAKSHANA
LONG EARS: SYMBOL LONG EARS: SYMBOL OF COMPASSION; OF COMPASSION;
HE HEARS THE CRIES HE HEARS THE CRIES OF ALL BEINGS AND OF ALL BEINGS AND
ANSWERS THEIR CALL ANSWERS THEIR CALL
URNA: TUFT URNA: TUFT OF HAIR OR OF HAIR OR
DOT DOT BETWEEN BETWEEN THE EYES THE EYES
SYMBOLIC OF GREATSYMBOLIC OF GREATWISDOM; RADIATES WISDOM; RADIATES BEAMS OF LIGHT THATBEAMS OF LIGHT THATENLIGHTEN THE WORLDENLIGHTEN THE WORLD(SOMETIMES CALLED A(SOMETIMES CALLED ATHIRD EYE).THIRD EYE).
LAKSHANALAKSHANA
““MUDRAS”MUDRAS”
MUDRAS: ABHAYA, MUDRAS: ABHAYA, MEANING “DO NOT MEANING “DO NOT FEAR.” SYMBOLIC FEAR.” SYMBOLIC
OF PROTECTION, OF PROTECTION, BLESSING, BLESSING,
AND REASSURANCE. AND REASSURANCE.
MUDRASMUDRAS
ABHAYAABHAYA
DHARMACHAKRADHARMACHAKRA
DHYANADHYANA
BHUMISPARSHABHUMISPARSHA
VARADA: CHARITYVARADA: CHARITY
VTARKA:VTARKA: INTELLECTUAL INTELLECTUAL DEBATEDEBATE
BODHISATTVASBODHISATTVAS: : THOSE WHOSE THOSE WHOSE ESSENCE IS WISDOM.ESSENCE IS WISDOM.
GREAT, SAINTLY GREAT, SAINTLY BEINGS WHO AREBEINGS WHO AREON THE VERGE OF ON THE VERGE OF ACHIEVING ACHIEVING BUDDHAHOODBUDDHAHOODBUT HAVE VOWED TOBUT HAVE VOWED TOHELP OTHERS ACHIEVEHELP OTHERS ACHIEVEBUDDHAHOOD BEFOREBUDDHAHOOD BEFORECROSSING OVERCROSSING OVERTHEMSELVESTHEMSELVES
BODHISATTVASBODHISATTVAS: AS: ASOPPOSED TO OPPOSED TO BUDDHAS, SHOWN BUDDHAS, SHOWN WEARING PRINCELY WEARING PRINCELY GARMENTS RATHER GARMENTS RATHER THAN A SIMPLE THAN A SIMPLE MONK’S ROBEMONK’S ROBE
CROWN CROWN
NECKLACE NECKLACE
BELT BELT
MONK’S ROBE MONK’S ROBE
BODHISATTVABODHISATTVA BUDDHABUDDHA
CROWN CROWN
NECKLACE NECKLACE
BELT BELT
BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)
BHAJA (c. 100 BC)BHAJA (c. 100 BC)
--ROCK CUT SHRINES CUT --ROCK CUT SHRINES CUT INTO MOUTAINSIDES, EVENINTO MOUTAINSIDES, EVEN INCLUDING RESIDENTIALINCLUDING RESIDENTIAL AREAS FOR MONKS.AREAS FOR MONKS.--INSPIRATIONS MAY HAVE--INSPIRATIONS MAY HAVE INCLUDED:INCLUDED: THE BUDDHA HIMSELF THE BUDDHA HIMSELF WAS BELIEVED TO HAVEWAS BELIEVED TO HAVE MEDITATED IN A CAVEMEDITATED IN A CAVE CLIMATIC: COOL DURINGCLIMATIC: COOL DURING INDIA’S HOT SUMMER, DRYINDIA’S HOT SUMMER, DRY DURING RAINY SEASONDURING RAINY SEASON DURABILITYDURABILITY--SACRED HALLS ARE --SACRED HALLS ARE CALLED “CHAITYA;”CALLED “CHAITYA;” RESIDENCE HALLS ARERESIDENCE HALLS ARE CALLED “VIHARA.”CALLED “VIHARA.”
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BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)
AJANTA (5AJANTA (5THTH CENTURY AD) CENTURY AD)